布拉氏酵母菌散剂联合美沙拉嗪对溃疡性结肠炎大鼠模型的影响

目的观察布拉氏酵母菌散剂联合美沙拉嗪对溃疡性结肠炎(UC)大鼠肠道菌群和肠组织Toll样受体(TLR)4及核因子(NF)-кB激活的影响。方法采用硫酸葡聚糖钠加乙酸复合方法制作UC大鼠模型,抽取40只大鼠为研究对象,随机分为A组和B组,每组20只大鼠,A组单纯接受布拉氏酵母菌散剂治疗,B组大鼠接受布拉氏酵母菌散剂联合美沙拉嗪治疗。结果 B组大鼠肠组织中TLR4与NF-κB p65的阳性细胞数明显减少,且显著低于A组(P0.05)。结论布拉氏酵母菌散剂联合美沙拉嗪可有效调节UC模型大鼠肠道菌群,并抑制肠组织TLR4、NF-κB p65的激活。     

清肠汤对溃疡性结肠炎大鼠肠道菌群和肠组织Toll样受体4及核因子-κB激活的影响

[目的]观察中药清肠汤对溃疡性结肠炎（UC）大鼠粪便常见需氧菌群和肠组织Toll样受体4（TLR4）、核因子-κB（NF-κB）p65激活的影响,探讨清肠汤治疗大鼠实验性UC可能的作用机制。[方法]采用硫酸葡聚糖钠加乙酸复合方法制作UC大鼠模型,分别给予柳氮磺胺嘧啶（SASP）和中药清肠汤治疗,通过肠道菌群培养分析观察治疗后大鼠肠道菌群变化,并通过免疫组化方法观察肠组织中TLR4与NF-κB p65的表达,对肠道菌群中大肠埃希菌的特征变化与肠组织TLR4、NF-κB p65的表达进行相关回归分析。[结果]造模后大鼠肠道菌群发生了变化,各中药治疗组治疗结束后大鼠肠道内大肠埃希菌数量明显减少（P〈0.05）,各治疗组治疗结束后大鼠肠组织中TLR4与NF-κB p65的阳性细胞数明显减少（P〈0.05）,大鼠肠组织中的TLR4和NF-κB阳性细胞数存在线性回归关系（P〈0.01）,TLR4、NF-κB阳性细胞数与粪便中大肠埃希菌的含量存在相关性（均P〈0.01）。[结论]清肠汤对UC模型大鼠肠道菌群有调节作用,并可由此抑制肠组织TLR4、NF-κB p65的激活,这可能是清肠汤治疗大鼠实验性UC的机制之一。     

双歧三联活菌胶囊联合甘草泻心汤对溃疡性结肠炎患者肠道菌群和肠黏膜屏障的影响

[目的]探讨双歧三联活菌胶囊联合甘草泻心汤对溃疡性结肠炎(UC)患者肠道菌群和肠黏膜屏障的影响。[方法]选取84例活动期UC(寒热错杂型)患者随机分为观察组和对照组。2组均予以美沙拉嗪肠溶片1.0g/次,4次/d,口服。观察组予以双歧三联活菌胶囊联合甘草泻心汤,对照组予以单纯的甘草泻心汤治疗,2组疗程均为8周。观察并记录2组治疗前和治疗8周后肠道菌群[乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌、大肠杆菌和双歧杆菌(B)与大肠杆菌(E)的比值]数量及肠黏膜屏障指标[血清D-乳酸和二胺氧化酶(DAO)]的变化,并评估肠镜下肠黏膜评分的变化。[结果]治疗8周后,2组双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌数量及B/E比值明显上升,大肠杆菌数量下降(P0.05),且观察组变化幅度较对照组更大(P0.05);2组血清D-乳酸和DAO指标明显下降(P0.05或P0.01),且观察组下降值较对照组更大(P0.05);同时2组肠镜下肠黏膜评分明显下降(P0.05或P0.01),且观察组下降值较对照组更大(P0.05)。[结论]双歧三联活菌胶囊联合甘草泻心汤治疗UC患者可纠正肠道微生态平衡紊乱,重建肠道微生态平衡;并可修复肠黏膜屏障,改善肠镜下肠黏膜病变程度。     

