STAT3磷酸化调控乳腺癌髓系来源抑制细胞介导T细胞免疫抑制的机制研究

  目的   检测STAT3在乳腺癌MDSCs中的磷酸化状态及其对MDSCs免疫抑制活性的影响。   方法  收集脐血单个核细胞,免疫磁珠的方法分选其中CD33+细胞,体外与乳腺癌细胞系MDA-MB-231共孵育诱导MDSC生成。Western blot方法分别检测IDO和STATs的表达与磷酸化情况。MDSCs与健康供者外周血T淋巴细胞共孵育,分别加入1-MT和JSI-124来抑制IDO功能和STAT3磷酸化,利用MTT实验和ELISA检测各组T细胞的增殖和细胞因子分泌。   结果  Western blot检测发现体外诱导的MDSCs中IDO表达明显增加,同时伴STAT3磷酸化水平升高。加入JSI-124后pSTAT3和IDO表达明显降低。MTT实验中MDSCs明显抑制T细胞增殖,加用IDO特异性抑制剂1-MT或STAT3抑制剂JSI-124后T细胞增殖抑制明显改善（P < 0.05）,且1-MT组和JSI-124组之间差异无统计学意义。ELISA结果显示MDSCs显著抑制T细胞分泌IFN-γ,促进TGF-β、IL-10释放（P < 0.05）。而加用1-MT或JSI-124后,IFN-γ分泌水平升高,而TGF-β、IL-10分泌水平降低（P < 0.05）,而1-MT组和JSI-124组之间差异无统计学意义。   结论   MDSCs中磷酸化STAT3水平升高导致IDO过表达;STAT3的特异性抑制剂JSI-124可以逆转MDSCs对T细胞增殖和Th1类因子分泌的抑制作用。      

IL-6 通过诱导SOCS3表达缺失促进乳腺癌MDSCs 浸润和免疫抑制活性

目的：探讨髓系来源抑制细胞（myeloid-derived suppressor cells,MDSCs）通过IL-6 诱导STAT3/IDO信号通路活化对T细胞的免疫抑制作用及其分子机制。方法：收集天津医科大学肿瘤医院2015 年11 月至2016 年2 月收治的20 例乳腺癌患者肿瘤组织及其癌旁组织和40 例健康供者的外周血样本。免疫磁珠技术分选肿瘤组织中的CD33+和健康供者外周血中的CD33+和CD14+细胞,CD33+体外与乳腺癌细胞系MDA-MB-231 共孵诱导MDSCs生成。流式细胞术检测表型为CD45+CD13+CD33+CD14-CD15-的MDSCs 比例,Western blotting 检测细胞因子信号转导抑制因子1(suppressors of cytokine signalling 1,SOCS1)、SOCS3、JAK1、JAK2、TYK2、STAT1、STAT3 及其磷酸化水平,qRT-PCR 检测IL-6、SOCS1-3 的表达水平,CCK-8 法检测T 细胞增殖情况,Annexin V检测T 细胞凋亡,ELISA 检测T 细胞分泌的IL-10 和IFN-γ。结果：20 例乳腺癌组织中均有不同程度的MDSCs浸润（15.3%~58.1%）,平均为（29.82±11.46）%;IL-6high组MDSCs浸润比例明显高于IL-6low组[ （13.75±3.44）% vs（4.31±1.50）%,P<0.05],且IL-6 表达与MDSCs浸润呈正相关（R2=0.4399,P<0.01)。体外实验发现肿瘤源性IL-6 明显促进体外MDSCs的生成和免疫抑制活性,该过程可被IL-6 信号的阻断所逆转（P<0.05）;同样发现在体外诱导的MDSCs中SOCS3 表达缺失,阻断IL-6 后,以上过程被明显抑制（P< 0.05）。结论：乳腺癌来源的IL-6 刺激MDSCs中JAK/STAT信号通路的持续活化和SOCS3 的表达缺失,进而促进MDSCs的浸润、生成和免疫活性。因此IL-6 信号通路可以作为削弱MDSCs生成和逆转MDSCs活性的治疗靶点。     

