雷公藤甲素对诱导CD4+、CD8+T细胞凋亡的作用

目的 探讨雷公藤甲素对ＣＤ４＾＋、ＣＤ８＾＋Ｔ细胞凋亡的作用。方法 分离后的正常人外周血ＣＤ４＾＋、ＣＤ８＾＋Ｔ细胞在外培养条件下,加入雷公藤甲素处理,然后用３末端脱氧核苷酸基（ＴｄＴ）介导的ｄＵＴＰ缺口末端标记（ＴＵＮＥＬ）检测凋亡细胞。结果 雷公藤甲素处理后ＣＤ４和ＣＤ８＾＋细胞凋亡率比对照组显著增加,但ＣＤ４＾＋、ＣＤ８＾＋Ｔ细胞凋亡率则针显著差别。结论 雷公藤甲素诱导诱活化的ＣＤ４＾＋、Ｃ     

雷公藤甲素对2型糖尿病大鼠足细胞损伤的影响及机制

目的:探讨雷公藤甲素对2型糖尿病(DM)模型大鼠肾脏的足细胞损伤及其机制.方法:高糖高脂喂养加小剂量链脲佐菌素诱导建立2型糖尿病模型,将模型大鼠随机分为糖尿病组(DM组)和雷公藤甲素治疗组[DT组,200 μg/(kg*d)灌胃给药],另设对照组(NC组).8周末检测血压、血糖、肾重、肾肥大指数、24小时尿白蛋白(24 UAL)、Ccr及肾组织电镜改变.免疫组化染色检测肾组织ED-1表达的变化,免疫印迹法检测肾组织中Nephrin、OPN、TGF-β表达的改变.结果:DM大鼠24 UAL明显高于NC组(P＜0.05),雷公藤甲素治疗组大鼠24 UAL明显低于DM组(P＜0.05).DM组大鼠肾小球ED-1阳性细胞数明显高于NC组(P＜0.01),雷公藤甲素治疗后肾组织巨噬细胞浸润明显低于DM组(P＜0.05).DM组肾组织Nephrin表达较NC组显著降低(P＜0.01),雷公藤甲素可明显恢复肾组织Nephrin 表达(P＜0.01).与NC组比较,DM组肾组织OPN、TGF-β蛋白表达上调(P＜0.01),雷公藤甲素可显著抑制肾组织OPN、TGF-β的过度表达(P＜0.01).结论:雷公藤甲素可能通过抑制肾组织巨噬细胞浸润、炎症反应,从而减轻足细胞损伤,达到肾脏保护作用.     

雷帕霉素激活自噬改善嘌呤霉素氨基核苷诱导的足细胞损伤

目的:通过观察雷帕霉素对PAN 诱导的足细胞损伤及自噬相关蛋白表达的影响,探讨自噬在雷帕霉素保护PAN 诱导的足细胞损伤中的作用及可能机制。方法:构建PAN 诱导的足细胞损伤模型,将足细胞分成对照组(Control 组),PAN 组(加入50 μg/ ml PAN),雷帕霉素组(RAP 组:分别加入100、200、300 ng/ ml 雷帕霉素),PAN+雷帕霉素组(PAN+RAP组:细胞在用含PAN 的培养液培养前1 h,分别用100、200、300 ng/ ml 雷帕霉素进行预处理1 h)。采用Annexin V/ PI 双染法检测细胞凋亡,透射电镜观察自噬小体,Western blot 检测LC3、p62、4EBP1、P70S6K、mTOR 蛋白表达。结果:与对照组比较,PAN组足细胞凋亡增加,自噬体减少,LC3域蛋白表达下调,p62 上调,mTOR、4EBP1、P70S6K 磷酸化水平上调;与PAN 组比较,PAN+RAP 组足细胞凋亡率下降,自噬体增加,LC3域蛋白表达上调,p62 下调,mTOR、4EBP1、P70S6K 磷酸化水平下调。结论:PAN 可以抑制足细胞自噬,促进足细胞凋亡;雷帕霉素可通过激活自噬改善PAN 诱导的足细胞损伤,这种作用可能与雷帕霉素抑制mTOR/4EBP1、P70S6K 信号通路有关。     

