腹腔镜辅助下直肠癌根治术在直肠癌治疗中的应用

目的 探讨腹腔镜辅助下直肠癌根治术的安全性及有效性.方法 将60例直肠癌患者分为腹腔镜组(30例)和开腹组(30例)进行直肠癌根治术,并对其临床效果进行对比分析.结果 腹腔镜组术中出血量、术后引流量明显少于开腹组(P＜0.05);2组手术时间、术后通气时间、术后住院时间、淋巴结清扫数目以及术后并发症发生率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 腹腔镜辅助下直肠癌根治术具有安全性高、创伤轻、术后快速恢复等优点,更可达到开腹的效果,是一种极具应用前景的微创新技术.     

腹腔镜下直肠癌根治术的围手术期护理体会

目的探讨腹腔镜直肠癌根治术围手术期的护理方法。方法回顾2012年10月至2013年10月32例行腹腔镜直肠癌根治术患者的护理过程,总结探讨围手术期的护理要点。结果 32例患者均顺利完成手术。手术时间:Dixon术平均4.2 h,Miles术平均3.1 h。患者术后36~72 h肠功能恢复,无输尿管损伤、肠瘘、内出血等严重并发症发生。1例发生切口感染,经换药、抗感染治疗后痊愈。术后平均住院时间14.3 d。结论做好围手术期护理工作,有助于手术的顺利完成,减少并发症的发生,以提高手术效果。     

纳米炭在早期低位直肠癌根治手术中的应用价值

背景与目的：纳米炭混悬注射液是新近出现的一种淋巴结示踪剂,该研究旨在评价其在早期低位直肠癌根治手术中淋巴结清扫的应用价值。方法：分析2013年1月—2015年12月收治的早期低位直肠癌患者66例,随机分为研究组(术前肠镜下注射纳米炭)和对照组,观察两组平均淋巴结检出数和微小淋巴结比例等指标。研究组还获取前哨淋巴结(sentinel lymph node,SLN)行病理学检查。结果：两组平均淋巴结检出数和微小淋巴结比例对比,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),前哨淋巴结检出准确率达90.9%,假阴性率为3.8%,无明显并发症。结论：术前注射纳米炭混悬液是有助于早期低位直肠癌淋巴结清扫,同时SLN活检是可行的。     

腹腔镜直肠癌根治术的临床应用

目的分析腹腔镜直肠癌根治术的临床应用疗效及优势。方法总结2009年5月至2012年5月72例腹腔镜直肠癌根治术的临床资料,其中行腹腔镜全直肠系膜切除保肛术(TME Dixon)52例,腹腔镜腹会阴直肠切除术(TME Miles)20例。7例中转开腹。并与同期具有可比性的72例开腹手术进行比较。结果腹腔镜组的肠蠕动恢复时间及并发症发生率明显短于同期开腹手术组。结论与传统开腹手术比较,腹腔镜直肠癌根治术具有损伤小、术中出血少、术后疼痛轻、胃肠道功能恢复快、住院时间短等优点。     

腹腔镜直肠癌根治术8例

 目的 探讨腹腔镜直肠癌根治术实施的可能性、方法及并发症的预防。方法 共施行了腹腔镜直肠癌根治术8例，其中Dixon手术3例，结肠肛管拖出术（改良Bacon手术）1例。Miles手术4例。结果 手术均获成功，无中转开腹。手术平均时间220 min（195～250 min），术中平均出血量100 ml（10～500 ml），1例吻合口瘘，住院时间10 ~ 18 d。结论 腹腔镜直肠癌根治术有创伤小、出血少、胃肠干扰少、术后疼痛轻、恢复快等优点，可以达到安全根治性切除肿瘤的目的，近期效果满意。     

腹腔镜直肠癌根治术44例体会

目的:探讨腹腔镜直肠癌根治术的可行性和手术方法。方法:回顾分析2008年9月至2011年5月94例直肠癌患者的临床资料,分别行腹腔镜直肠癌根治术和传统开腹直肠癌根治术,比较手术时间、出血量、并发症、清扫淋巴结数、术后排气时间、住院时间等。结果:腹腔镜组与传统开腹组患者手术时间分别为(2.5±0.3)h及(2.1±0.4)h(P>0.05);出血量分别为(120±8)ml及(220±10)ml(P<0.05);并发症分别为13%及20%(P<0.05);清扫淋巴结数分别为(16±2)枚及(17±3)枚(P>0.05);术后排气时间分别为(52.5±6.5)h及(81.2±9.0)h(P<0.05);住院时间分别为(8.3±1.6)d及(11.2±2.7)d(P<0.05)。结论:腹腔镜直肠癌根治术创伤小,术后恢复快,根治效果同开腹手术,术中Trocar位置的选择、Toldt间隙及骶前间隙的辨别、对肿瘤的包裹隔离,是进一步完善手术的必要步骤。     

