大气可吸入颗粒物与心脑血管疾病急诊关系的病例交叉研究

目的 探讨北京市大气可吸入颗粒物污染(PM10)对心腩血管疾病急诊的影响.方法 收集北京大学第三医院急诊科心脑血管疾病急诊资料和北京市环境监测中心大气污染物数据,应用时间分层的病例交叉设计研究方法进行数据分析.结果 无滞后单向同顾性1:4配对病例交叉研究的效应值(OR值)最大,在控制所选PM10当日气温、相对湿度影响的情况下,PM10浓度每提高10μg/m3与心脑血管疾病急诊(ICD-10:I00-I99)、冠心病急诊(ICD-10:120-125)、心律失常急诊(ICD-10:147-149)、心衰急诊(ICD-10:150)和脑血管疾病急诊(ICD-10:160-169)的OR值分别为1.006(95%CI:1.003～1.008)、1.003(95%CI:0.996～1.010)、1.005(95%CI:0.997～1.013)、1.019(95%CI:1.005～1.033)、1.003(95%CI:0.998～1.007),其中PM10与总心脑血管疾病急诊和心衰急诊的关联有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 大气PM10污染物浓度升高可导致总心脑血管疾病急诊和心衰急诊增加.     

重庆市PM_(2.5)与心脑血管疾病急诊人数相关性研究

目的分析PM_(2.5)与重庆市某三甲医院心脑血管疾病急诊人数的相关关系。方法收集2017-01-01/2018-12-01重庆市某三甲医院心脑血管事件急诊病例,包括心脑血管疾病、冠心病、心律失常、心衰和脑血管疾病,收集相同时间段重庆市空气污染数据,包括大气二氧化硫(SO_2)、二氧化氮(NO_2)、可吸人颗粒物(PM_(2.5))浓度。采用广义相加模型(GAM)来探索两者的关系。结果当日PM_(2.5)每升高10μg/m~3,会使总心脑血管疾病、冠心病、心律失常、心衰和脑血管疾病的急诊人数增加,其RR值分别为1.006(95%CI:1.003～1.016)、1.004(95%CI:0.995～1.012)、1.002(95%CI:0.985～1.014)、1.011(95%CI:0.997～1.023)、1.002(95%CI:0.991～1.009),但差异无统计学意义;PM_(2.5)滞后3 d,累积前2 d和累积前3 d的PM_(2.5)均能使总脑血管疾病、心衰和脑血管疾病的入院人数增加,但差异无统计学差异(P0.05)。在日均温度和日均相对湿度最高的百分位数区间,PM_(2.5)浓度每升高10个单位,总心脑血管事件分别上升1.012(95%CI:1.005～1.019)倍和1.009(95%CI:1.002～1.021)倍。结论本研究结果提示大气PM_(2.5)浓度升高与重庆市心脑血管疾病急诊人数增加有一定关联,且气象因素对其关联有一定影响。     

青岛市大气污染物对心脑血管疾病住院影响的病例交叉研究

目的探讨青岛市大气污染对心脑血管疾病住院的急性影响。方法采用时间分层的病例交叉设计,分析青岛市2014—2016年大气污染物(PM_(2.5)、SO_2、NO_2)浓度短期升高对人群心脑血管疾病急性住院的影响。结果在控制同期气象因素后,在单污染物模型中,大气PM2.5浓度每升高10μg/m~3,心、脑血管疾病住院增加,该影响均表现为当日效应,住院当日OR值达到最高,分别为1.011(95%CI:1.010~1.012)和1.010(95%CI:1.009~1.012);大气SO_2浓度每升高10μg/m~3,心、脑血管疾病住院增加,该影响均表现为当日效应,住院当日OR值分别为1.095(95%CI:1.089~1.100)和1.102(95%CI:1.096~1.109);大气NO_2浓度每升高10μg/m~3,心血管疾病住院增加,该影响表现为当日效应,OR值为1.060(95%CI:1.056~1.064),滞后3 d(lag3)的脑血管疾病住院的OR值最高,为1.064(95%CI:1.060~1.068)。在多污染物模型中,PM_(2.5)、SO_2及NO_2浓度每升高10μg/m~3对心脑血管疾病住院的OR值均有统计学意义(P0.01),且OR值高于单污染物模型。在性别和年龄的分层分析中,PM_(2.5)和SO_2浓度增加对脑血管疾病住院的影响表现为女性高于男性;SO_2浓度增加对65岁以下人群心血管疾病住院的影响较高,NO_2对脑血管疾病住院的影响表现为65岁及以上人群较高,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论目前青岛市大气污染物对人群健康有短期影响,能增加心脑血管疾病住院人数。     