雷公藤甲素对体外不同密度嗜酸细胞凋亡及GM-CSF受体αmRNA表达的影响

目的观察雷公藤甲素(Triptolide,TP)对哮喘豚鼠体外不同密度嗜酸细胞(Eos)凋亡及粒细胞-巨噬细胞克隆剌激因子受体α(GM-CSFRα)mRNA表达的影响,探讨TP促Eos凋亡的机制。方法卵蛋白激发哮喘豚鼠48h后,行支气管肺泡灌洗,分离低密度Eos(HEos)及正常密度Eos(NEos)。HEos及NEos分别与TP(10-7～10-4mol/L)共培养24h,以原位杂交检测Eos表达GM-CSFRαmRNA,3′末端脱氧核苷转移酶介导的脱氧三磷酸尿苷(d-UTP)缺口末端标记(TUNEL)法检测细胞凋亡。结果哮喘豚鼠不同密度Eos经TP干预24h后,细胞凋亡增加,与对照相比HEos在10-7mol/L时出现差异(P<0.05),NEos在10-6mol/L时出现差异(P<0.05),同时不同密度EosGM-CSFRαmRNA表达增加,与对照相比均在10-5mol/L时出现差异(P<0.05)。Eos凋亡与TP浓度呈剂量依赖性。HEos与NEos表达GM-CSFRα无差异(P>0.05)。不同密度Eos表达GM-CSFRα与Eos凋亡呈正相关(P<0.05)。结论TP可促进哮喘豚鼠不同密度Eos...     

雷公藤甲素对LPS诱导的神经炎症中星形胶质细胞和小胶质细胞激活的抑制作用

选用健康成年雄性SD大鼠,用不同剂量的雷公藤甲素[10、25、50μg/(kg·d)]预处理5d后,海马注射内毒素(LPS,4μg)24h。采用免疫组织化学和荧光组织化学方法观察海马内星形胶质细胞标记物胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)和小胶质细胞标记物蓖麻凝集素-1(RCA-1)表达的变化。结果显示:与生理盐水对照组比较,LPS注射引起注射部位GFAP表达增加,RCA-1阳性细胞增多、变大。而雷公藤甲素[50μg/(kg·d)]可明显下调LPS诱导的GFAP和RCA-1的表达,其抑制程度与药物剂量呈正相关。本研究结果提示,雷公藤甲素对海马内LPS诱导的星形胶质细胞和小胶质细胞的激活有明显的抑制作用。     

雷公藤甲素对血管生成的抑制作用

利用体外培养人脐静脉内皮细胞,经不同浓度的雷公藤甲素(0、5、10、20、30μg/L)处理后,MTT法显示雷公藤甲素可抑制内皮细胞的增殖,5μg/L雷公藤甲素的抑制率达29.15%;琼脂凝胶立体细胞培养系统检测发现内皮细胞经雷公藤甲素作用后,其游走能力降低;鸡胚尿囊膜试验观察到雷公藤甲素可有效抑制血管的生成;荧光定量RT-PCR检测发现雷公藤甲素可下调内皮细胞u-PAmRNA的表达。因此认为,雷公藤甲素可能在基因水平上干扰内皮细胞u-PAmRNA的表达,减少u-PA蛋白的生成,从而有效地抑制血管内皮细胞的增殖和移行,这可能是雷公藤甲素抑制血管生成的主要机制之一。     

雷公藤甲素对C6星形胶质瘤细胞中一氧化氮诱导生成的影响

Ｃ６星形胶质瘤细胞可在细菌脂多糖，干扰素和白细胞１的联合刺激下表达诱导型一氧化氮合酶（ｉＮＯＳ），合成大量一氧化氮。外周免疫抑制剂雷公藤甲素可抑制一氧化氮的生成，此作用不涉及细胞数目或活力的改变。     

