两孔与三孔电视胸腔镜手术治疗自发性气胸的临床分析

目的 分析比较传统三孔电视胸腔镜手术(三孔VATS)与两孔即单操作孔电视胸腔镜手术(两孔VATS)治疗原发性自发性气胸(PSP)的疗效.方法 85例PSP患者,随机分为三孔法组(43例)和两孔法组(42例)进行手术,两孔法组操作孔位于腋前线第3～4肋间,切口长1.5～2cm,疗效评价指标包括手术时间、胸腔引流量、平均住院时间,出院后气胸复发、术后疼痛发生情况.结果 85例患者均完成手术,顺利出院.1例两孔组患者中转为三孔VATS,两组在手术时间、胸腔引流量、平均住院时间,出院后气胸复发、术后疼痛发生情况比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 两孔VATS治疗PSP安全可行,在取得与三孔VATS相同的疗效同时可减少手术创伤,体现了微创手术的优点.     

Evaluation of postoperative pain relief after video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) for spontaneous pneumothorax

BACKGROUND: We have investigated correlation between postoperative pain and chest tube insertion after video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) for patients with spontaneous pneumothorax, and have evaluated preemptive analgesia by intercostal nerve block (ICB) using bupivacaine. METHODS: Thirty patients received VATS for spontaneous hemi-pneumothorax. There were two groups of the patients; Group CT received chest tube before the operation, and the Group NCT received no chest tube. Both groups received general anesthesia combined with ICB by 0.25% bupivacaine at the surgical region before operation. Postoperative pain was assessed using visual analogue scale (VAS scale: 0-10) and the need for additional supplemental analgesics before the operation, and at 6 and 24 hours after the operation, and at 3, 7, 14, and 30 days after the operation. RESULTS: Visual analogue scale in Group NCT before the operation, and at 24 hours, 3, 7, 14, and 30 days after the operation was significantly lower than that of Group CT. Analgesic requirements were significantly lower in the Group NCT than in the Group CT. CONCLUSIONS: We should avoid the insertion of a chest tube before the operation as much as possible. Furthermore early operation and intercostal nerve blockade before the operation were useful to prevent postoperative pain and its shift to chronic post thoracostomy pain.     

Uniportal video-assisted thoracic surgery for primary spontaneous pneumothorax: clinical and economic analysis in comparison to the traditional approach

We aimed to verify the clinical and economic effects of uniportal video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) in patients with primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) compared to traditional three-port VATS technique. We analyzed 51 consecutive patients (23 three-port VATS and 28 uni-port VATS), treated by bullectomy and pleural abrasion, to detect differences between the two groups with regard to intraoperative management, postoperative course, pain, paraesthesia and costs. Data about pain and paraesthesia were collected by telephonic interview within a minimum follow-up period of six months. Compared to three-port VATS, patients treated by the uni-port VATS were discharged more quickly (3.8 days vs. 4.9 days, P=0.03) and experienced paraesthesia less frequently (35% vs. 94%, P<0.0001). No difference in chronic pain was observed between the two groups (numeric pain score: 0.6 uni-port vs. 1.3 three-port, P=0.2). Compared to three-port VATS, we found a significant reduction in postoperative costs for the patients operated on by the uni-port technique (euro1407 vs. euro1793, P=0.03), without any increase in surgical costs. In conclusion, uniportal VATS appears to offer better clinical (postoperative stay and rate of paraesthesia) and economic (postoperative costs) results than the standard three-port VATS for treating primary spontaneous pneumothorax.     

VATS in the treatment of primary spontaneous pneumothorax: Present, past and future

Aim-Background

Pneumothorax is defined as the accumulation of air within the pleural space. Primary spontaneous pneumothorax occurs in individuals that do not present evidence of pulmonary disease. The treatment of a first episode in general is conservative. Traditionally, intercostal drainage is considered as the procedure of choice for the treatment of moderate to large pneumothoraces. An air leak that persists for more than five days justifies a more invasive management. In the last thirty years, surgical practice has evolved from a standard thoracotomy to video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). This paper reviews indications and current data regarding minimally invasive surgical approaches for treatment of primary spontaneous pneumothorax.

Method

A systematic literature search was performed to identify relevant reports. Studies and articles were identified using online searches of The U.S. National Library of Medicine via www.Pubmed. Several searches were conducted between April 2012 and June 2012 to retrieve all potentially relevant articles published during the last twenty years. The following keywords were analyzed to identify relevant case series, guidelines, and reviews: PSP, spontaneous pneumothorax, VATS, thoracotomy, pleurodesis, talc.