乳腺癌髓系来源抑制细胞中IDO对T淋巴细胞免疫抑制作用初探

  目的   检测乳腺癌患者肿瘤原位组织的一群髓系来源抑制细胞（MDSCs）中吲哚胺2,3双加氧酶（indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase,IDO）的表达情况,探讨IDO对MDSCs介导T淋巴细胞免疫抑制作用的影响。   方法   收集30例乳腺癌患者的肿瘤组织和外周血及30例健康供者外周血,将肿瘤组织制成单细胞悬液,采用免疫磁珠技术分选肿瘤单细胞悬液中CD33+ MDSCs和健康供者外周血中的CD33+细胞,应用Western blot和PCR方法检测MDSCs中IDO的表达情况。将肿瘤组织来源MDSCs和异体T淋巴细胞按照1:1比例混合培养3天,在加用和不加IDO特异性抑制剂1-MT条件下,利用Annexin-V凋亡试剂盒检测各组T淋巴细胞凋亡率,利用ELISA法检测各组T淋巴细胞分泌的细胞因子量。   结果   Western blot和PCR检测发现MDSCs中IDO过表达。T细胞单独培养时凋亡率为（2.40±0.66）%,MDSCs和T细胞共孵育组中T细胞凋亡率为（12.30±0.80）%,比T细胞单独培养时显著升高（P < 0.05）,在共孵育过程中加用1-MT组的T细胞凋亡率为（3.30±0.58）%,与不加1-MT组比较差异具有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。细胞因子检测的结果发现MDSCs促进T淋巴细胞TGF-β、IL-10的释放,抑制IFN-γ的分泌,而对IL-4和IL-12的分泌影响并不明显,而加用1-MT后MDSCs和T淋巴细胞共孵育组中TGF-β、IL-10的分泌水平与未加1-MT组相比显著降低,IFN-γ的分泌显著增加（P < 0.05）。   结论   在乳腺癌患者中,原位肿瘤组织来源的MDSCs对T细胞具有明显的免疫抑制作用;IDO在此群细胞中有过表达,MDSCs发挥免疫抑制作用与IDO密切相关。      

乳腺癌髓系来源抑制细胞中IDO表达与调节性T细胞相关性及其临床意义的研究

  目的  研究不同期别乳腺癌组织中CD33+髓系来源抑制细胞(MDSCs)和Foxp3+调节性T细胞(Tregs)的分布情况, 探讨MDSCs中吲哚胺2, 3-双加氧酶(IDO)表达与Tregs分布关系及其临床意义。   方法  收集天津医科大学附属肿瘤医院2005年1月至2007年1月手术患者的乳腺癌石蜡切片50例, 采用免疫组织化学单染方法对肿瘤局部CD33+MDSCs和Foxp3+Tregs分布和比例进行检测; 采用免疫组织化学双染方法检测肿瘤原位浸润MDSCs中IDO的表达情况; 分析MDSCs中IDO表达与Tregs分布、比例及其他临床病理资料之间的相关性。   结果  Foxp3+Tregs和CD33+MDSCs细胞在乳腺癌组织中呈散在性分布。MDSCs中IDO表达水平与腋窝淋巴结转移密切相关(P < 0.05)。Foxp3+Tregs高表达组中MDSCs中IDO表达水平显著高于Foxp3+Tregs低表达或不表达组(P < 0.05)。   结论  MDSCs中IDO过表达可能有利于Tregs的募集和乳腺癌的转移。      

