Deep lamellar endothelial keratoplasty: early complications and their management

PURPOSE: To report the early vision-threatening complications in a large series of deep lamellar endothelial keratoplasty (DLEK) procedures and discuss the management of these complications. METHODS: The first 100 consecutive patients to reach the 6-month postoperative gate of a prospective, institutional review board-approved protocol for DLEK surgery were reviewed for intraoperative and postoperative complications. The method of treatment of these complications and the outcome of that treatment were recorded. RESULTS: Two eyes (2 of 100 = 2%) were converted to PK at the time of DLEK surgery. Of the 98 patients who had complete DLEK surgeries, 4 eyes (4 of 98 = 4%) were noted to have a dislocated disk on the first postoperative day. The dislocated disk in each case was repositioned in a short, often topical anesthesia technique, and all corneas cleared. One eye had primary graft failure (caused by surgeon error) resulting in disk dislocation. It was successfully replaced with another disk on postoperative day 1. Four patients (4 of 98 = 4%) experienced graft rejection of the donor disk from stopping steroids, but all grafts cleared with restarting of steroids. One patient required surgery for steroid-aggravated glaucoma. In the 5 cases of DLEK surgery in which the clear crystalline lens was left in place, no cataracts were induced at the 6-month postoperative gate. There were no infections, ulcerations, healing defects, or late dislocations. No patient required a contact lens, relaxing incision, or LASIK for residual refractive error. CONCLUSIONS: DLEK surgery is technically challenging, and yet complications from the surgery in our series were relatively rare and easily resolved. By eliminating sutures and high astigmatism, DLEK surgery avoids the usual complications often associated with transplant surgery.     

Long-term follow-up of intraocular pressure after penetrating keratoplasty for keratoconus and Fuchs' dystrophy: comparison of mechanical and Excimer laser trephination

PURPOSE: In the literature, the incidence of "secondary glaucoma" after penetrating keratoplasty (PK) is reported to range from 10% to 42%, depending on the diagnosis and the complexity of surgery. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of the trephination method and simultaneous cataract surgery on the early and long-term intraocular pressure (IOP) after PK in eyes without previous surgery and glaucoma. METHODS: Inclusion criteria for this prospective, randomized, longitudinal clinical study were (1) one surgeon (G.O.H.N.), (2) primary central PK, (3) Fuchs' dystrophy (7.5/7.6 mm) or keratoconus (8.0/8.1 mm), and (4) 16-bite double running diagonal suture. Exclusion criteria were (1) previous intraocular surgery, (2) preoperative glaucoma, and (3) postoperative trauma or endophthalmitis. In 170 patients (mean age, 51 +/- 18 years), PK was performed with use of either a 193-nm excimer laser (Excimer patients) along metal masks with eight orientation teeth/notches (50 keratoconus, 32 Fuchs') or motor trephination (Control patients; 53 keratoconus, 35 Fuchs'). In 27% of Excimer patients and 29% of Control patients a triple procedure was performed. The perioperative systemic acetazolamide application and the postoperative topical steroid therapy were standardized. RESULTS: Maximal IOP during the first week after PK was 15.7 +/- 3.6 mm Hg (7% > 21; maximum, 28) in the Excimer group and 16.2 +/- 3.5 mm Hg (7% > 21; maximum, 30) in the Control group. During a mean follow-up of 3.4 +/- 1.3 years (maximal, 6.0), an IOP >21 mm Hg and/or application of topical antiglaucomatous medication was documented in 9% of Excimer patients versus 15% of Control patients (p = 0.32), in 15% of Fuchs' dystrophy versus 11% of keratoconus cases (p = 0.41), and in 11% of PK-only versus 15% of triple-procedure cases (p = 0.68). The IOP elevation started an average of 3.7 +/- 2.8 months (1 week to 9 months) after PK and ended an average of 6.5 +/- 3.1 months (6 weeks to 12 months) after PK. Mean maximal IOP during follow-up was 16.6 +/- 3.5 mm Hg (12-38) in the Excimer group and 17.2 +/- 3.2 mm Hg (12-30) in the Control group. Only one patient, who had undergone a triple procedure for Fuchs' dystrophy and had an elevated IOP, needed topical medication, from 32 months after PK to the end of follow-up. Glaucomatous optic disc damage was clinically detected in none of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: Temporary secondary ocular hypertension after PK is rare in eyes with keratoconus or Fuchs' dystrophy without previous surgery. There was no detectable impact from the trephination method, the diagnosis, or simultaneous cataract surgery. With meticulous microsurgical technique, careful suturing, and peripheral iridotomy, the development of secondary glaucoma with disc cupping seems to be the exception.     

