城乡儿童父母教养方式的比较

目的:针对城乡儿童父母教养方式的比较研究,为儿童心理教育及心理发展提供依据。方法:采用父母教养方式评价量表(EMBU)以班级为单位进行团体施测。结果:城乡比较父亲的教养方式在过分干涉和拒绝否认方面差异非常显著(t=4.02~4.16,P0.001);母亲的教养方式在过度保护和拒绝否认的方面差异显著(t=2.47~3.06,P0.05)。比较父母对不同性别子女的教养方式,父亲对于男生采取的惩罚严厉、过分干涉、拒绝否认和过度保护的教养方式显著高于女生(t=3.82~4.22,P0.001);母亲对于男生采取的过度保护、拒绝否认和严厉惩罚也显著的高于女生(t=2.45~4.61,P0.05)。结论:父母的教养方式对儿童的身心发展有决定性影响。     

西安市城乡父母教养方式对高中生心理健康的影响

目的探讨城乡父母教养方式对高中生心理健康的影响,为农村家庭教育提供指导。方法采用EMBU与SCL—90量表对西安市城乡6所中学的1756名高中生进行抽样调查。结果城乡父母教养方式在父母情感温暖、理解（FF1、MM1）和拒绝否认（FF5、MM3）、母亲惩罚严厉（MM4）、父亲过度保护（FF6）6个维度存在显著差异。城乡高中生在强迫症状、人际敏感、抑郁、恐惧、偏执、精神病性6个因子上有显著差异。相关分析表明,父母情感温暖、理解与SCL-90各因子呈显著负相关,父母拒绝否认、母亲惩罚严厉及父亲过度保护与SCL—90各因子呈显著正相关。结论本市农村高中生的心理健康状况水平较低,这与父母教养方式有密切关系。     

中学生父母教养方式、应对方式的关系及影响因素

目的探讨父母教养方式及有关因素对中学生应对方式的影响。方法采用父母教养方式量表和中学生应对方式量表对开封市579名中学生进行调查。结果良好的父母养育方式与积极的应对方式呈正相关；不良的父母养育方式与消极的应对方式呈负相关。在性别上父母养育方式各因子中父亲情感温暖理解、惩罚严厉、过分干涉、拒绝、否认、母亲情感温暖理解、过分干涉、过分保护等因子上有显著差异。在年级纬度上父母养育方式各因子中，父亲惩罚严厉、拒绝、否认、过度保护、母亲过分干涉、过分保护等因子有显著差异。结论父母教养方式和中学生应对方式存在显著相关，父母教养方式越积极，中学生越倾向采取积极的应对方式应对生活中遇到的挫折和烦恼。     

"难管教儿童"的心理健康与父母教养方式

目的:探讨难管教儿童的心理健康及其父母教养方式.方法:随机抽取长沙某特殊训练营学校的难管教儿童120名和普通中学生105名,用EMBU来评估父母教养方式,用SCL-90来评估难管教儿童的心理健康水平.结果:难管教儿童的心理健康水平显著低于常模.普通中学生父母教养方式的情感温暖的得分显著高于难管教儿童:而普通中学生的父亲惩罚严厉、父亲过分干涉、父亲拒绝否认、父亲过度保护、母亲干涉保护、母亲拒绝否认、母亲惩罚严厉的得分显著低于难管教儿童.结论:难管教儿童心理健康水平较低,其父母较多使用消极的教养方式,较少的使用积极教养方式.     

父母养育方式、父母离异对高中生心理健康状况的影响

目的 探讨父母养育方式对高中生心理健康水平的影响.方法 采用"父母教养方式问卷"(EMBU)和"症状自评量表"(SCL-90)调查高中生562人.结果 高中男生与父母离异学生心理症状显著高于女生与父母非离异学生;女生体验到的父母双方情感温暖理解(F1,M1)显著高于男生;父母双方的惩罚严厉(F2,M4)、父亲的拒绝否认(F5)以及过度保护(F3)则显著少于男生;父母离异学生体验到较少的父母亲的温暖理解,较多的母亲的惩罚严厉;母亲惩罚严厉(M4)、父亲拒绝否认(F5)、父亲过度保护因子(F3)、父母亲是否离异以及父亲惩罚严厉(F2)是高中学生心理健康状况的预测指标.结论 高中男生与父母离异学生心理健康问题更需要关注,父母否定的、惩罚式的消极教养方式是心理问题的重要影响因素.     