Akt抑制剂MK2206对乳腺癌细胞增殖和凋亡的影响

目的:研究新型Akt抑制剂MK2206对体外培养的人乳腺癌T47D和MDA-MB-231细胞株增殖和凋亡的影响,并初步探讨其可能的作用机制。方法:以不同浓度的MK2206作用于人乳腺癌T47D和MDA-MB-231细胞,采用MTT法检测细胞的增殖抑制率,FCM法检测细胞的凋亡率,Western印迹法检测细胞中caspase-3、多聚ADP核糖聚合酶(polyADP-ribosepolymerase,PARP)、bcl-2、bax、磷酸化Akt(phosphorate-Akt,p-Akt)和总Akt(total-Akt,T-Akt)蛋白表达水平的变化。结果:0.1、1、10和100nmol/LMK2206作用细胞24h后,可明显抑制T47D和MDA-MB-231细胞的增殖和诱导细胞凋亡,其作用随着药物浓度的增加而增强。MK2206可促进乳腺癌细胞中caspase-3和PARP蛋白剪切,上调bax蛋白表达,下调bcl-2和p-Akt蛋白的表达,且均呈剂量依赖性,但对T-Akt表达却无明显影响。结论:MK2206可抑制乳腺癌T47D和MDA-MB-231细胞的增殖并诱导其凋亡,其机制可能与抑制Akt磷酸化从而阻断PI3K/Akt信号转导途径有关。     

防己诺林碱诱导人乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231凋亡的作用机制

目的 探讨防己诺林碱(FAN)对三阴性乳腺癌(TNBC)的抗肿瘤机制.方法 体外细胞培养人乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231,Alamar-Blue法检测FAN对人乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231的半抑制浓度(IC50);6孔板检测细胞迁移情况;细胞流式技术检测细胞凋亡情况;Western Blot检测磷脂酰肌醇-3羟基激酶(PI3K)、蛋白激酶B(AKT)、哺乳类动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)及磷酸化PI3K、AKT、mTOR蛋白表达.结果 FAN可抑制人乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231的活力(IC50为6.25μmol/L),抑制人乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231的迁移能力,且随着FAN浓度升高,抑制作用明显.FAN可以诱导人乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231凋亡,且随着FAN浓度升高,细胞凋亡率增高,同时FAN还可以下调PI3K、AKT、mTOR及磷酸化PI3K、AKT、mTOR蛋白的表达,随药物浓度的升高,其蛋白表达降低.结论 FAN可通过下调TNBC MDA-MB-231细胞凋亡PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路,抑制TNBC细胞的增殖、迁移,诱导细胞凋亡,可能具有抗肿瘤作用.     

间充质干细胞诱导体外分化来的初始T细胞表型变化的实验研究

 目的　将体外由CD+34细胞分化而来的初始T细胞与异基因骨髓间充质干细胞（MSC）共孵育,观察初始T细胞表型的变化。方法　传3代以上的MSC与脐血CD+34细胞分化的初始 T细胞共孵育1周,用流式细胞仪检测其表型变化。结果　与对照组相比,CD+8细胞明显增加[共孵育组（35.9±6.3）%,单纯初始T细胞培养组（18.4±4.5）%],且CD+8 CD+3细胞明显增加[共孵育组（27.6±2.8）%,单纯初始 T细胞培养组（15.2±3.1）%]。结论　骨髓MSC在体外与异基因初始 T淋巴细胞共孵育使CD+8初始T细胞表达增加,这种变化可能与其诱导免疫耐受相关。     

c-Met抑制剂SGX523诱导乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞系的凋亡

目的:研究c-Met小分子抑制剂SGX523对人乳腺癌细胞株的增殖抑制和凋亡诱导作用。方法:以不同浓度的SGX523作用于乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231。采用四甲基偶氮唑蓝（MTT）法检测细胞增殖,流式细胞仪检测细胞周期和细胞凋亡,Western blot法检测凋亡相关蛋白半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶（Caspase-3）、PARP的表达和c-Met及Akt磷酸化水平的变化。结果:SGX523能明显抑制乳腺癌细胞的增殖（P<0.05）,其对MDA-MB-231细胞的半数抑制浓度(IC₅₀)值为（0.767±0.115）μmoL/L。SGX523处理MDA-MB-231细胞48 h后,可诱导乳腺癌细胞凋亡和细胞周期G₀/G₁期阻滞。同时,SGX523可促进凋亡相关蛋白Caspase-3和PARP的剪切,并有效抑制c-Met及AKT的磷酸化水平,呈一定的剂量依赖关系。结论:c-Met抑制剂SGX523通过诱导凋亡和G₀/G₁期阻滞来抑制人乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞生长,其机制可能与c-Met/PI3K/AKT信号转导通路的磷酸化水平受抑制相关。     