2004-2006年北京夏季最低气温对心脑血管疾病急诊数的影响

目的 探讨北京市夏季最低气温对心脑血管疾病(ICD10:100～199)急诊的影响.方法 收集2004-2006年北京大学某医院急诊科心脑血管疾病急诊资料、北京市环境监测中心大气污染物数据和中国气象科学数据共享服务网的气象资料,应用时间分层的病例交叉设计研究方法进行数据分析.结果 在控制大气污染物SO_2、NO_2、可吸入颗粒物(PM10)影响的情况下,无滞后夏季最低气温对心脑血管疾病总急诊、冠心病急诊、心律失常急诊、心衰急诊和脑血管疾病急诊的影响最大,气温每升高1℃,OR值分别为1.039(95%CI:1.008～1.071),1.077(95%CI:0.987～1.174),1.037(95%CI:0.963～1.116).1.103(95%CI:0.909～1.339)和 1.030(95%CI:0.985～1.077),其中最低气温与总心脑血管疾病急诊的关联有统计学意义(P<0.05).在多因素模型中,考虑到相对湿度因素时,气温每升高1℃对冠心病急诊和脑血管病急诊的OR值分别为1.095(95%CI:1.001～1.075)和1.050(95%CI:1.002～1.100),关联具有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 夏季最低气温升高可以导致心脑血管疾病总急诊增加,同时相对湿度可能与气温有协同作用,可导致冠心病急诊,脑血管病急诊增加.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the association between the minimum temperature in different seasons and the hospital emergency room visits for cardiocerebrovascular diseases(International Classification of Diseases,tenth vision ICD-10：100-199)in Beijing.China.Methods The data of the daily hospital emergency room visits for cardiocerebrevascular diseases(ICD-10：100-199)from one of Peking university hospitals,the data of relevant ambient air pollution from the Beijing Municipal Environmental Monitoring Center and the data of meteorological index from China meteorological data sharing service system between 2004—2006 were collected The time-stratified case-crossover design was used to analyze the data.Results After adjusting SO_2,NO_2,and PM10.The results showed that each 1℃ increase in the daily minimum temperature in summer was associated with the intraday hospital emergency room visits(OR=1.039,P<0.05)for the total cardiocerebrovascular diseases.In multi-factor model,considering relative humidity,1℃ increase in the daily minimum temperature was associated with the coronary heart disease(OR=1.095,95％CI:1.001—1.075)and the cerebrovascular diseases(OR=1.050,95％CI：1.002—1.100)(P<0.05).Conclusion These outcomes suggest that elevated level of minimum temperature in summer will increase the hospital emergency room visits for the total circulatory diseases,and the relative humidity may enhance the effects of minimum temperature on the hospital emergency room visits of coronary heart disease and cerebrovaseular diseases.     