Results

Compared to intercostal drainage, VATS is more efficient and presents a lower rate of recurrence and shorter hospital stay. Despite the expense of endoscopic equipment, it emerges as more costeffective overall. Videothoracoscopic poudrage seems to be a method particularly suitable for elderly patients with decreased cardio-respiratory reserves. It is efficient, safe and fast, and costs less than other endoscopic techniques. As concerns young people, it has been shown to be a safe approach with very low recurrence rates. The most efficient procedure is videothoracoscopic wedge resection with endostapler and apical parietal pleurectomy, or a mechanical pleurodesis; nowadays, both are considered equivalent in terms of complications and recurrences. Recent reports present similar results for talc poudrage combined with wedge resection.

Discussion

VATS presents the following advantages: minimal surgical trauma with better cosmetic results, faster convalescence, less post-operative pain, fewer infections of the surgical site and lung, shorter hospitalization, conservation of respiratory function, especially in patients with decreased respiratory reserves, faster mobilization, speedier return to work and social activities. Surgical management is not indicated for a first episode of uncomplicated pneumothorax. The rate of complications after VATS ranges between 3% and 8% while the recurrence rate is estimated at 0–7%.

Conclusions

Surgery is a specialty that is continuously evolving. Minimally invasive surgery has as its main concern the optimal care of the patient. It is important to underline the need for special surgical training to ensure the safe outcome of these interventions. It has been demonstrated that the complication rate and operating time are inversely proportional to the experience of the surgeon. There is a learning curve. The more experienced the surgeon, the less the operating time and the lower the complication rate. Undoubtedly, VATS is a very useful method in the management of spontaneous pneumothorax. With the ongoing development in technology, it is expected to become the gold standard in years to come, and replace the open method. It may well be indicated as the first-line treatment of a first episode of pneumothorax.     

One-port video-assisted thoracic surgery versus three-port video-assisted thoracic surgery for primary spontaneous pneumothorax: a meta-analysis

Objective

To further understand the effects of video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) with one-port versus three-port VATS for primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP).

Methods

In this study, we searched information from the PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Wanfang Data databases from inception to September 2015 to collect data of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort studies about one-port VATS versus three-port VATS for PSP. Two independent authors were committed to screen literature, extract data, and assess the risk of bias of related studies. Then, we used the RevMan 5.20 software for a meta-analysis of one-port VATS versus three-port VATS for PSP.

Results

Six cohort studies involving 310 patients were finally selected in this meta-analysis. The results of our study indicate that one-port VATS had a shorter hospital stay (SMD = ?0.39, 95 % CI ?0.69 to 0.09, P = 0.01), lower VAS score of 24-h post-operative pain (SMD = ?0.78, 95 % CI ?1.40 to ?0.52, P < 0.00001), shorter chest drainage time (SMD = ?0.68, 95 % CI ?1.15 to ?0.22, P = 0.004), and lower incidence of post-operative paraesthesia (OR = 0.13, 95 % CI 0.06 to 0.29, P < 0.00001) compared with three-port VATS. However, one-port VATS had a lower patient satisfaction score at 24 h (SMD = ?0.65, 95 % CI ?0.95 to ?0.35, P < 0.0001) and 48 h (SMD = ?0.46, 95 % CI ?0.71 to ?0.21, P = 0.0002). No differences in the recurrence of pneumothorax (OR = 0.58, 95 % CI 0.20 to 1.67, P = 0.32), the operation time (SMD = 1.01, 95 % CI ?4.63 to 2.60, P = 0.58), and the satisfaction score at 72 h (SMD = ?0.11, 95 % CI ?0.44 to 0.22, P < 0.00001) were noted between the groups.

Conclusion

Current evidence suggests that one-port VATS may have certain advantages over three-port VATS for PSP. More large-scale and high-quality studies are needed for authentication.

     

单操作孔胸腔镜治疗原发性自发性气胸32例临床体会

目的 探讨单操作孔电视胸腔镜(VATS)治疗原发性自发性气胸(PSP)的可行性和疗效.方法 回顾分析2009年9月至2010年12月行单操作孔VATS治疗32例PSP患者的资料.操作孔位于腋前线3～4肋间,切口长1.5～2cm,观察孔位于腋中线7～8肋间,切口长1cm.结果 31例经单操作孔VATS顺利完成手术,1例术...     

Incidence of chronic pain after minimal-invasive surgery for spontaneous pneumothorax.