雷公藤甲素对正常人细胞免疫功能的影响

本文研究了雷公藤甲素对正常人外周血单个核细胞的增殖反应和ＩＬ－２的诱生，以及对红细胞免疫粘附功能的影响，结果表明：雷公藤甲素能明显抑制ＰＨＡ诱导的增殖反应和ＩＬ－２的诱生水平，并随着浓度的增加其抑制作用亦增强；此外，雷公藤甲素对红细胞的免疫粘附功能也有明显的抑制作用。本研究为雷公藤甲素应用于临床调控治疗提供了可靠的实验数据。     

雷公藤甲素诱导胶原导致的关节炎大鼠滑膜细胞凋亡的研究(英)

目的：以胶原诱导的关节炎(CIA)为动物模型，探讨雷公藤甲素能否诱导CIA大鼠滑膜细胞凋亡。 方法： 选用雄性Wistar大鼠造模，将造模成功的大鼠随机分为模型组和雷公藤甲素组。雷公藤甲素按40 μg/kg BW，肌注给药，每3 d 1次。凋亡检测：给药31 d后处死，取膝关节滑膜，作苏木素-伊红染色(HE)、电镜、缺口末端标记法(TUNEL)标记及流式细胞仪检测。 结果： 电镜下可见早期阶段的滑膜凋亡细胞。流式细胞仪检测结果显示：正常组、模型组、雷公藤甲素组的凋亡细胞分别为(0.87±0.24)%、(1.83±0.82)%和(3.98±1.16)%。正常组、模型组、雷公藤甲素组的S期细胞分别为(3.4±0.7)%、(8.0±1.4)%和(3.3±1.2)%。雷公藤甲素组与模型组比较差异均显著(P＜0.01)。TUNEL标记结果显示：正常组、模型组、雷公藤甲素组的凋亡细胞分别为(1.0±0.4)%、(2.2±1.0)%和(4.5±0.9)%，雷公藤甲素组与模型组的差异显著(P＜0.01)。 结论： 本实验首次阐明了雷公藤甲素可诱导CIA大鼠滑膜细胞的凋亡。     

雷公藤甲素抑制肝癌BEL-7402细胞增殖的作用机制

目的:探讨雷公藤甲素抑制肝癌BEL-7402细胞增殖的作用机制.方法:磺酰罗丹明B比色法检测细胞增殖抑制率;Hochest 33258荧光染色观察细胞形态变化;流式细胞术检测细胞DNA含量;免疫印迹检测细胞Bcl-2蛋白表达情况.结果:不同浓度的雷公藤甲素对肝癌细胞的增殖抑制作用呈浓度依赖性;荧光染色后观察到雷公藤甲素作用后细胞核染色质致密浓染,呈凋亡形态学改变;流式细胞术检测到细胞出现较高的亚二倍体峰;雷公藤甲素可使细胞Bcl-2蛋白表达水平降低.结论:雷公藤甲素对肝癌细胞的增殖抑制具有药物浓度依赖性,并可通过下调Bcl-2的表达诱导细胞凋亡.     

Increased oxidative stress and apoptosis in acute puromycin aminonucleoside nephrosis

Accumulating evidence demonstrates that oxidative stress is one of the underlying mechanisms to induce apoptosis in different biological systems. The aim of this study was to examine the simultaneous presence and correlation between oxidative stress events, apoptosis, apoptosis-associated proteins and monocyte/macrophage infiltration during the course of acute puromycin aminonucleoside nephrosis (PAN). To induce nephrosis, Sprague-Dawley rats were injected intraperitoneally with puromycin aminonucleoside and killed at weeks 1 and 2 of nephrosis. Controls represent animals injected with 0.9% saline solution. Kidney sections were homogenized to measure nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities by appropriate enzymatic and biochemical methods. Renal frozen sections were studied for superoxide anion (O(2) (-)) by a histochemical method, for apoptosis by TUNEL (terminal-deoxynucleotidyl-transferase-mediated dUTP- digoxigenin nick end labelling) and for apoptosis-associated protein expression and monocyte/macrophage infiltration by monoclonal antibodies. Increased renal apoptosis, p53, Bax, Bcl-2 accompanied by increased O(2) (-) and NO generation, lipid peroxidation (MDA) and monocyte/macrophage infiltration were found in nephrotic animals. Renal oxidative stress (O(2) (-), NO and MDA) was correlated with apoptosis, p53 expression, monocyte/macrophage cells and proteinuria. Anti-oxidant molecules (SOD and GSH) remained unchanged apart from a decreased activity of catalase which correlated with glomerular apoptosis. In conclusion, the close correlation between the presence of apoptosis and oxidative events confirms the role of oxidative stress in the apoptosis observed during PAN.     