Corneal transplant rejection rate and severity after endothelial keratoplasty

PURPOSE: To examine the corneal transplant rejection rate and the rate of graft failure subsequent to rejection in the first 2 years after endothelial keratoplasty (EK) and to compare this to background data for similar cases of penetrating keratoplasty (PK). METHODS: Anonymized data from consecutive cases of EK [deep lamellar (DLEK) or Descemet stripping (DSEK)] for Fuchs corneal endothelial dystrophy or pseudophakic bullous keratopathy operated on before August 2004 were collected in 4 participating centers. The number and timing of rejection episodes and cases of subsequent graft failure were recorded, together with the time to cessation of topical steroid medication. Two-year postoperative findings were compared with background data for similar patients undergoing PK recorded in the Swedish Corneal Transplant Registry. RESULTS: Rejection episodes were less frequent after EK than PK (P = 0.035). Fifteen (7.5%) of 199 EK cases had a rejection episode in the first 2 years after surgery versus 92 (13%) of 708 PK cases. Graft failure after rejection in EK may have been less frequent than in PK (P = 0.063), with only 1 (6.7%) case of rejection after EK versus 26 (28.3%) cases of rejection after PK proceeding to graft failure. A strong trend toward continued use of low-dose topical steroid medication was observed in the EK group. Eighty percent of EK patients were still taking topical steroid medication 2 years after surgery, whereas topical steroid medication had been ceased within a year of surgery in almost all PK patients in the comparator group. CONCLUSIONS: Corneal transplant rejection is less frequent and may be less severe after EK than after PK. It is not yet clear whether these apparent differences are simply a product of relatively prolonged postoperative topical steroid cover in EK patients.     

深板层角膜内皮层移植治疗角膜内皮损伤的实验研究

目的:探讨深板层角膜内皮层移植在兔角膜内皮损伤模型的应用效果。方法:选择新西兰白兔24只,制作兔角膜内皮损伤模型第2d随机分为两组:实验组进行深板层角膜内皮层移植术组,对照组不予处理。分别于术后1,2,3,7,14d;1mo观察眼压、前房反应、并发症情况,术后1mo每组处死12只兔子,摘除眼球,12眼(两组各6眼)作病理切片检查,HE染色观察炎症细胞情况;另12眼(两组各6眼)用α-SMAWholemount染色法观察兔角膜内皮细胞瘢痕和肌成纤维细胞情况并进行细胞计数。结果:实验组角膜术后一直维持透明,对照组在术后5d明显变混浊,眼压、前房反应和并发症在两组间差异无显著性(P>0.05)。术后1mo两组实验兔在单位面积(500μm2)肌成纤维细胞数和炎症细胞数均有显著性差异(t=5.716,6.991;P<0.05)。结论:深板层角膜内皮层移植应用于兔角膜内皮损伤模型中炎症反应小,前房反应轻,能保持角膜透明,且并发症少。     