OBJECTIVE: Recently, it has been shown that minimal-invasive surgical procedures like operations for spontaneous pneumothorax result in a reduction of pain in the immediate postoperative course. However, little is known on the influence of minimal-invasive thoracic surgery on long term disability. Therefore, we analyzed the incidence of chronic pain in patients after minimal-invasive operation for primary (PSP) or secondary (SSP) spontaneous pneumothorax. METHODS: In the study included were 78 patients (PSP: n=59; SSP: n=19; male: 58, female 20) who had been treated at our institution between 1992 and 1995. The median age was 37 years (range: 17-84). The patients were interviewed by a standardized questionnaire or alternatively by phone or in the outpatient clinic. Complete follow up data were obtained from 60 patients which were further analyzed. RESULTS: After a median follow up of 59 months (range 35-79) 41 (68.3%) patients were completely free from any complaints. However 19 (31.7%) patients suffered from chronic pain. Two of them (3.3%) required daily oral pain medication. The incidence of chronic complaints was more frequent in patients with pleurectomy (47.1%) as compared to patients with mechanical pleurodesis only (25.6%; P=0.107). On a visual analog pain scale (ranging from 0 to 100) five (8.3%) patients described a pain intensity <10, 12 (20%) patients between 10 and 20 and two (3.3%) patients >50. In the majority of the patients the pain was located in the area of the trocar incisions. Six (10%) patients had a chronic complaints in the ipsilateral shoulder. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of chronic postoperative complaints after minimal-invasive procedures for spontaneous pneumothorax is relatively high. This has to be considered if minimal-invasive procedures are discussed to be an alternative to simple drainage therapy for the first episode of spontaneous pneumothorax.     

腋下小切口与电视胸腔镜手术治疗自发性气胸疗效及费用比较

目的比较腋下小切口开胸术与电视胸腔镜手术治疗自发性气胸疗效及费用差别,为选择不同手术方法提供相关理论依据.方法比较腋下小切口组12例及电视胸腔镜手术(VATS)33例手术中出血量、手术操作时间、术后胸引留置时间、肺大疱切除率、术后复发率、住院日、手术费用、总费用.结果腋下小切口组与VATS术中出血量分别是93.3ml±74.4ml,51±26.8ml(t=2.84,P＜0.01);手术时间分别是102±34.3min,95±30min(t=0.704,P＞0.01);术后胸引留置时间分别是3.8±2.3天和1.8±0.84天(t=2.34,P＜0.05);肺大疱切除率分别是11/12,26/33;术后复发例数分别是0,2;平均住院日是18.6±6.7天,13.7±4.2天(t=1.31,P＞0.05);手术费用分别是806±78元人民币,1808.2±447元(t=7.6,P＜0.001);住院总费用是7546.7±2359.9元,13140±2709.8元(t=6.32,P＜0.001).结论治疗自发性气胸,腋下小切口开胸术和电视胸腔镜手术相比,疗效无差别.选择腋下小切口可降低治疗费用,而VATS更具微创优势.     

单孔胸腔镜手术联合中心静脉导管引流与单操作孔胸腔镜手术治疗自发性气胸的对比分析

目的 探讨自发性气胸采用单孔胸腔镜手术联合中心静脉导管引流与单操作孔胸腔镜手术治疗的效果。方法 回顾性分析66例于2016年1月至2016年8月期间我院施行单孔胸腔镜联合中心静脉导管引流或单操作孔胸腔镜手术治疗原发性自发性气胸的患者,分为单孔导引组（n=21）和单操作孔组（n=45）,观察两组治疗效果。结果 单孔导引组术后胸管留置时间、术后疼痛与单操作孔组比较有明显差异性（P<0.05）;两组术中出血量、手术时间和术后复发率比较无明显差异（P>0.05）。结论 两种手术方式均安全、有效。单孔胸腔镜手术联合中心静脉导管引流治疗自发性气胸法创伤小、疼痛轻。     

An open and shut case for early VATS treatment of primary spontaneous pneumothorax in children