Alterations in proteoglycan metabolism in the nephrotic syndrome induced by the aminonucleoside of puromycin

The synthesis of intact proteoglycans and their glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side chains by isolated rat glomeruli in vitro were studied both at the onset (5 days) and at the point of maximal proteinuria (7 days) of the nephrotic syndrome induced with the aminonucleoside of puromycin. Glomeruli from nephrotic animals incorporated 1.5-fold and 3.0-fold more 35SO4 label into GAG than glomeruli from control animals at 5 and 7 days, respectively, with heparan-35SO4 GAG being responsible for the majority of the increment. Both nephrotic and control incubations contained 60% of the label in the incubation medium, 40% in the glomerular fractions, and less than 1% in the glomerular basement membrane. Glomerular basement membrane from nephrotic rats had no change in their total heparan-35SO4 GAG content. The majority of intact proteoglycan(s) from the glomerular matrix and from the incubation medium of nephrotic and control animals was found in the most buoyantly dense fraction of CsCl gradients (fraction 1). 35S-labeled material isolated from glomeruli of nephrotic animals showed a consistent shift toward lower density gradient fractions, indicating a decrease in their overall carbohydrate to protein ratio. Diethylaminoethyl chromatography of fraction 1 proteoglycan showed a single biphasic peak with the nephrotic rat having an increase in the proportion contributed by the earlier component of the peak. Fraction 1 proteoglycan(s) from the nephrotic experiment was found to have a smaller average hydrodynamic size by Sepharose CL-2B chromatography without a significant change in the corresponding 35S-GAG chain sizes (molecular weight 14,000) by Sepharose CL-6B chromatography. 35S-macromolecules from glomeruli of nephrotic and control rats that appeared in the middle of the CsCl gradients (fraction 3) had similar Sepharose CL-2B elution volumes, whereas the corresponding 35S-GAG chains from incubations of glomeruli from nephrotic animals were smaller. Increased synthesis of heparan sulfate proteoglycan by glomeruli from puromycin aminonucleoside-induced nephrotic rats may be compensatory to loss of another component of the glomerular filtration barrier or may result from abnormal interaction of proteoglycan(s) from nephrotic animals with other glomerular matrix constituents.     

Effects of the aminonucleoside of puromycin on glomerular epithelial cells in vitro.

Glomerular epithelial cells (GECs) in vitro provide a useful model for the study of the mechanism(s) underlying the nephrotic syndrome of rats induced by the aminonucleoside of puromycin (PAN). Some of the toxicities of PAN are nonspecific, in that the constituent molecules of PAN (adenosine and puromycin) cause similar effects in vitro. These include GEC blebbing and rounding, reduced uptake of precursors of protein (leucine) and glycoprotein (glucosamine) synthesis, and increased permeability of the GEC membrane to adenosine. Some of the effects of PAN are not reproduced by adenosine or puromycin and are inhibited by the simultaneous presence of N6-monomethyl adenosine (MMA), a PAN analog and an in vivo blocker of nephrosis due to PAN. These processes may be related to the nephrotic syndrome and include the loss of adhesion to plastic; a reduction in the incorporation of 14C-glucosamine and 35S-sulfate both into molecules removable from the GEC surface by neuraminidase and into those moieties precipitated from the culture media by TCA; a marked reduction in the "ordering" of the lipids of the rigid GEC membrane, which is possibly dependent upon cell-surface proteins. These morphologic alterations in GECs and in the distribution of negatively charged molecules, which are either secreted or on the cell surface, correlate with observations made in PAN-induced nephrosis in rats in vivo. These include changes in the turnover and the array of sialic acid and heparan sulfate glycoprotein on the GECs and the glomerular basement membrane. The in vitro sensitivity of GECs to PAN and the effects of MMA suggest a role for these cells in in vivo aminonucleoside nephrotoxicity, where alterations in both the morphology and the anionic topology of GECs participate in the development of proteinuria.     