莱菔素通过阻断STAT3 信号通路杀伤三阴性乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-468和MDA-MA-231

[摘要] 目的：探讨染色体区域维持因子1（CRM1）抑制剂莱菔素（LFS-01）通过抑制信号转导及转录激活因子3（STAT3）信号通路杀伤三阴性乳腺癌（TNBC）细胞的作用及其机制。方法：通过分子动力学模拟技术,验证LFS-01 是否可与CRM1 分子结构上的核输出信号（NES）口袋结合。通过CCK-8 法检测LFS-01 对4 种不同的乳腺癌细胞杀伤活力。用不同浓度的LFS-01 处理TNBC细胞MDA-MB-468 和MDA-MB-231,免疫荧光法检测CRM1 货物蛋白STAT3 以及带有NES序列的蛋白在细胞内定位的变化;WB检测LFS-01 对STAT-3 信号通路以及其下游蛋白表达的影响;WB、细胞免疫荧光和透射电镜法检测自噬的发生;通过流式细胞术检测药物对细胞周期和凋亡的影响。结果：分子动力学模拟结果表明,LFS-01 能够与CRM1 的NES口袋结合,显示其在结构上影响后者蛋白转运功能的可能性。LFS-01 能特异性杀伤TNBC 细胞MDA-MB-468 和MDA-MB-231。10 μmol/L LFS-01 处理后TNBC细胞中STAT3 和带有NES标签的蛋白均被阻滞于细胞核中,而在对照组中这些蛋白均匀分布在细胞质中。随着LFS-01 剂量的提高和处理时间的延长,MDA-MB-468 和MDA-MB-231 细胞中磷酸化STAT3 蛋白、Bcl-xL 和Cylin D1 表达均降低,细胞内自噬标志蛋白LC3B表达上升;同时出现高密度、多层的团状自噬小体;细胞周期阻滞于S 期,并且凋亡率显著升高（P<0.05 或P<0.01）。结论：LFS-01 可阻断CRM1 运载蛋白出核、进而抑制STAT3 信号通路的激活,从而促进TNBC 细胞MDA-MB-468 和MDA-MB-231 发生自噬、细胞周期阻滞和凋亡。     

Ghrelin促进乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231增殖的分子机制

目的:探讨生长激素释放肽（Ghrelin）促进乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231增殖的分子机制。方法:乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231经Ghrelin、Ghrelin受体（growth hormone secretagogue receptor,GHSR)抑制剂［D-Lys3］-GHRP-6或哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of Rapamycin,mTOR)抑制剂雷帕霉素（Rapamycin）处理后,MTT或BrdU实验检测MDA-MB-231细胞的增殖能力;Western blot检测MDA-MB-231细胞GHSR表达及mTOR、p70S6K和S6磷酸化水平。结果:增殖实验结果表明Ghrelin增强MDA-MB-231细胞增殖能力;Western blot检测发现Ghrelin激活MDA-MB-231细胞mTOR、p70S6K和S6磷酸化,［D-Lys3］-GHRP-6或Rapamycin消除Ghrelin促进MDA-MB-231细胞增殖效应,同时抑制Ghrelin诱导的mTOR、p70S6K和S6磷酸化。结论:Ghrelin通过与GHSR结合激活MDA-MB-231细胞mTOR/p70S6K/S6信号途径促进MDA-MB-231细胞增殖。     

Upregulated expression of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase in CHO cells induces apoptosis of competent T cells and increases proportion of Treg cells

Introduction

The inflammatory enzyme indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) participates in immune tolerance and promotes immune escape of IDO+ tumors. A recent hypothesis suggested that IDO may contribute to the differentiation of new T regulatory cells (Tregs) from naive CD4+ T cells. In this study we investigated the role of IDO in induction of immunosuppression in breast cancer by increasing the apoptosis of T cells and the proportion of Tregs.