BACKGROUND: Treatment of primary spontaneous pneumothorax (SP) involves thoracostomy tube (TT) drainage, with surgery reserved for persistent or recurrent air leaks. We hypothesized that the advent of video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) would change indications and outcomes for surgical treatment of SP in our centre. METHODS: We performed a retrospective (1993-2003) review of children treated for SP. Patients with persistent or recurrent air leaks underwent either limited axillary thoracotomy (LAT), 1993-2001, or VATS, 2001-2003. We included the following outcomes: preoperative SP episodes, TT days (that is, patient days with TT in situ, before surgery), length of hospital stay (LOS), narcotic use and freedom from recurrence. We evaluated the predictive value of preoperative CT scans in guiding treatment of the contralateral side. RESULTS: Among 31 patients with 19 ipsilateral or contralateral recurrences (61%), 11 were managed nonoperatively. Twenty-six surgeries (13 LAT, 13 VATS) were performed in 20 patients, with 9 undergoing bilateral procedures (3 LAT, 6 VATS). VATS patients were treated earlier, had a diminished narcotic requirement postoperatively and had a shorter LOS with an equivalent recurrence rate, compared with LAT patients. The absence of contralateral blebs did not predict freedom from SP on the contralateral side in patients undergoing surgery for ipsilateral SP. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with LAT, VATS causes less pain, has a shorter LOS and encourages earlier surgical treatment (including prophylactic, contralateral treatment) of SP in children.     

Postoperative recurrence and medical economics of video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) for spontaneous pneumothorax

We analyzed 96 patients undergoing video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) for pneumothorax of our institute (Otsu Red Cross Hospital) to determine the recurrence rate and to analyse various factors relating to recurrence and cost performance. From January 1997 to November 2000, we encountered 96 cases (78 male, 18 female, 14-72-year-old mean age 31.1). In 6 cases, pneumothorax had recurred (recurrent rate 6.3%), including 5 mals and 1 female (mean age 28.0). The relationship between recurrence and various factors including age, preoperative procedure, radiological bulla diagnosis, operation time, number of bulla or blebs, location of bulla, intraoperative treatment, post-operative air leakage, duration of postoperative drainage and duration of hospitalization was calculated. Preoperative diagnosis of bulla on chest X-ray film and computed tomography (CT) was significantly calculated a higher recurrence rate after VATS operation. Cost, age and operation time were significantly correlated, r = 0.514, r = 0.436, respectively, but length of hospitalization was not significant. To analyze cost performance, we investigated the correlation between cost/day and various factors. A negative correlation was noted between cost/day and the length of hospitalization (r = -0.739). In summary, recurrence rate of postoperative pneummothorax was 6.3% in our institute. When bulla was radiologically diagnosed preoperatively, recurrence tended to occur postoperatively. The negative correlation between cost/day and length of hospital stay suggests that the length of hospital stay should be reduced to as short as possible in terms of cost reduction.     

单孔胸腔镜下应用切割缝合器与缝扎术治疗自发性气胸效果比较

目的 探讨电视单孔胸腔镜手术(VATS)下应用切割缝合器与缝扎术治疗自发性气胸的临床效果.方法 选择我院采用VATS治疗的92例原发性自发性气胸患者,将其随机分为两组,切缝组48例采用腔镜下直线切割缝合器切除肺大疱,缝扎组44例采用丝线缝扎、结扎肺大疱.比较两种手术方式的临床疗效.结果 两组患者均未发生手术死亡、中转开胸及术后严重并发症.术后共复发气胸5例.两组患者的术后胸管留置时间[切缝组(2.0±0.4)d,缝扎组(2.0±0.5)d]、术后切口愈合(切缝组3/48例,缝扎组7/44例)、住院时间[切缝组(5.2±1.9)d,缝扎组(5.8±2.0)d]比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);在术中出血量[切缝组(61±6) ml,缝扎组(90±9) ml]、手术时间[切缝组(43±7)min,缝扎组(50±5) min],两组差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 两种手术方式安全有效,复发率低.缝扎法适用于单发、基底部不宽的肺大疱患者,手术费用低,适合在基层医院推广;腔镜下切割缝合器法更适用于成簇的肺大疱或多发性肺大疱的患者,而且手术时间短,术中出血少,操作简单.     

Uniportal video-assisted thoracic surgery for primary spontaneous pneumothorax using a single-incision laparoscopic surgery port: a feasible and safe procedure

Background  

Recent authors have pioneered the use of single-incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS) for umbilical cholecystectomy. The SILS approach has the potential of reducing the trauma of the surgical access and postoperative pain. Video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) greatly reduces patient postoperative pain compared with traditional thoracotomy incisions. The current trend is to use fewer working ports to reduce even more postoperative pain, chest wall paresthesia, and hospital stay. No reports have described using a SILS port in VATS.     