Intraocular pressure-induced interlamellar keratitis after LASIK surgery

PURPOSE: To describe a case of interlamellar stromal keratitis induced by increased intraocular pressure (IOP) after LASIK surgery. METHODS: Case report and review of the literature. RESULTS: A 53-year-old white man with a history of treated ocular hypertension underwent uncomplicated LASIK surgery. The postoperative course was complicated by markedly elevated IOP induced by topical corticosteroid drops used to treat what appeared to be diffuse lamellar keratitis. Because IOPs remained uncontrolled despite maximal therapy, topical steroids were discontinued after a total of 9 weeks. The IOP rapidly returned to normal range with complete resolution of the corneal findings. Humphrey visual field analysis, confocal scanning laser imaging of the optic nerve, and stereoscopic disc photographs all demonstrated that significant glaucomatous field loss and optic atrophy developed over this 8-week period. DISCUSSION: The IOP should be immediately evaluated in patients who present with interlamellar stromal keratitis more than 1 week after LASIK. If the IOP is elevated, corticosteroid drops should be discontinued to prevent permanent visual loss. Furthermore, if a glaucoma specialist examines a patient with a history of LASIK and unexplained visual field loss, the medical record should be reviewed to determine if the postoperative course was complicated by this diffuse lamellar keratitis-like phenomenon.     

Penetrating keratoplasty for corneal ectasia after laser in situ keratomileusis

PURPOSE: To improve the visual acuity of patients with progressive keratectasia following laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). METHODS: Five eyes of four patients underwent penetrating keratoplasty for ectasia after LASIK: In one patient the second eye was operated on 10 months after the first keratoplasty. The pre- and postoperative refraction, best spectacle-corrected visual acuity, and topographic data were evaluated. RESULTS: The preoperative refraction was -20.0 diopters (D) with high cylindrical values in all eyes at the time of surgery. After penetrating keratoplasty, mean spherical equivalent was -13.08+/-3.62 (SD) and mean refractive cylinder was -3.87+/-1.12 (SD). In one eye Urrets-Zavalia syndrome was noted as an early postoperative complication. In the second operated eye of another patient, there had been graft rejection several times. In this patient, frequent steroid use led to secondary glaucoma and he required filtering surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Penetrating keratoplasty is effective and successful in treating iatrogenic keratectasia after LASIK, but these patients need a close and lifelong follow-up to treat lateterm complications such as graft rejection and secondary glaucoma.     

First day review after uncomplicated phacoemulsification: is it necessary?

PURPOSE: To determine whether first day follow-up is necessary after routine uncomplicated phacoemulsification cataract surgery. METHODS: Data collected prospectively at day 1 postoperative review. RESULTS: In 510 consecutive cases, serious complications occurred in 8 (1.6%) (wound leak [4], corneal abrasion [2], iris prolapse [1], hyphema [1]). Intraocular pressure (IOP) >30 mmHg was found in 26 (5.1%) and was strongly associated with a diagnosis of pre-existing glaucoma or ocular hypertension (odds ratio [OR] 7.7). Symptoms of headache or ocular discomfort occurred in 40 (7.8%), mostly in association with raised IOP, and were also associated with pre-existing glaucoma or ocular hypertension (OR 4.7). Central corneal edema was found in 61 (12.0%). In the absence of corneal edema, IOP was >30 mmHg in only two cases (0.39%). CONCLUSIONS: Few sight-threatening complications were detected on the morning after an uncomplicated procedure. First day follow-up may be safely omitted if adequate patient counseling is undertaken and there is provision of adequate access to eye services. Review prior to discharge on the day of surgery would provide an opportunity to detect these few surgical complications and for counseling. A diagnosis of glaucoma or ocular hypertension is a risk factor for significantly raised next day IOP and these patients are more likely to experience postoperative discomfort. They may benefit from prophylactic treatment.     