气温变化与心脑血管疾病急诊关系的病例交叉研究

目的 探讨北京市日平均气温与心脑血管疾病急诊(ICD-10:I00～I99)的关系,研究气温变化对心脑血管疾病的影响.方法 收集北京大学第三医院急诊科心脑血管疾病急诊资料、北京市气象资料和北京市大气污染物数据,应用时间分层的病例交叉设计研究方法分析春季(3-5月)、夏季(6-8月)、秋季(9-11月)、冬季(12-2月)日平均气温与心脑血管疾病急诊的关系.结果 在控制二氧化硫(SO2)、二氧化氮(NO2)及大气可吸入颗粒物(PM10)影响的情况下,春季、夏季、秋季、冬季当日平均气温对心脑血管疾病急诊的影响最大,平均气温每升高1℃与心脑血管疾病急诊的OR值分别为1.282(95%CI:1.250 ～1.315)、1.027(95% CI:1.001～1.055)、0.661(95% CI:0.637～0.687)、0.960(95%CI:0.937～0.984),关联有统计学意义(P<0.05).当同时调整相对湿度、风速、大气压强的影响时,春季、夏季、秋季、冬季平均气温与心脑血管疾病急诊的OR值分别为1.423(95%CI:1.377～1.471)、1.082(95%CI:1.041～1.124)、0.633(95%CI:0.607～0.660)、0.971(95%CI:0.944～1.000).关联有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 春季、夏季日平均气温升高可以导致心脑血管疾病急诊人次增加,说明春夏季气温升高对心脑血管疾病患者是危险因素,应注意防暑;秋季、冬季气温升高可以导致心脑血管疾病急诊减少,说明秋冬季气温升高对心脑血管疾病患者是保护性因素,应注意保暖.     

大气PM10污染与心脑血管疾病死亡的病例交叉研究

目的探讨南京市大气颗粒物(PM10)污染对心脑血管疾病死亡的影响。方法收集2011年1月1日—2012年12月31日南京市死因资料、大气污染物数据及相关气象资料,应用时间分层的病例交叉设计研究对数据进行分析。结果在控制当日气温、相对湿度的影响后,PM10日均浓度每增加10μg/m3,滞后2 d的总心脑血管疾病死亡发生的OR值为1.013(95%CI:1.005~1.021);模型中加入SO2后,PM10日均浓度每增加10μg/m3,滞后2 d的总心脑血管疾病死亡的OR值为1.004(95%CI:1.001~1.007),关联均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论本研究区域内PM10浓度升高可能导致心脑血管疾病死亡危险增加。     

沈阳市铁西区大气PM2.5对冠心病住院的影响

目的探讨沈阳市铁西区大气PM_(2.5)对居民冠心病住院的影响,为大气PM_(2.5)健康效应研究提供依据。方法收集2017年1月1日—2017年12月31日沈阳市铁西区大气污染物浓度、气象因素及沈阳医学院附属中心医院冠心病住院患者的相关临床数据,采用1∶2分层病例交叉方法,利用条件logistic回归探讨大气PM_(2.5)对居民冠心病住院的影响。结果研究期间沈阳市该区大气PM_(2.5)日均浓度为53.47μg/m~3,有77 d超过《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—2012)规定的二级浓度限值,超标率为21.10%。研究期间共收集4 148例冠心病住院患者资料,日均住院11例。调整气象因素的影响后,单污染物模型显示,PM_(2.5)浓度每增加10μg/m~3对冠心病住院的影响在当日达到最大,OR值为1.020(95%CI:1.006～1.033),结果有统计学意义(P0.05)。进一步将CO、NO_2、SO_2、O_3纳入模型,分别构建双污染物、三污染物、四污染物、五污染物模型,结果显示,PM_(2.5)浓度每增加10μg/m~3对居民冠心病住院影响的OR值均有统计学意义(P0.05)。分层分析结果显示,大气PM_(2.5)浓度每增加10μg/m~3,男性居民冠心病住院风险增加,OR值为1.026(95%CI:1.005～1.046);年龄小于60岁居民冠心病住院风险增加,OR值为1.029(95%CI:1.007～1.052);不吸烟居民冠心病住院风险增加,OR值为1.022(95%CI:1.007～1.037);处于采暖期的居民冠心病住院风险增加,OR值为1.031(95%CI:1.015～1.046);上述结果均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论大气PM_(2.5)浓度升高可能导致居民冠心病住院风险增加,控制大气PM_(2.5)污染对降低人群冠心病住院风险具有重要意义。     