腹腔镜直肠癌根治术中应用纳米炭示踪剂对免疫及肝肾功能的影响

目的:探讨纳米炭示踪剂在腹腔镜直肠癌根治术中对机体免疫功能及肝肾功能的影响。方法:按照随机化原则将60例直肠癌患者分为纳米炭组和对照组,纳米炭组30例于术前经肛门注射纳米炭混悬注射液,对照组30例不注射纳米炭混悬注射液。两组均由同组手术医师按相同手术原则行腹腔镜辅助下直肠癌根治术。分别测定术前1天和术后第1、3、5、7天肝肾功、CD3+细胞、CD4+细胞、CD8+细胞、CD4+／CD8+比值并进行对比。结果:与术前1天相比,术后第1天两组免疫功能指标均不同程度的出现降低,以纳米炭组下降更显著,对照组术后第3天开始回升,至术后第5天基本恢复正常,纳米炭组术后第5天开始回升,至术后第7天恢复基本正常。术后ALT、AST、BUN、Cr均在正常范围,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。纳米炭组与对照组相比,免疫功能恢复时间偏长。结论:纳米炭在腹腔镜直肠癌中的应用对机体的免疫功能有一过性抑制作用,对肝肾功无影响。     

腹腔镜下直肠癌根治术24例临床报告

目的：探讨腹腔镜下直肠癌根治术的安全性及可行性.方法：对2007年1月至2011年6月,24例行腹腔镜下直肠癌根治术与同期51例行开腹直肠癌根治术患者进行手术情况、近期疗效、手术根治程度以及随访1年内并发症情况进行回顾性比较.结果：二者在保肛率、清扫淋巴结以及近远期并发症方面无统计学差异（P＞0.05）.在手术失血量、术后排气时间、术后拔尿管时间、术后住院天数以及直肠肿瘤远端切缘方面,腹腔镜组优于开腹组（P＜0.01）.在手术时间方面,开腹组优于腹腔镜组（P＜0.01）.结论：腹腔镜下直肠癌根治术的根治性及安全性达到传统开腹手术标准,具有可行性.     

纳米碳在达芬奇机器人直肠癌根治术中的应用

目的 总结纳米碳示踪剂在达芬奇机器人直肠癌根治术的使用体会。方法 收集分析2017年7月—2017年12月经达芬奇机器人直肠癌根治术中应用纳米碳示踪剂完成的11例患者临床资料。结果 全部11例手术均在机器人辅助下完成,无中转开腹,3例行回肠保护性造口。手术时间（184.6±23.5）min,术中出血（30.9±7.6）ml。切除肠管长度（18.8±2.1）cm,淋巴结清扫数目（17.5±1.9）枚,阳性（3.4±1.5）枚,其中微小淋巴结（7.5±1.4）枚。下切缘距肿瘤（2.8±0.4）cm,手术标本两断端及环周切缘未见癌,均符合全直肠系膜切除标准。术后肛门或造口排气时间（25.9±7.4）h,恢复进食时间（12.7±3.1）h,术后住院时间（6.6±0.7）d。未出现出血、感染、肠瘘或肠梗阻等并发症,术后随访1~6月暂未发现复发或转移。结论 在达芬奇机器人直肠癌根治术中使用纳米碳示踪剂简便安全,有利于淋巴结清扫,特别是微小淋巴结的清扫。     

腹腔镜辅助下进展期远端胃癌根治术的可行性及近期疗效

目的 探讨腹腔镜辅助下进展期远端胃癌根治术的可行性及近期疗效.方法 依据随机数字表法,从2015年9月至2016年9月开封市中心医院收治的进展期远端胃癌患者中抽取40例为对照组,均接受常规开腹远端胃癌根治术.依据随机数字表法,从2016年10月至2017年10月开封市中心医院收治的进展期远端胃癌患者中抽取40例为观察组,均接受腹腔镜辅助下进展期远端胃癌根治术.观察并比较两组患者的术中指标、术后恢复情况及术后并发症发生率.结果 观察组患者的手术时间明显长于对照组,淋巴结清扫个数明显多于对照组,术中出血量明显少于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01).观察组患者术后首次下床活动时间、术后排气时间和住院时间均明显短于对照组(P<0.01).观察组患者术后并发症总发生率为7.5％,低于对照组的25.0％,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 对进展期远端胃癌患者实施腹腔镜辅助下胃癌根治术的近期疗效确切,且可有效减少各种术后并发症,具有一定的临床应用可行性.     