Comparison of deep lamellar endothelial keratoplasty and penetrating keratoplasty in patients with Fuchs endothelial dystrophy

PURPOSE: To evaluate and compare 1-year postoperative visual acuity, refractive results, endothelial cell density (ECD), and complications in a consecutive group of patients who underwent deep lamellar endothelial keratoplasty (DLEK) with those who underwent penetrating keratoplasty (PK) performed by 1 surgeon. METHODS: We prospectively analyzed results of 20 consecutive patients with Fuchs dystrophy and pseudophakia who underwent small-incision DLEK surgery and retrospectively compared these results with those of 23 consecutive patients with Fuchs dystrophy and pseudophakia who underwent standard PK surgery during the same period. Main outcome measurements were best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA); refractive, keratometric, and topographic astigmatism; topographic irregular astigmatism; absolute change in spherical equivalent; and ECD. Postoperative complications in the 2 groups were also analyzed. RESULTS: Preoperative BSCVA was significantly better in the DLEK group than the PK group (P = 0.013). Postoperative BSCVA was significantly better in the DLEK group than the PK group at 6 months (P = 0.025) and similar in each group at 12 months. Twelve-month postoperative refractive, keratometric, and topographic astigmatism was significantly less in the DLEK group than the PK group (P < 0.001). Surface asymmetry index and change in keratometric spherical equivalent was significantly less in the DLEK group than the PK group at 12 months postoperatively (P < 0.001). Preoperative ECD was significantly higher in the DLEK group (3072 +/- 307 cells/mm) than the PK group (2779 +/- 413 cells/mm). Twelve-month postoperative ECD was similar in the DLEK group (1293 +/- 469 cells/mm) compared with the PK group (1303 +/- 454 cells/mm; P = 0.949, not significant). Twelve-month percent endothelial cell loss was higher than reported in previous studies but was similar in the DLEK group (57.9%) compared with the PK group (53.1%). Twelve months postoperatively, all grafts were clear in the DLEK and PK groups. CONCLUSIONS: DLEK surgery resulted in more rapid vision recovery, significantly less regular and irregular astigmatism, and less change in spherical equivalent than PK surgery. Endothelial cell loss was significant in both groups but was not significantly different in the DLEK group from the PK group. DLEK surgery has significant advantages over PK surgery, but long-term ECD and graft survival in DLEK surgery should be studied.     

Reversal of optic disc cupping after glaucoma surgery analyzed with a scanning laser tomograph.

OBJECTIVE: To detect and quantitate changes in optic nerve morphology after glaucoma surgery using the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph (HRT, Heidelberg Instruments, Heidelberg, Germany). DESIGN: Nonconsecutive observational case series. PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTION: The authors prospectively enrolled 21 adult patients undergoing incisional glaucoma surgery for progressive glaucoma damage. Quantitative analysis of the optic nerve head by scanning laser tomography and automated perimetry were performed before and after glaucoma surgery. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Changes in optic nerve parameters were subjected to linear regression analysis with respect to percent of postoperative reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP), as well as with respect to age, refraction, preoperative cup:disc ratio, and change in visual field parameters. RESULTS: Seventeen patients had pre- and postoperative images suitable for analysis. Mean IOP at the time of image acquisition before surgery was 30.5+/-12 mm Hg, and after surgery 11.8+/-5.2 mm Hg (mean follow-up, 26+/-7 weeks). Eleven of 13 (85%) patients having IOP reduction of greater than 40% showed improvement in optic disc parameters. All four patients with less than 25% reduction in IOP showed worsening of most parameters. Changes in optic disc parameters were highly correlated with percent IOP reduction and with age. The parameters in which change most strongly correlated with percent change of IOP were cup area, rim area, cup:disc ratio, and mean cup depth (each, P<0.005). The age of the patient correlated highly with change in maximum cup depth (P<0.005). Refraction and clinically determined cup:disc ratio correlated poorly with changes in measured optic disc parameters. Clinical improvement in visual fields was correlated with the degree of improvement of cup:disc ratio (P = 0.025). CONCLUSION: Most patients showing a 40% lowering of IOP after glaucoma surgery show improved optic nerve morphology as measured by the HRT. The amount of improvement correlated highly with the percent reduction of IOP.     