清肠汤对溃疡性结肠炎大鼠肠道菌群和肠组织Toll样受体4及核因子-кB激活的影响

[目的]观察中药清肠汤对溃疡性结肠炎(UC)大鼠粪便常见需氧菌群和肠组织Toll样受体4(TLR4)、核因子-кB(NF-кB)p65激活的影响,探讨清肠汤治疗大鼠实验性UC可能的作用机制.[方法]采用硫酸葡聚糖钠加乙酸复合方法制作UC大鼠模型,分别给予柳氮磺胺嘧啶(SASP)和中药清肠汤治疗,通过肠道菌群培养分析观察治疗后大鼠肠道菌群变化,并通过免疫组化方法观察肠组织中TLR4与NF-кB p65的表达,对肠道菌群中大肠埃希菌的特征变化与肠组织TLR4、NF-кB p65的表达进行相关回归分析.[结果]造模后大鼠肠道菌群发生了变化,各中药治疗组治疗结束后大鼠肠道内大肠埃希菌数量明显减少(P<0.05),各治疗组治疗结束后大鼠肠组织中TLR4与NF-кB p65的阳性细胞数明显减少(P<0.05),大鼠肠组织中的TLR4和NF-кB阳性细胞数存在线性回归关系(P<0.01),TLR4、NF-кB阳性细胞数与粪便中大肠埃希菌的含量存在相关性(均P<0.01).[结论]清肠汤对UC模型大鼠肠道菌群有调节作用,并可由此抑制肠组织TLR4、NF-кB p65的激活,这可能是清肠汤治疗大鼠实验性UC的机制之一.     

美沙拉嗪对2，4，6-三硝基苯磺酸诱导溃疡性结肠炎大鼠脾脏组织NF—κBp65表达的影响

目的 探讨美沙拉嗪对2,4,6-三硝基苯磺酸（TNBS）诱导的溃疡性结肠炎大鼠脾脏组织NF-κB p65表达的影响.方法 将42只SD大鼠随机分为空白对照组、结肠炎模型组和美沙拉嗪治疗组,每组各14只.除空白对照组外,其他两组均应用TNBS灌肠制作溃疡性结肠炎大鼠模型;模型建成2d后,空白对照组和结肠炎模型组均用蒸馏水、美莎拉嗪治疗组用美莎拉嗪蒸馏水混悬液3 mL灌胃;连续灌胃15 d后取脾脏组织,采用RT-PCR法检测NF-κB p65 mRNA,Western blot法检测NF-κB p65蛋白.结果 与空白对照组比较,结肠炎模型组NF-κB p65 mRNA、蛋白表达均升高（P均＜0.05）;与结肠炎模型组比较,美沙拉嗪治疗组NF-κB p65 mRNA、蛋白均下降（P均＜0.05）.结论 美沙拉嗪能通过下调TNBS诱导的溃疡性结肠炎大鼠脾脏组织NF-κB p65的表达,发挥治疗溃疡性结肠炎的作用.     

甘草泻心汤联合美沙拉嗪对溃疡性结肠炎患者疗效及肠道菌群和血清炎症因子水平的影响

目的:观察和分析甘草泻心汤联合美沙拉嗪对溃疡性结肠炎(UC)患者的疗效及对肠道菌群和血清炎症因子水平的影响.方法:将符合纳入标准的60例寒热错杂型UC患者随机分为2个组,对照组(30例)给予口服美沙拉嗪肠溶片治疗;中药组(30例)在相同西药治疗基础上加用甘草泻心汤口服.观察2组治疗后的中医证候疗效及中医症状积分、临床疗...     

NF-κB p65反义寡核苷酸对TNBS结肠炎小鼠肠黏膜细胞因子和NF-κB表达的影响

目的:探讨NF-κB p65反义寡核苷酸对实验性结肠炎BALB/c小鼠肠黏膜NF-κB表达的抑制作用和对黏膜肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)、白细胞介素(IL-10、IL-1β)表达的影响,研究其对肠道炎症的治疗作用.方法:将50只BALB/c小鼠均分为模型对照组(UC组)、NF-κB p65反义寡核苷酸组(ASODN组)、错义寡核苷酸组(MSODN组)和正义寡核苷酸组(SODN组),采用2,4,6-三硝基苯磺酸(TNBS)灌肠造模.造模后24h后对各组进行相应灌肠治疗,灌肠后第7天处死小鼠,行光镜下观察肠黏膜炎症并评分,免疫组化检测各组小鼠肠黏膜CTNF-α、IL-1β、IL-10和NF-κB表达.结果:ASODN组小鼠在结肠炎症评分较UC组、MSODN组和SODN组明显改善(均P<0.05).ASODN组小鼠TNF-α、IL-1β、NF-κB表达较UC组、MSODN组和SODN组明显减少(82.68±14.30 VS 168.48±11.89,166.49±11.63,176.49±12.33, P<0.05;42.42±5.77 VS 168.48±11.89,120.43±28.21,131.43±30.601, P<0.01;62.66±11.32 VS 158.38±12.49,161.09±12.73,168.64±11.83, P<0.01),而IL-10表达则显著增多(146.68±6.02 VS 62.50±11.57,58.44±10.92,54.24±10.64, P<0.01).结论:NF-κB p65反义寡核苷酸可抑制NF-κB的活化,降低TNF-α、IL-1β表达,升高IL-10的表达,减轻小鼠结肠炎症,可用于治疗实验性结肠炎.     