Surgical thoracoscopy--indications and technique. Early results in spontaneous pneumothorax]

The use of minimally invasive techniques in the thoracic cavity allows for the application of operative techniques through endoscopic ways, avoiding the functional burdening of a thoracotomy. Indications of operative thoracoscopy are mentioned. Endoscopic surgical techniques are described. For example, the therapy of spontaneous pneumothorax can be carried out in its entirety by endoscopic leak ligature, wedge resection of the lung and parietal pleurectomy. Three of the 49 patients with spontaneous pneumothorax suffered from an early recurrence after thoracoscopic treatment (6.1%). Long-term results are still outstanding. The final merit of the method cannot yet be set.     

Double-blind placebo-controlled comparison of dezocine and morphine for post-operative pain relief

Dezocine, a new mixed agonist-antagonist-type opioid analgesic, was compared in a double-blind trial with placebo and 10 mg of morphine in 190 patients with acute postoperative pain. The medications were given intramuscularly. Dezocine was administered at three dose levels (5, 10, and 15 mg). Pain relief scores, sedation, and side effects were recorded at 15, 30, 60, 120 and 240 min after injection. Significantly higher pain relief scores (p less than 0.05) were reported for the groups receiving dezocine 10 and 15 mg than the placebo group at all observation times, except for dezocine 15 mg at four hours. Morphine produced significantly better pain relief than placebo only between the second and fourth hour after administration. Significantly better pain relief was obtained with dezocine (10 and 15 mg) than with morphine during the first hour. The mean four-hour cumulative pain relief scores (TOTPAR) were significantly (p less than 0.05) higher than placebo for all active treatment groups. Side effects were few with no significant differences between the treatment groups. Seventy-nine per cent of the patients in the dezocine 15 mg group, and 73, 68, 58 and 50 per cent respectively, of the patients in the dezocine 10 mg, dezocine 5 mg, morphine 10 mg and placebo group had a satisfactory clinical response. Significantly (p less than 0.05) more patients in the groups receiving dezocine 10 and 15 mg than in the placebo group had a satisfactory clinical response; the difference was not significant for the dezocine 5 mg and morphine 10 mg groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Symptom: spontaneous pneumothorax. Indications for drainage therapy?]

Spontaneous pneumothoraces follow lesions of pleuropulmonary tissues. Improvements of diagnostical and therapeutical management seem to change the traditional way by using thoracic drainage-systems. What value does drainage-therapy still have?     

Surgical indications and technique of persistent and recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax]

The thoracotomy is the most invasive and most effective method for treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax. This method is indicated not only for recurrent pneumothoraces but also if conservative treatment does not induce expansion of lung. The primary operation is indicated absolutely in only some cases (spontaneous hemopneumothorax, pneumothorax in pregnancy). Today it is possible to operate for relative indications: Surgery has a small rate of complications, mortality and relapse (below 1%). The operation removes the causes of pneumothorax and protect for relapse of the pneumothorax via pleurodesis with mechanical irritation of the pleural surface.     

Small-incision access retroperitoneoscopic technique (SMART) pyeloplasty in adult patients: comparison of cosmetic and post-operative pain outcomes in a matched-pair analysis with standard retroperitoneoscopy: preliminary report

Objectives

To present small-incision access retroperitoneoscopic technique pyeloplasty (SMARTp), a novel mini-laparoscopic approach for management of uretero-pelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) in adults including comparison with the standard retroperitoneoscopic technique (SRTp).

Methods

In a non-randomised study, we matched 12 adult patients treated from August to November 2010 by SMARTp with 12 patients treated with SRTp from January to November 2010. Mini-laparoscopic retroperitoneal space was created with a home-made 6-mm balloon trocar. One 6-mm (for 5-mm 30° telescope) and two 3.5-mm trocars (for 3-mm working instrument) were used. SRTp was performed with 11- and 6-mm trocar. Primary endpoints included evaluation of cosmetic appearance and post-operative pain evaluated respectively by the patient and observer scar assessment scale (POSAS) and analogue visual scale (VAS). Secondary endpoints were comparison between operative and functional parameters.

Results

Cosmetic cumulative results were statistically significant in favour of SMARTp (POSAS: 37.9 vs. 52.4; P?=?0.002). A better trend has been shown by post-operative pain (first to fourth day VAS), although not statistically significant (4.2 vs. 4.9, P?=?0.891). No differences were recorded in terms of operative time, pre- and post-operative Hb difference, DJ-stent removal and resistive index (RI) improvement. The SMARTp group showed a faster drain removal (2.4 vs. 3.4?day, P?=?0.004) and discharge (4.5 vs. 5.4?day P?=?0.017).

Conclusions

Preliminary data support SMARTp as safe procedures in experienced hands, providing better cosmetic results compared to SRTp. Further studies and clinical randomised trial performed in a larger population sample are requested.