Graft failure: III. Glaucoma escalation after penetrating keratoplasty

Glaucoma after penetrating keratoplasty is a frequently observed post-operative complication and is a risk factor for graft failure. Penetrating keratoplasty performed for aphakic and pseudophakic bullous keratopathy and inflammatory conditions are more likely to cause postoperative glaucoma compared with keratoconus and Fuchs’ endothelial dystrophy. The intraocular pressure elevation may occur immediately after surgery or in the early to late postoperative period. Early postoperative causes of glaucoma include pre-existing glaucoma, retained viscoelastic, hyphema, inflammation, pupillary block, aqueous misdirection, or suprachoroidal hemorrhage. Late causes include pre-existing glaucoma, angle-closure glaucoma, ghost cell glaucoma, suprachoroidal hemorrhage, and steroid-induced glaucoma. Determining the cause of IOP elevation can help guide therapeutic intervention. Treatments for refractory glaucoma include topical anti-glaucoma medications such as beta-adrenergic blockers. Topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, miotic agents, adrenergic agonists, and prostaglandin analogs should be used with caution in the post-keratoplasty patient, because of the possibility of corneal decompensation, cystoid macular edema, or persistent inflammation. Various glaucoma surgical treatments have reported success in post-keratoplasty glaucoma. Trabeculectomy with mitomycin C can be successful in controlling IOP without the corneal toxicity noted with 5-fluorouracil. Glaucoma drainage devices have successfully controlled intraocular pressure in post-keratoplasty glaucoma; this is, however, associated with increased risk of graft failure. Placement of the tube through the pars plana may improve graft success compared with implantation within the anterior chamber. In addition, cyclophotocoagulation remains a useful procedure for eyes that have refractory glaucoma despite multiple surgical interventions.     

Non-penetrating deep sclerectomy and collagen implant surgery in glaucoma patients with advanced field loss

Purpose: The aim of the study was to determine the medium term intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering effects and the potential complications of non-penetrating deep sclerectomy and collagen implant (DSCI) surgery in glaucoma patients. Patients and methods: 54 eyes of 52 patients with medically uncontrolled open angle glaucoma with advanced field loss underwent DSCI under topical anaesthesia. Follow-up period was 24 months. Results: The mean preoperative IOP was 24.7 ± 6.2 mmHg and decreased to 15.1 ± 4.0 mmHg at 24 months (p = 0.0068). During the follow- up period, 36 of 54 eyes (66%) received no topical antiglaucomatous medications. In 18 eyes, monotherapy with topical beta blockers (Betaxolol HCl) was added to the regimen. At last visit , only two patients (3.8%) had IOP greater than 18 mmHg. We did not detect any additional optic disc changes, visual field or visual acuity defects postoperatively. Detailed slit-lampexamination revealed no anterior segment complications regarding the probablecomplications of trabeculectomy. None of the patients developed surgery relatedcataract. As a complication, we diagnosed one case of self-limited, shallow choroidal detachment. Conclusion: DSCI appears to provide considerable medium term IOP decrease with few postoperative complications without deteriorating visual acuity. Owing to our medium term results, we believe that DSCI could be a valuable alternative to trabeculectomy especially in cases of advanced medically uncontrolled open angle glaucoma.     