不同竞争态度大学生的父母教养方式特点研究

目的探讨不同竞争态度大学生的父母教养方式特点。方法采用父母教养方式评价量表(EM BU)和竞争态度量表对228名大学生进行问卷调查。结果①大学生在良性竞争态度及竞争态度总均分上性别差异显著;②良性竞争态度高低分组在父母亲情感温暖维度和父亲过分干涉维度差异显著;过度竞争态度高低分组在父母亲的拒绝否认维度、过度保护维度以及母亲的惩罚严厉维度上差异显著。结论父母教养方式与大学生竞争态度之间存在一定的联系。     

大学生情绪调节策略与父母教养方式

目的 探讨大学生情绪调节策略与父母教养方式的关系.方法 翻译并修订英文版情绪调节策略问卷,采用父母教养方式问卷和修订的情绪调节策略问卷对360名大学生进行测查.结果 大学生使用认知重评的频率高于使用表达抑制,差异具有统计学意义(t=15.92,P＜0.01);男生比女生更多地应用表达抑制策略(t=3.842,P＜0.01);积极的情绪调节策略(认知重评)与父亲惩罚严厉呈显著负相关(r=-0.133,P＜0.05),与母亲惩罚严厉呈显著负相关(r=-0.130,P＜0.05);消极的情绪调节策略(表达抑制)与父亲拒绝否认呈显著正相关(r=0.135,P＜0.05),与父亲过度保护呈显著正相关(r=0.117,P＜0.05).结论 大学生情绪调节策略的使用与父母教养方式有关.父亲越多地使用拒绝否认、过度保护教养方式,大学生使用表达抑制策略越多;父亲母亲越多地使用惩罚严厉教养方式,大学生越少使用认知重评策略.     

深圳高职院校学生家庭教养方式与应对方式的特点

目的探讨高职院校学生家庭教养方式与应对方式的特点和关系,为高职院校处理校园突发事件提供理论依据和指导。方法运用《家庭教养方式》问卷和《特制应对方式》问卷对深圳高职院校的540名大学生进行调查。结果男生受到父亲"惩罚、严厉"(t=3.959,P0.01)和"拒绝、否认"(t=2.213,P0.05)影响显著高于女生;城镇学生受到父亲"过分干涉"(F=3.414,P0.05)和母亲"拒绝、否认"(F=4.726,P0.01)影响显著高于农村学生;回归分析表明,母亲"情感温暖、理解"对大学生应对方式有积极作用,父母的"拒绝、否认"和母亲的"过干涉、过保护"对大学生的应对方式有消极作用。结论父母教养方式对学生应对方式影响显著,母亲教养方式对学生影响尤为突出,父亲消极教养方式对大学生应对方式存在显著负向影响。     

初中生家庭教养方式与人格的相关性

目的:比较我国初中生不同的家庭教养方式和人格在城乡之间的差异,掌握初中生父母不同家庭教养方式与人格之间的相关程度。方法:采用父母教养方式评价量表、艾森克人格问卷(少年版)对沧州市及潍坊市307名初中生进行问卷调查。结果:1城市与农村户口的初中生在父亲过度干涉上差异有统计学意义,城市得分高于农村(t=1.983,P0.05);2城市和农村户口的初中生在内外向维度上差异有统计学意义,城市得分高于农村(t=2.071,P0.05);3在精神质维度上,与父、母的情感温暖与理解呈负相关(r=-0.235,-0.256;P0.01),与父、母的惩罚、严厉,过度干涉,拒绝、否认,过度保护呈正相关(r=0.354,0.192,0.369,0.215;0.361,0.234,0.347;P0.01),在内外向维度上,与父、母的情感温暖与理解(r=0.121,0.129;P0.05),父亲的过度干涉呈正相关(r=0.129,P0.05),在神经质维度上,与父、母的拒绝、否认及惩罚、严厉,过度保护呈正相关(r=0.195,0.171,0.174;0.262,0.247,0.264;P0.01),与父亲的过分干涉呈正相关(r=0.122,P0.05),在掩饰性上,与父、母的情感温暖、理解呈正相关(r=0.221,0.231;P0.01),与父、母的惩罚、严厉,拒绝、否认呈负相关(r=-0.170,-0.216;-0.224,-0.262;P0.01)。结论:1城市父亲较农村父亲过度干涉孩子较多;2城市孩子较农村孩子人格外向,渴望刺激和冒险,情感易于冲动;3积极的家庭教养方式容易形成稳定、外向、坦诚的人格特征,消极的家庭教养方式则易形成不稳定、内向、虚伪的人格特征。     

北京某地区流动儿童父母教养方式分析

目的:了解北京某流动儿童集中地区流动儿童父母教养方式状况,探索其与本地儿童父母教养方式差异及对儿童心理健康的影响。方法:采用父母教育评价量表对北京市某打工子弟中学305名流动儿童及某农村普通中学205名本地儿童进行问卷调查,采用Epi-data 3.1建立数据库并进行录入,运用SPSS 13.0软件进行统计描述与统计推断,检验水准取α=0.05。结果:父亲教养方式方面,流动儿童家庭与本地儿童家庭在6个因子的差异均具有统计学意义,流动儿童父亲教养方式总体倾向于惩罚、严厉、过分干涉、拒绝、否认、过度保护;情感温暖与理解远低于本地儿童(t=-3.425,P0.001)。而母亲教养方式方面,流动儿童的母亲教养方式也较缺乏情感温暖与理解,偏爱被试程度较本地儿童低(t=-6.104,-2.633;P0.01),总体倾向于拒绝、否认与惩罚、严厉。结论:流动儿童家庭与本地儿童家庭的教养方式存在差异,流动儿童的父母较多采用消极教养方式。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.