2015年哈尔滨市某地区空气污染物与呼吸系统疾病门诊量关系的时间序列研究

目的初步探讨哈尔滨市道里区空气主要污染物(PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2、NO_2)对人群呼吸系统疾病门诊量水平的影响。方法采用广义线性模型,在控制长期趋势、气象因素和其他与时间长期变异有关的混杂因素条件下,分析空气主要污染物与人群呼吸系统疾病门诊量的关系。结果 2015年哈尔滨市道里区大气污染物PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2、NO_2的全年日均质量浓度分别为62.51、95.61、36.97和55.01μg/m~3;哈尔滨市第一医院日均呼吸系统门诊量霾日高于非霾日,且具有统计学意义(P<0.05);大气污染物PM_(2.5)、SO_2水平与呼吸系统门诊量存在暴露—反应关系,滞后效应分析发现PM_(2.5)污染当天,PM_(2.5)浓度每升高10μg/m~3,人群呼吸系统疾病门诊量RR值为1.0052(95%CI:1.002 7~1.007 6),SO_2在污染滞后1 d最为显著,SO_2浓度每升高10μg/m~3,人群呼吸系统疾病门诊量RR值为1.005 1(95%CI:1.002 5~1.007 6)。结论哈尔滨市道里区空气污染物(PM_(2.5)、SO_2)对人群呼吸系统疾病门诊量水平有影响。     

珠海市大气PM_(2.5)与儿科呼吸系统疾病门诊日就诊人次的关系研究

目的了解珠海市大气PM_(2.5)浓度与医院儿科呼吸系统疾病门诊日就诊人次的关系。方法收集珠海市2013—2016年大气污染物浓度数据及同期气象资料和两家医院逐日就诊资料,采用时间序列广义相加模型(GAM)分析2013—2016年珠海市大气PM_(2.5)日均浓度与医院儿科呼吸系统疾病门诊日就诊人次的关系及其滞后效应。结果 2013—2016年珠海市大气PM_(2.5)日均浓度为32.16μg/m~3,大气PM_(2.5)浓度与PM10、SO_2、NO_2、CO和O_3浓度均呈正相关(rs值分别为0.94,0.81,0.72,0.63,0.47,P0.05)。单污染物模型显示,大气PM_(2.5)浓度每升高10μg/m~3,当日儿科呼吸系统疾病门诊就诊人次增加2.47%(95%CI:1.93%～3.02%);双污染物模型(PM_(2.5)+CO、PM_(2.5)+O_3)中,大气PM_(2.5)浓度每升高10μg/m~3,当日儿科呼吸系统疾病门诊就诊人次的ER值分别为1.67%(95%CI:1.03%～2.31%)和2.53%(95%CI:1.94%～3.13%);多污染物模型(PM_(2.5)+CO+O_3)中,PM_(2.5)在滞后4 d时效应最大,PM_(2.5)浓度每升高10μg/m~3,儿科呼吸系统疾病门诊人次增加1.90%(95%CI:1.26%～2.54%)。结论珠海市大气PM_(2.5)浓度与儿科呼吸系统疾病门诊就诊人次有一定关系。     

包头市大气污染对居民急救人次影响的时间序列分析

目的评估包头市大气污染浓度对居民急救人次的影响。方法收集2015—2017年包头市逐日气象资料、大气污染物(PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、CO、SO_2、NO_2、O_3)浓度和人群急救资料,并进行描述性分析。采用基于Quasi-Poisson回归的广义相加模型(GLM),控制长期趋势、气象因素、星期几效应等混杂因素后,研究大气污染物浓度与逐日人群急救人次的关系及其滞后效应(lag1～lag7),计算污染物浓度每升高10μg/m~3时急救人次增加的ER值及95%CI。结果大气污染物对人群每日急救人次有明显影响,且均在滞后当天效应较高,其中SO_2效应值最高,其浓度每升高10μg/m~3时急救人次增加0.864%(95%CI:0.284%～1.447%);其次为NO_2,其浓度每升高10μg/m~3时急救人次增加0.589%(95%CI:0.010%～1.172%);效应最低的为CO,其浓度每升高10μg/m~3时急救人次增加0.019%(95%CI:0.002%～0.035%)。结论包头市大气污染对人群急救人次有一定影响。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.