Experimental nephrotic syndrome in the rat induced by puromycin aminonucleoside. Plasma and urinary lipoproteins

Nephrotic syndrome (ascites, proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and hyperlipidemia) was induced in male Wistar rats by daily administration of puromycin aminonucleoside (20 mg/Kg). Hyperlipidemia was the result of a marked increase of all plasma lipids particularly triacylglycerols (7 to 8-fold the values found in the pair fed control rats). All plasma lipoprotein fractions were increased in nephrotic rats. VLDL increased 14-fold; LDL and HDL were 7- and 6.5-fold respectively above the pairfed control values. The apoprotein pattern of nephrotic VLDL was characterized by a loss of apoC-1 peptide and the presence of two bands in the region of ARP and apoA-1 peptides. SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated an increased content of ARP in nephrotic VLDL. Nephrotic LDL but not control LDL contained peptides entering the running gel in 8 M-urea gels in the region of ARP, A-1 and C peptides. Nephrotic HDL were almost devoided of ARP and apoA-IV peptides whereas control HDL contained significant amounts of these peptides. The urine of nephrotic rats contained a large amount of lipids (21.9 vs 1.5 M × 10^?6/day). Fatty acids, cholesteryl esters, and phospholipids were the major lipids of nephrotic urine. More than 72% of these lipids were isolated by preparative ultracentrifugation into three fractions: Total Low Density Lipoproteins (< 1.050 g/ml), High Density Lipoproteins (1.063 to 1.210 g/ml) and Ultracentrifugal Residue (> 1.210 g/ml) which contained respectively 7.4, 44.4, and 48.2% of the total recovered lipids. Urinary excretion of HDL was much greater than that of TLDL indicating that lipoproteinuria of aminonucleoside induced nephrotic syndrome was selective. The relationship between these findings, previously reported data and the alterations of plasma and urinary lipoproteins in human nephrotic syndrome is discussed.     

DMSO potentiates aminonucleoside of puromycin nephrosis in rats

Dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), 3 g/kg body weight, administered daily by the intraperitoneal route, potentiated the proteinuria and formation of tubular casts in aminonucleoside of puromycin (PA) induced nephrosis in Sprague-Dawley rats. The effect was evident at 4 as well as 8-9 days following PA administration. In the absence of PA, DMSO did not induce proteinuria or cast formation. The mechanism by which DMSO enhanced proteinuria and cast formation is not known.     

Podocyte-associated molecules in puromycin aminonucleoside nephrosis of the rat

Molecules of central functional significance for the glomerular podocytes are rapidly emerging and have been shown to be distinctly involved in diseases with altered glomerular filtration barrier. Here we used the puromycin aminonucleoside (PA) nephrosis model in the rat to study some key proteins associated with the maintenance of the functional glomerular filtration barrier in vivo. The molecules studied included the filtration slit component nephrin, the hairpin-like membrane protein podocin, the basolateral adhesion molecules beta1 integrin and alpha-dystroglycan, and the cytoskeleton-linking intermediary beta-catenin and the actin-associated alpha-actinin-4. The results showed diminished protein levels of podocin and nephrin in the PA-treated group. beta-catenin showed distinct down-regulation at 3 days of induction, and the control level was reached at 10 days. beta1 integrin was markedly up-regulated during induction. alpha-actinin-4 was not changed at the studied time points. The results show distinct differences in the different domains of podocytes during PA-induced proteinuria.     