Methods

An IDO expression plasmid was constructed and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were stably transfected with human IDO. Purified CD3+ T cells were isolated from the peripheral blood monouclear cells of breast cancer patients. After co-culturing IDO expressing or untransfected (control) CHO cells with T cells, T cells apoptosis were determined by flow cytometry analysis and annexin-V and PI staining. The proportion of the regulatory T cell (Tregs [CD4 + CD25 + CD127-]) subset was measured by flow cytometry analysis. T cells total RNA and cellular protein samples were isolated for detecting Foxp3 gene and protein expression.

Results

IDO transgenic CHO cells yielded high levels of IDO enzymatic activity, resulting in complete depletion of tryptophan from the culture medium. We found that apoptosis occurred in 79.07 ± 8.13% of CD3+T cells after co-cultured with IDO+ CHO cells for 3 days and the proportion of CD4 + CD25 + CD127- T cells increased from 3.43 ± 1.07% to 8.98 ± 1.88% (P < 0.05) as well. The specific inhibitor of IDO,1-MT efficiently reversed enhancement of T cells apoptosis and amplification of Tregs in vitro. Increased expression of Foxp3, a key molecular marker of Tregs, was confirmed by RT-PCR, real-time RT-PCR and Western blot analysis at the same time.

Conclusions

These results suggest that IDO helps to create a tolerogenic milieu in breast tumors by directly inducing T cell apoptosis and enhancing Treg-mediated immunosuppression.     

Tumor-infiltrating Treg,MDSC, and IDO expression associated with outcomes of neoadjuvant chemotherapy of breast cancer

Background: Regulatory T cells(Tregs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells(MDSCs) represent two immunosuppressive cell populations that are important in the establishment and maintenance of cancer immune tolerance. MDSCs can express IDO and promote immune tolerance via expansion of Treg cell.Method: We use needle biopsy breast cancer tissues prior to neoadjuvant chemotherapy(NCT) staining for CD33, Foxp3 and IDO by immunohistochemistry to evaluate whether they were correlated with subsequent treatment responses in breast cancer.Results: Expressions of IDO, CD33⁺MDSCs and Foxp3⁺Tregs were correlated with each other. Immunohistochemical double staining revealed that IDO expression in CD33⁺MDSCs was positively correlated with Foxp3⁺Tregs (P < 0.05). CD33⁺MDSCs, Foxp3⁺Tregs, and IDO expression in tumor tissues were associated with advanced clinical stage prior to NCT (P < 0.05). CD33⁺MDSCs, Foxp3⁺Tregs, IDO expression, IDO expression in CD33⁺MDSCs and clinical T3–T4 stage prior to NCT, pathological T3–T4 stage, ER(+), luminal type were correlated with clinical responses of PD+SD (P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that CD33⁺MDSCs, IDO expression, IDO expression in CD33⁺MDSCs, and advanced pathological T stage were risk factors for PD+SD. Focusing on the pCR of NCT, only CD33⁺MDSCs, clinical T3–T4, and N1–N3 stage prior to NCT were associated with no-pCR (P < 0.05). The multivariate analysis showed that advanced clinical T stage and N stage were risk factors for no-pCR. Clinical stage prior to NCT were significantly correlated with progression free survival (P = 0.021), while Foxp3⁺Tregs and clinical T stage were significantly correlated with overall survival (P = 0.022 and P = 0.001, respectively). Foxp3+Treg was significant risk factor for overall survival after adjusting covariates by COX regression.Conclusion: Tumor-infiltrating MDSCs, Tregs, IDO expression and IDO expression in MDSCs were correlated with clinicopathological features, NCT response, and prognosis of breast cancer patients, suggesting that they might be potential markers for clinical outcomes of NCT and help clinical decision-making for improved therapies for breast cancer.     