青光眼术后硬核白内障改良小切口囊外摘出术

目的:观察青光眼小梁切除术后硬核白内障行改良小切口囊外摘出及人工晶状体植入术的临床疗效。方法:对65例(69眼)小梁切除术后硬核(Ⅳ/Ⅴ)白内障,行颞侧或颞上方小切口白内障囊外摘出人工晶状体植入术,术后随访6~24mo,观察术后视力、眼压和并发症。结果:本组65例(69眼)术后视力有不同程度提高,其中视力≥0.5者50眼(72%),术后平均眼压为(15.22±3.92)mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa),手术并发症为术后早期角膜水肿及葡萄膜炎性反应。结论:青光眼小梁切除术后硬核白内障行改良小切口囊外摘出及人工晶状体植入术操作简单,术后眼压控制好,并发症少,视力恢复快,是治疗青光眼术后硬核白内障的有效方法。     

Early postoperative spikes of the intraocular pressure (IOP) following phacoemulsification in late-stage glaucoma

BACKGROUND: Modern cataract surgery with use of viscoelastics can induce remarkable early spikes of the intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients with glaucoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The purpose of this prospective study was to investigate risk factors for an early increase of the IOP following cataract surgery in eyes with end-stage glaucoma. Clear cornea phacoemulsification with implantation of a foldable acrylic lens was performed in 25 eyes with end-stage glaucoma (primary open-angle glaucoma including normal tension glaucoma or exfoliative glaucoma) either under topical anesthesia or under general anesthesia. In eyes with exfoliative glaucoma, trabecular aspiration was performed additionally. IOP measurements were conducted at the day before surgery, 4 hours following surgery and on the first morning following surgery. RESULTS: Cataract surgery was performed without complications. The mean IOP was 18.5 +/- 4.2 mm Hg with 2.1 +/- 1.0 topical medications. 4 hours postoperatively, mean IOP was 31.3 +/- 11.9 mm Hg. In eyes with exfoliative glaucoma (n = 12) the early postoperative IOP was 28.5 +/- 12.0 mm Hg, but without significant difference compared to eyes with POAG (n = 13). The early postoperative IOP showed significant correlation with the maximum IOP in patient's history (p = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with late-stage glaucoma can experience considerable early IOP spikes following uneventful cataract surgery, although preoperatively IOP is controlled by topical medications. Postoperative IOP monitoring is recommended at the day of surgery, especially if high IOP values are reported in patient's history.     

A Comparison of Posterior Lamellar Keratoplasty Modalities: DLEK vs. DSEK

Purpose

To compare clinical outcomes after deep lamellar endothelial keratoplasty (DLEK) with Descemet stripping endothelial keratoplasty (DSEK) performed as initial cases by a single surgeon.

Methods

Sixteen patients with corneal endothelial were enrolled. Eight patients (8 eyes) underwent DLEK and 8 patients (8 eyes) DSEK. We measured uncorrected visual acuity, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), manifest refraction, corneal endothelial count, interface opacity via Schiempflug imaging, and contrast sensitivity, as well as tracked postoperative complications over the first postoperative year.

Results

Primary graft failure occurred in two DLEK cases and one DSEK case, all of which were excluded for further analysis. The average 12-month postoperative BCVA was 20/70 in the DLEK group and 20/50 in the DSEK group, with the difference not statistically significant. No significant differences were identified between the 2 groups in terms of mean spherical equivalent and refractive astigmatism, although individuals in the DSEK group tended toward hyperopia. The average endothelial cell count at postoperative month 12 was 1849±494 in the DLEK group and 1643±417 cells/mm² in the DSEK group, representing cell losses of 26.2% and 31.9%, respectively. No significant differences in endothelial cell count or endothelial cell loss were observed between groups. Early postoperative donor disc dislocation occurred in two eyes after DLEK and one eye after DSEK. Interface opacities and contrast sensitivities were similarly not significantly different between groups.

Conclusions

No significant differences in any assessed clinical outcome were observed between individuals undergoing DLEK and DSEK, when performed as initial cases by a single surgeon.     