Increased expression of apoptosis-associated proteins in puromycin aminonucleoside nephrosis

Increased apoptosis has been reported in acute puromycin aminonucleoside nephrosis (PAN). The aim of this study was to investigate if increased apoptosis is related to increased expression of apoptosis-associated proteins (AAP) in this model of nephrosis. Sprague-Dawley rats were made nephrotic by intraperitoneal injection of one dose of puromycin aminonucleoside. Renal tissues were obtained at 1, 2 and 7 weeks after injection and apoptosis was investigated by TUNEL and by electron microscopy. Fas, Fas ligand, p53, Bax and Bcl-2 expressions were analyzed by the respective monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, using indirect immunofluorescence. In the glomerulus of nephrotic animals, increased apoptosis was accompanied with increased expression of p53, Fas and Bax. In the interstitium, high expression of apoptosis, Fas, Fas-L and Bax were observed and in tubules increased apoptosis was accompanied with increased expression of p53, Fas and Fas-L. Bcl-2 was increased in interstitium and tubules during PAN. The incidence of apoptosis during PAN was correlated with the expression of AAP in glomerulus (p53), interstitium (Fas, Fas-L and Bax) and tubules (Fas, Fas-L, p53 and Bcl-2). There was correlation between Fas and Fas-L expression in interstitium and tubules. About 4% of glomerular and 25% of tubular p53 positive cells were apoptotic cells. The data suggest that increased local expression of AAP could contribute to renal apoptosis in the glomerular, interstitial and tubular compartments during this experimental model of nephrosis.     

雷公藤内酯醇诱导人淋巴细胞凋亡的作用与细胞周期的关系

目的：通过观察雷公藤仙酯醇诱导淋巴细胞发生凋亡与细胞周期的关系。探讨该化合物导致细胞凋亡作用的机制。方法;以人外周血Ｔ细胞为研究对象,选择流式细胞分析术,ＤＮＡ凝胶电泳及ＤＮＡ片段测定等作为检测细胞凋亡的方法。结果;雷公藤内酯醇只能造成活化的Ｔ细胞发生细胞凋亡,且与雷公藤内酯醇的浓度正相关;雷公藤内酯醇诱导活化Ｔ细胞发生细胞凋亡的作用与细胞活化的程度密切相关;     

Impact of cyclosporin on podocyte ZO-1 expression in puromycin aminonucleoside nephrosis rats

Puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN)-induced nephrosis is a well-described model of human idiopathic nephrotic syndrome, but the mechanism of PAN's effect is not completely understood. To investigate whether proteinuria in the PAN model is associated with an alteration of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) expression within the glomeruli, and whether cyclosporin A (CsA) has an effect on proteinuria and ZO-1 expression in this model, eighteen Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were assigned into three groups. Twelve rats received a single intraperitoneal injection of PAN (15 mg/100 g). The other six rats received an equal volume of saline (normal control group; control). CsA solution was administered intraperitoneally once a day for 20 days after the PAN injection (n=6, PAN+CsA). The remaining six rats received PAN, but they didn't receive CsA (n=6, PAN). Compared to control rats (35.1+/-5.4 mg/day), the 24-hour urinary protein excretion on day 18 was significantly higher in the PAN rats (1021.9+/-128.9 mg/day, p<0.01), and the CsA treatment partly reversed the increase in proteinuria in the PAN rats (556.4+/-102.3 mg/day, p<0.05). Glomerular ZO-1 protein expressions were significantly increased in the PAN rats as compared to the control group on day 20 (176%, p<0.01). CsA treatment for 20 days in the PAN rats inhibited the increase in ZO-1 protein expression by 71.1% (p<0.05). CsA treatment significantly diminished the glomerular ZO-1 expression in the PAN rats as assessed by immunohistochemistry. CsA treatment significantly reduced proteinuria and the diminished glomerular ZO-1 expression in a PAN nephrosis rat model. These findings suggest the potential role of the slit diaphragm associated proteins in the development of the nephrotic syndrome, and CsA decreased the proteinuria probably by a direct action on the expression of these proteins in podocytes. Further investigations are needed to clarify the role of slit diaphragm associated proteins in the development of PAN nephrosis.