吲哚胺2,3双加氧酶与肿瘤免疫耐受

调节性T细胞(Treg)介导的克隆抑制,是引起肿瘤免疫耐受的主要因素之一.而吲哚胺2,3双加氧酶(IDO)通过对Treg细胞的作用下调各系统肿瘤微环境中的免疫反应,从而诱导宿主免疫耐受的形成.IDO抑制剂1-MT将有望成为治疗肿瘤的新靶点.     

FOLFOX4联合1-MT对胃癌小鼠皮下移植瘤的抑制作用

目的： 观察FOLFOX4联合1-甲基-色氨酸 (1-methyl tryptophan,1-MT)对荷胃癌小鼠皮下移植瘤生长的抑制作用,以及对胃癌组织吲哚胺-2,3-双加氧酶 (indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase,IDO)表达的影响。方法：将IDO真核表达质粒 (pcDNA3.1-IDO)转染小鼠胃癌细胞MFC,建立稳定表达IDO的细胞株,RT-PCR与Western blot法检测细胞中IDO的表达。小鼠皮下接种转染pcDNA3.1-IDO的MFC细胞悬液,建立高表达IDO的小鼠胃癌皮下移植瘤模型 (32只),同时设空白对照 (8只,接种未转染的MFC细胞)和阴性对照 (8只,接种转染pcDNA3.1质粒的MFC细胞),观察各组小鼠成瘤情况。将32只模型小鼠随机分为1-MT治疗组、FOLFOX4治疗组、FOLFOX4+1-MT联合治疗组和未治疗组 (阳性对照组),每组8只。治疗组分别注射给予1-MT、 FOLFOX4或FOLFOX4+1-MT,阳性对照组给予生理盐水。观察各组小鼠一般情况及肿瘤质量差异。注射细胞悬液后第12天处死所有小鼠,剥离瘤体并称重,计算各组小鼠平均瘤质量及抑瘤率,另取肿瘤标本采用免疫组织化学染色法检测胃癌组织中IDO的表达。结果：RT-PCR与Western blot均检测到pcDNA3.1-IDO转染细胞中IDO的表达。高表达IDO的胃癌皮下移植瘤模型小鼠肿瘤质量大于空白对照组和阴性对照组小鼠 (P<0.05),且其胃癌组织IDO的表达亦较空白对照组和阴性对照组明显增加 (P<0.05)。给予1-MT、FOLFOX4 和FOLFOX4+1-MT治疗后,模型小鼠进食量均不同程度增加,行动较之前灵活,嗜睡也有不同程度好转,FOLFOX4+1-MT联合治疗组小鼠症状基本缓解。1-MT治疗组、 FOLFOX4治疗组和FOLFOX4+1-MT联合治疗组小鼠肿瘤质量均小于未治疗组 (P<0.05),其抑瘤率分别为 8.91%、80.20%、86.13%,FOLFOX4+1-MT联合治疗组小鼠肿瘤质量小于1-MT治疗组和FOLFOX4治疗组 (P<0.05)。1-MT治疗组、FOLFOX4治疗组和FOLFOX+1-MT联合治疗组小鼠胃癌组织中IDO的表达均低于未治疗组 (P<0.05);FOLFOX4+1-MT联合治疗组胃癌组织中IDO的表达低于1-MT治疗组和FOLFOX4治疗组 (P<0.05)。结论：1-MT对胃癌小鼠皮下移植瘤的生长和胃癌组织IDO的表达具有抑制作用,并能与FOLFOX4发挥协同抗肿瘤作用。     

Suppression of azoxymethane-induced colonic preneoplastic lesions in rats by 1-methyltryptophan, an inhibitor of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase

The escape of preneoplastic cells from the immune system, which is caused by immune tolerance, occurs during the development of several types of tumors. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) plays a critical role in the induction of immune tolerance. In the present study we investigated the effects of 1-methyltryptophan (1-MT), an IDO inhibitor, and (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), the major catechin in green tea, on the development of azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colonic preneoplastic lesions by focusing on the inhibition of IDO. To induce colonic premalignant lesions, male F344 rats were injected with AOM (20 mg/kg body weight, s.c.) once a week for 2 weeks. They also received 0.2% 1-MT or 0.1% EGCG in their drinking water for 4 weeks, starting 1 week before the first dose of AOM. Both 1-MT and EGCG significantly decreased the total number of aberrant crypt foci and β-catenin-accumulated crypts, which overexpressed IDO protein. Treatment with EGCG decreased IDO mRNA expression in both the colonic epithelium and stroma of rats induced by AOM. The AOM-induced increase in cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA expression in the colonic stroma was significantly decreased by EGCG. Furthermore, AOM-induced increases in IDO activity in the serum and stroma were significantly inhibited by 1-MT and EGCG. Inhibition of IDO activity by 1-MT and EGCG was also observed in cell-free assays. These findings suggest that upregulation of IDO activity is observed in the early stages of colon carcinogenesis and that the use of IDO inhibitors, such as 1-MT and EGCG, which suppress the occurrence of colonic preneoplastic lesions, could be a novel strategy for the chemoprevention of colon cancer.     

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase is a novel prognostic indicator for endometrial cancer

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is a tryptophan-catabolising enzyme inducing immune tolerance. The present study aimed to investigate IDO expression and its prognostic significance in endometrial cancer. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase expression in endometrial cancer tissues (n = 80) was immunohistochemically scored as four groups (IDO-, 1+, 2+, and 3+). The high IDO expression (IDO2+ or 3+) in tumour cells was found in 37 (46.3%) of the 80 cases, and was positively correlated with surgical stage, myometrial invasion, lymph-vascular space involvement, and lymph node metastasis, but not with the histological grade. Patients with high IDO expression had significantly impaired overall survival and progression-free survival (PFS) (P = 0.002 and P = 0.001, respectively) compared to patients with no or weak expression of IDO (IDO- or 1+). The 5-year PFS for IDO-/1+, 2+, and 3+ were 97.7, 72.9, and 36.4%, respectively. Even in patients with early-stage disease (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics I/II, n = 64), the PFS for IDO2+/3+ was significantly poor (P = 0.001) compared to that for IDO-/1+. On multivariate analysis, IDO expression was an independent prognostic factor for PFS (P = 0.020). These results indicated that the high IDO expression was involved in the progression of endometrial cancer and correlated with the impaired clinical outcome, suggesting that IDO is a novel and reliable prognostic indicator for endometrial cancer.     

CIK细胞治疗转移性肾癌48例的疗效预测因素分析

目的：探讨细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞（cytokine-induced killer cells, CIK）治疗转移性肾癌（metastatic renal cell carcino?ma,MRCC）的疗效及预后预测因素。方法：48例MRCC患者,采用CIK细胞治疗,所有患者均接受至少2个周期的治疗。治疗后定期复查进行疗效评价,并将无进展生存期 （progression-free survival,PFS）与临床特征、生化参数等因素进行相关性分析,疗效相关性采用Kaplan-Meier法及Cox回归分析分别进行单因素及多因素分析。用中位数检验法进行不同脏器转移组之间中位PFS的比较。结果：48例患者中,PR 2例,SD 30例,PD 16例。PR+SD占66.7%。中位PFS为7个月。多因素分析提示脏器转移数目、血小板（platelet, PLT）计数与PFS明显相关（P值分别为0.034、 0.046）。对33例仅有单个脏器转移的病例进行的分层分析表明转移部位对CIK治疗疗效的影响可能不大。结论：CIK细胞是治疗MRCC的一种安全、有效的治疗方法。脏器转移数目和PLT计数是其疗效的独立预测因素,提示脏器转移数目>1和PLT升高的患者预后差。