The comparative analysis of changes in optic disc morphology after trabeculectomy,measured by scanning laser tomography

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate and estimate quantitative changes in optic nerve morphology after glaucoma surgery using the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph (Heidelberg Engineering, HRT Software 2.01). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The eyes of 42 consecutive patients (34 women and 8 men) undergoing trabeculectomy at the Department of Ophthalmology, Wroclaw Medical University, were enrolled into the study. Quantitative analysis of the optic nerve head parameters by scanning laser tomography were performed, as well as automated perimetry, before and after surgery. Post operative HRT images were obtained at 2-3 weeks, 4-6 months, 9-12 months and > 12 months after surgery. RESULTS: Forty one patients (97.6%) have obtained postoperatively IOP reduction greater than 30%. Two weeks after trabeculectomy seven HRT parameters showed statistically significant improvement: CA, CV, RA, RV, mean cup depth, CSM. Approximately 5 months after surgery only 2 parameters (mean cup depth & CSM) were statistically changed, as well as 12 months after surgery (mean and max cup depth), which cannot be explained by postoperative disc edema. A corresponding change was also noted in the visual field. There was no statistically significant association between optic disc morphology as measured by HRT and the degree of intraocular pressure reduction. CONCLUSION: All patients showing a 30% lowering of IOP after glaucoma surgery show improved optic nerve morphology as measured by the HRT. Further studies are required to provide information, to what extent the change in optic disc topography is dependent on the duration of elevated intraocular pressure or advanced stage of glaucomatous optic neuropathy.     

非穿透小梁手术联合羊膜植入治疗继发性开角型青光眼

目的 评价非穿透小梁手术联合羊膜植入治疗继发性开角型青光眼的临床效果。方法 16例(16眼)继发性开角型青光眼,行非穿透小梁手术联合羊膜植入术。术后观察眼压、滤过泡、眼内反应及视力等情况。随访6～24个月。结果 术后1、3、6、12和24个月的眼压(单位:mmHg)分别为:13.52±4.71、16.30±4.11、16.38±4.26、16.54±4.39和17.6±4.58,与术前眼压46.24±9.32相比,差异有非常显著性(P<0.01)。随访期间2眼眼压>21mmHg,其中一眼局部用药可控制,另一眼接受再次手术。75％眼可见显著弥散的滤过泡。无手术并发症发生。术后早期视力不稳定,1个月后有不同程度提高。结论 非穿透小梁手术联合羊膜植入治疗继发性开角型青光眼是一种理想的方法,比经典小梁切除术更优越。     

Valve implants of glaucoma pressure regulator for refractory glaucoma: own experience

PURPOSE: To present our experiences in valve implantation for refractory glaucoma. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From October 1993 to December 1996 implantations of Glaucoma Pressure Regulator Optimed were performed in 7 eyes of 7 patients. There were 4 men and 3 women aged from 32 to 65 years. There were 3 eyes with neovascular glaucoma due to diabetes mellitus, 2 eyes with posttraumatic glaucoma, including 1 case after keratoplasty, 1 eye with postkeratoplasty glaucoma and 1 eye with aphakic glaucoma. Preoperative IOPs ranged from 33 to 61 mm Hg (mean 37.6 +/- 7.2 mm Hg). RESULTS: Success was considered an IOP of less than 22 mm Hg without medication (complete success) or with medication (qualified success) without additional filtering surgery. Postoperative success was obtained in 4 out of 7 eyes after follow-up period of 37.4 +/- 17.08 months (range 16-39 months). Early complications were hyphema (1 patient, 14.3%), blockage of intracameral portion of the tube (1 patient, 14.3%), hypertony (1 patient, 14.3%). Late complications were: external conjunctival bleb failure (2 patients, 28.6%), blockage of intracameral portion of tube by fibrovascular tissue (1 patient, 14.3%). CONCLUSION: Our experiences confirm that the valve implant is still today an alternative surgical procedure for controlling IOP in eyes with refractory glaucoma that have visual potential.     