直肠系膜全切除在直肠根治术中的地位

Objective To evaluate the effect of total mesorectal excision (TME) on local recurrence rate and 5-year survival rate following radical resection for rectal cancer. Methods From Jan. 1991 to Dec. 1998, 746 cases of rectal cancer treated with radical resection were divided randomly into group B (341 cases) undergoing traditional procedures and group A (405 cases) undergoing TME. There was no significant difference in tumor location, morphological appearance, histological patterns, grade of differentiation and staging clssification between two groups. SSR was carried out in 65.25% cases of group A and 54.25% cases in group B (P<0.05). Results Operative death occurred in 9 cases with an operative mortality rate being 0.97%, 5 cases in group A and 4 cases in group B. Anastomotic leakage occurred in 19 cases with an occurrence rate being 4.21%, 8 in group A (3.95%) and 11 cases in group B (5.95%). The follow-up rate in this series was 91% with the follow-up duration from 2 to 9 years, mean 48.3 months. Local recurrence occurred in 47 cases with an overall recurrence rate being 6.30%, 16 cases in group A (3.95%) and 31 in group B (9.09%),P<0.01. The overall 5-year survival rate was 72.46%±3.84% (life table method), 78.58%±3.28% in group A and 67.86%±3.02% in group B, respectively,P<0.05. Conclusion Radical resection with TME can effectively reduce the local recurrence tate and significantly improve 5-year survival rate as compared with traditional procedures.     

Clinical implication of an insufficient number of examined lymph nodes after curative resection for gastric cancer

BACKGROUND:

The seventh edition of the tumor, lymph node (LN), metastasis (TNM) staging system increased the required number of examined LNs in gastric cancer from 15 to 16. However, the same staging system defines lymph node‐negative gastric cancer regardless of the number of examined LNs. In this study, the authors evaluated whether gastric cancer can be staged properly with fewer than 15 examined LNs.

METHODS:

The survival rates of 10,010 patients who underwent curative gastrectomy from 1987 to 2007 were analyzed. The patients were divided into 2 groups according to the number of examined LNs, termed the “insufficient” group (≤15 examined LNs) and the “sufficient” group (≥16 examined LNs). The survival curves of patients from both groups were compared according to the seventh edition of the TNM classification.

RESULTS:

Three hundred sixteen patients (3.2%) had ≤15 examined LNs for staging after they underwent standard, curative lymphadenectomy. Patients who had T1 tumor classification, N0 lymph node status, and stage I disease with an insufficient number of examined LNs after curative gastrectomy had a significantly worse prognosis than patients who had ≥16 examined LNs. Moreover, having an insufficient number of examined LNs was an independent prognostic factor for patients who had T1, N0, and stage I disease.

CONCLUSIONS:

Lymph node‐negative cancers in which ≤15 LNs were examined, classified as N0 in the new TNM staging system, could not adequately predict patient survival after curative gastrectomy, especially in patients with early stage gastric cancer. Cancer 2012. © 2012 American Cancer Society.     

超声刀在直肠癌超低位前切除术中的应用

目的探讨超声刀在直肠癌超低位前切除术中的应用效果。方法回顾性分析江苏省肿瘤医院2011年6月至2012年7月收治的行直肠癌超低位前切除术的64例临床资料。其中超声刀组36例,电刀组28例,两组均采用双吻合器法重建肠道。比较两组患者的手术时间、术中出血量、术中输血率、术后前3天引流量、术后肠功能恢复时间以及术后吻合口瘘发生率。结果超声刀组较电刀组手术时间、术中出血量、术后前3天引流量、引流时间均显著减少(均P<0.05);而术后肠功能恢复时间、术中输血率与术后吻合口瘘发生率则无统计学差异(均P>0.05)。结论超声刀在直肠癌超低位前切除术中应用效果较电刀更好。     

Laparoscopic rectal resection versus open rectal resection with minilaparotomy for invasive rectal cancer

Background

The minilaparotomy approach is technically feasible for the resection of rectal cancer in selected patients with rapid postoperative recovery and small incision. The study aimed to compare the clinical and oncological outcomes of minilaparotomy and laparoscopic approaches in patients with rectal cancer.

Methods

The 122 included patients with rectal cancer were assigned to either minilaparotomy group (n=65) or laparoscopic group (n=57) which ran from January 2005 to January 2008. Clinical characteristics, perioperative outcomes, postoperative and long-term complications, pathological results and survival rates were compared between the groups.

Results

The demographic data of the two groups were similar. The time to normal diet (P=0.024) and the hospital stay (P=0.043) were less in the laparoscopic group than that in the minilaparotomy group. Compared with the minilaparotomy group, the mean operation time was significantly longer [low anterior resection (LAR), P=0.030; abdominoperineal resection (APR), P=0.048] and the direct costs higher for laparoscopic group (P<0.001). The morbidity and mortality were comparable between the two groups. Local recurrence was similar (5.3% laparoscopic, 1.5% minilaparotomy, P=0.520). The 5-year overall and disease-free survival rates were also similar (overall survival is 87.1% in laparoscopic group, and 82.5%in minilaparotomy group, P=0.425; disease-free survival is 74.2% in the laparoscopic group, and 71.4% in mini- laparotomy group, P=0.633).