STAT6 mRNA与NF-kB在实验性结肠炎大鼠中的表达

目的 研究信号转导和转录激活因子6 (STAT6 )与核因子(NF)-κB在实验性结肠炎大鼠中的表达.方法 18只SD雄性大鼠随机分为3组:正常对照组、模型组、美沙拉嗪组.每组6只.模型组和美沙拉嗪组大鼠均采用三稍基苯磺酸(TNBS)造模.模型组不设干预.正常饮食;美沙拉嗪组给予美沙拉嗪混悬液灌胃;治疗15d后观察大鼠的结肠病理组织学改变,用RT-PCR法检测大鼠结肠组织STAT6 rnRNA的表达,并用Western Blot法检测大鼠脾淋巴细胞NF-κB p65的表达.结果 STAT6 mRNA在溃疡性结肠炎组织中的表达明显高于正常结肠组织(P<0.01);大鼠脾淋巴细胞NF-κB p65蛋白在模型组的表达也明显高于正常组(P<0.01);与模型组相比.美沙拉嗪组STAT6 mRNA和NF-κB p65的表达明显下降(P<0.01).结论 STAT6 rnRNA和NF-κB p65在实验性结肠炎大鼠中呈现高表达.美沙拉嗪可能是通过STAT6和NF-κB双信号途径下调炎症,从而发挥治疗作用.     

溃结汤对大鼠溃疡性结肠炎治疗及肠黏膜NF-κB的影响

目的探讨溃疡性结肠炎（UC）大鼠肠黏膜NF-κB的活化以及本科自拟中药溃结汤（KJT）对其影响和对UC的治疗作用。方法取50只健康成年Wistar大鼠,应用复合法（2,4-二硝基氯苯＋乙酸）制备细胞免疫反应性UC大鼠模型。取已造模成功Wistar大鼠40只,随机均分为模型组、KJT低剂量组、KJT高剂量组、柳氮磺胺吡啶（SASP）组,并设正常对照组Wistar大鼠10只。观察指标包括结肠重量,大体形态黏膜损伤程度评分,HE染色病理观察,扫描电镜肠黏膜损伤观察,NF-κB p65免疫组化染色（应用图像分析系统处理）。结果模型组结肠重量,大体形态黏膜损伤程度评分较对照组显著增加,NF-κB p65的表达水平显著升高,KJT低剂量组、KJT高剂量组、SASP组上述指标较模型组显著下降。结论 NF-κB表达的增加可能与UC的发生、发展有关;KJT和SASP的抗炎作用可能是通过抑制NF-κB的表达实现。     

甘草泻心汤联合美沙拉嗪对溃疡性结肠炎患者血清炎症因子水平的影响及疗效观察

[目的]探讨甘草泻心汤联合美沙拉嗪对溃疡性结肠炎(UC)患者血清炎症因子水平的影响及疗效观察。[方法]选取活动期UC患者86例,按照就诊门诊号顺序其分为实验组和对照组各43例。实验组予以美沙拉嗪肠溶片联合甘草泻心汤,对照组予以单纯的美沙拉嗪肠溶片,2组均连用6周,其中美沙拉嗪肠溶片1.0g/次,4次/d,口服;甘草泻心汤,1剂/d,煎煮法取汁200ml,分早晚二次口服。观察并比较治疗前后血清IL-6和10、TNF-α水平的变化,并评估其临床疗效。[结果]治疗6周后,2组血清IL-6和TNF-α水平较前明显下降,IL-10水平较前明显上升(P0.05或P0.01),且实验组改善幅度较对照组更明显(P0.05);同时在临床总有效率方面实验组明显高于对照组(χ2=4.07,P0.05)。[结论]甘草泻心汤联合美沙拉嗪治疗UC的疗效较佳,能明显改善其临床症状,促进肠黏膜的愈合,作用机制可能与其能降低血清IL-6和TNF-α水平,提高血清IL-10水平,调节体内促炎症因子/抗炎症因子比例紊乱,减轻肠黏膜炎症反应密切相关。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.