Prospective, long-term evaluation of steroid-induced glaucoma

PURPOSE: To evaluate the intraocular pressure (IOP) after cessation of steroid use in steroid-induced glaucoma and its control with medication or surgery. METHODS: Thirty-four eyes of 34 patients having steroid-induced glaucoma were prospectively evaluated after cessation of steroid for IOP, visual acuity, and optic disc status at 3 months, and every 3 months for 18 months. RESULTS: Topical steroid use (73.5%) was the most frequent cause for glaucoma. The baseline IOP was 35.47+/-12.59 mmHg. The baseline vertical cup-disc ratio correlated with duration of steroid use (P=0.014) and the baseline IOP (P<0.0001). In 25 patients (73.5%), IOP could be controlled by topical medications alone, whereas nine patients (26.5%) required surgery. The mean baseline IOP in eyes requiring surgery was 49.67+/-13.28 mmHg and in eyes managed medically, 30.36+/-7.51 mmHg (P=0.002). The vertical cup-disc ratio in surgically treated patient was 0.87+/-0.13:1 as compared to 0.71+/-0.15:1 (P=0.012) in the medically treated group. At 6, 12, and 18 months follow-up, 22 (64.7%), 33 (97.1%), and all 34 (100%) patients were off treatment, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with steroid-induced glaucoma, who were 相似文献   

Management of uveitic glaucoma with Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation for the management of glaucoma associated with chronic uveitis. DESIGN: Retrospective, noncomparative case series. PARTICIPANTS: Nineteen patients (21 eyes) with chronic uveitis underwent Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation for uncontrolled glaucoma between 1995 and 1998. INTERVENTION: All patients had their uveitis controlled before surgery via immunomodulatory therapy. Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation was performed. Immunosuppression was continued in the early postoperative period for strict control of inflammation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Control of intraocular pressure (IOP). A secondary outcome measure was the number of antiglaucoma medications required to achieve the desired IOP. Visual acuity and complications associated with the surgery were monitored. RESULTS: The postoperative follow-up averaged 24.5 months. At the most recent visit, all 21 eyes had IOPs between 5 and 18 mmHg. The average pressure reduction after Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation was 23.7 mmHg. The average number of antiglaucoma medicines required to achieve the desired IOP was reduced from 3.5 before surgery to 0.6 after surgery. No eye lost even a single line of Snellen acuity at the most recent postoperative visit. Two eyes developed hypotony in the course of follow-up. One resolved without specific intervention, and the other eye required two autologous blood injections and tube ligature to correct the hypotony. One eye underwent Ahmed glaucoma valve replacement for abrupt valve failure. Two eyes underwent penetrating keratoplasty for reasons believed to be unrelated to the glaucoma surgery. Kaplan-Meier life-table analysis showed a cumulative probability of success after Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation of 94% at 1 year. CONCLUSIONS: Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation can be an effective and safe method in the management of uveitic glaucoma. The authors hypothesize that control of the patients' uveitis, through preoperative and long-term postoperative immunomodulatory therapy, may have contributed to the success rate reported herein.     

Graft survival and glaucoma outcome after simultaneous penetrating keratoplasty and ahmed glaucoma valve implant

PURPOSE: To investigate the success of corneal graft and intraocular pressure (IOP) control after simultaneous penetrating keratoplasty (PKP) and Ahmed glaucoma valve implant in patients with coexisting corneal opacity and glaucoma. METHODS: A retrospective review was undertaken of adult patients at King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, who underwent simultaneous PKP and Ahmed glaucoma valve implant between January 1994 and September 1999.RESULTS: Twenty-five eyes of 25 patients were included in the study. Cumulative probabilities of success by Kaplan-Meier analysis showed 92% and 50% graft success and 92% and 86% IOP control at 1 and 3 years, respectively. The main postoperative complication was graft failure in 10 of 25 cases, and the majority of those failures resulted from immunologic graft rejection and tube endothelial touch.CONCLUSION: Ahmed glaucoma valve implant is effective in controlling IOP in a majority of eyes during a 3-year time span. However, corneal graft success continues to pose challenges.