Conclusions

The minilaparotomy approach was similarly safe and oncologically equivalent to laparoscopic approach for patients with rectal cancer. At the expense of a longer operative time and higher cost, laparoscopic surgery was associated with faster postoperative recovery.     

乳腺癌局部注射卡铂-活性碳后的淋巴趋向性研究

目的:研究乳腺癌原发灶周围皮下注射卡铂-活性碳混悬液(CP-CH)后是否提高腋窝淋巴结中的药物浓度。方法:32例乳腺癌患者随机分为两组,每组16例。在乳腺癌原发灶周围皮下,一组患者注射CP-CH,另一组患者注射卡铂水溶液(CP-Sol)作为对照。给药后1、12、24、72小时分别行乳腺癌改良根治术(每组4例),术中常规行腋窝淋巴结清扫,原子吸收光谱法测定淋巴结内卡铂浓度。结果:CP-CH组给药后1、12、24、72小时淋巴结中卡铂浓度分别为11.23±5.66μg/g、26.40±11.18μg/g、18.72±7.14μg/g、15.44±6.92μg/g,CP-Sol组在相应各时间点则分别为0.24±0.06μg/g、0.13±0.08μg/g、0.12±0.04μg/g,第72小时淋巴结内未检测出卡铂。两组间有统计学显著差异(P<0.01)。结论:乳腺癌局部注射CP-CH后有良好的淋巴趋向性,可显著提高腋窝淋巴结中的药物浓度。     

直肠癌同时性肝转移同期切除与分期切除比较*

目的：比较直肠癌同时性肝转移患者同期切除与分期切除安全性及远期疗效。方法：收集从2000年1 月至2015年4月北京大学肿瘤医院行手术切除的54例直肠癌同时性肝转移患者的临床病理及围手术期资料,并随访其复发及生存状况,比较同期切除组（19例）及分期切除组（35例）的安全性及远期疗效。结果：两组患者临床病理资料基本一致。同期切除组及分期切除组术后Clavien-Dindo 1 级、2 级、3 级及4 级并发症的发生率分别为10.5%（2/ 19）、31.6%（6/ 19）、5.3%（1/ 19）及10.5%（2/ 19）和8.6%（3/ 35）、17.1%（6/ 35）、25.7%（9/ 35）及0（0/ 35）;差异无统计学意义（P = 0.093）。 但术后中位住院时间同期组明显低于分期组（同期组14d,分期组25d,P < 0.001）。 同期组与分期组术后中位生存期差异无统计学意义（同期组未达到,分期组39个月,P = 0.649）,两组术后无病生存期差异无统计学意义（同期组10个月,分期组10个月,P = 0.827）。 结论：直肠癌同时性肝转移患者同期切除与分期切除比较未明显增加患者围手术期并发症,而且远期疗效相似。     

超低位直肠癌淋巴结分布及转移的位置区域图

Objective  

The aim of our study was to investigate the lymph node metastasis of mesorectum and ischiorectal foss in ultra-low rectal cancer and its influence on the surgical procedure selection.     

Distribution and patterns of lymph nodes metastases and micrometastases in the mesorectum of rectal cancer

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Facts buried in the mesorectum remain to be unveiled. This study investigated the number, size, and detailed distribution of lymph nodes metastases and micrometastases within the mesorectum of rectal cancer. METHODS: Thirty-one patients who underwent total mesorectal excision (TME) were treated with lymph node revealing solution to retrieve lymph nodes, which were submitted to hematoxylin and eosin (HE) examination and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. RESULTS: The mean number of mesorectal nodes per case was 17.7. The mean size of metastatic, micrometastatic, and isolated tumor cells (ITC) harbored nodes was 5.2 mm, 4.5 mm, and 3.3 mm, respectively. Most of the metastatic (92.1%), micrometastatic and ITC-involved nodes (69.2%) were located along the superior rectal artery (SRA). Posterior-wall located tumor might spread along both sides of the mesorectum simultaneously (P = 0.34), while lateral-wall located tumor spread preferably to ipsolateral side versus contralateral side (P = 0.012). CONCLUSION: Most of the metastases and micrometastases positive lymph nodes were smaller than 5 mm and distributed along the SRA. The patterns of lymph nodes spread were related to the circumferential situation of tumor in the rectal wall. Surgical excision of the rectal cancer should completely remove the whole mesorectum, especially to avoid any damage of the mesorectum on tumor side.