青年和中老年患者脑出血危险因素及预后的相关性探讨

目的探讨青年和中老年患者脑出血的危险因素及预后。方法选取我院2013-06—2014-06自发性脑出血患者362例,根据年龄不同分为青年组(≤45岁)142例与中老年组(45岁)220例。探讨2组患者脑出血的危险因素。并于治疗结束后1a进行电话随访,随访内容主要包括死亡情况、有无残疾、有无复发脑出血及预后情况。结果高血压是发生脑出血的最主要原因及危险因素,中老年组脑出血患者高血压发生率明显高于青年组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。青年组患者脑出血危险因素主要是高血压与脑部动静脉畸形,中老年组患者脑出血危险因素主要是高血压、糖尿病、高血脂、高NIHSS评分,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。脑出血好发部位为基底核区,其次是丘脑。中老年组预后情况较差,病死率、残疾率较高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。脑出血复发率2组无明显差异(P0.05)。结论高血压是各个年龄阶段造成脑出血的独立危险因素。糖尿病、高血脂与高NIHSS评分是中老年组患者脑出血的危险因素。预后主要与年龄有关,年龄45岁是导致预后差的主要因素之一。     

Seasonal variation in stroke incidence in Hisayama, Japan

We investigated seasonal variation in the incidence of cerebral stroke among the general population aged greater than or equal to 40 years in November of 1961 in Hisayama, Japan. During the 24-year follow-up period, 311 cases of cerebrovascular diseases occurred. The date or month of onset was determined in 308 cases, of which 51 were classified as intracerebral hemorrhage, 223 as cerebral infarction, and 27 as subarachnoid hemorrhage. We observed a significant seasonality in the incidence of all stroke (p less than 0.01), of intracerebral hemorrhage (p less than 0.05), and of cerebral infarction (p less than 0.01), whereas subarachnoid hemorrhage had no significant seasonal pattern. Subjects less than 64 years of age showed a significant seasonal variation in the incidence of both intracerebral hemorrhage (p less than 0.05) and cerebral infarction (p less than 0.01). A significant seasonal pattern for the incidence of intracerebral hemorrhage was also noted among persons with hypertension (p less than 0.05) or a high serum cholesterol level (p less than 0.05), whereas such a pattern for cerebral infarction was documented among normotensive persons (p less than 0.05) and those with a low serum cholesterol level (p less than 0.01). In addition, the incidences of intracerebral hemorrhage and cerebral infarction were negatively correlated with mean ambient temperature (p less than 0.01 and p less than 0.05, respectively), and all stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage in men were significantly related to intradiurnal temperature change (p less than 0.05 and p less than 0.01, respectively). The significance of the seasonal occurrence of stroke is discussed in relation to relevant risk factors.     

急性缺血性脑卒中血管内治疗后 症状性颅内出血的预测因素

目的 探讨急性缺血性脑卒中血管内治疗后症状性颅内出血的预测因素。方法 选取2014年1月-2017年12月因急性缺血性脑卒中至本院就诊并进行血管内治疗的患者,记录其一般情况与凝血功能,观察其治疗效果与不良反应,采用Logistic回归分析颅内出血的影响因素。结果 血管内治疗颅内出血概率为16.09%。发生颅内出血的患者平均年龄(64.46±15.47)岁,饮酒率28.57%,高血压患病率71.43%,糖尿病患病率42.86%,溶栓前抗血小板聚集药使用率64.26%,溶栓前NIHSS评分(15.63±6.84)分,溶栓前血小板计数(182.05±52.49)×10⁹/L,溶栓前INR(1.09±0.16),溶栓前收缩压(145.79±12.40)mmHg,均高于未出血组; 进一步logistic回归分析显示年龄OR=1.75(0.82～2.08),饮酒OR=0.99(0.47～1.65),高血压病OR=4.29(3.74～5.63),溶栓前NIHSS评分OR=2.81(1.46～3.26),溶栓前收缩压OR=1.45(1.15～1.93)为血管内治疗后颅内出血的危险因素(P<0.05)。结论 年龄、饮酒、高血压病、NIHSS评分溶栓前收缩压为血管内治疗颅内出血的危险因素。     

Leukoaraiosis, intracerebral hemorrhage, and arterial hypertension

To investigate whether the observed association of leukoaraiosis with intracerebral hemorrhage is direct or mediated by risk factors, we compared 116 patients with intracerebral hemorrhage confirmed by computed tomography and 155 controls without intracerebral hemorrhage, evaluating the prevalence of leukoaraiosis and vascular risk factors. Leukoaraiosis was observed in 21 (18%) of the 116 patients and in 12 (8%) of the 155 controls (p less than 0.01). Only two (6%) of the 31 patients with lobar hemorrhage had leukoaraiosis on computed tomograms, compared with 17 (24%) of the 71 patients with basal ganglionic hemorrhage (p less than 0.05). Leukoaraiosis was significantly correlated with intracerebral hemorrhage after controlling for age and sex by using multiple logistic regression analysis, while the correlation disappeared after controlling for hypertension. Our results indicate that leukoaraiosis is not an independent risk factor for intracerebral hemorrhage.     

Hypertension as a risk factor for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage

To better define the etiologic importance of hypertension for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage, hospital records were studied for all patients sustaining intracerebral hemorrhage during 1982 in the Cincinnati metropolitan area. Hypertension pre-dating the hemorrhage was present in 45% (69 of 154), as determined by history. A more inclusive definition of hypertension, combining those with a positive history with those found to have left ventricular hypertrophy by electrocardiogram or cardiomegaly by chest radiography, applied in 56% (87 of 154). The cases were compared to controls with and without hypertension derived from the NHANES II study of blood pressure (n = 16,204) to determine relative risk. For the presence of hypertension by history, the relative risk of intracerebral hemorrhage was 3.9 (95% confidence interval, 2.7 to 5.7). For the inclusive definition of hypertension, the relative risk was 5.4 (3.7 to 7.9). Relative risk was also determined for hypertension in blacks (= 4.4), age greater than 70 (= 7), prior cerebral infarction (= 22), and diabetes (= 3). We conclude that the term "hypertensive hemorrhage" should be used very selectively, particularly in whites, and propose that hypertension be viewed as one of several important risk factors for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage.     

中青年脑卒中危险因素回顾性分析

目的：探讨现代中青年人群脑卒中危险因素,为中青年脑卒中的一级预防提供依据。方法：回顾性分析2007年7月至2009年7月收治的162例中青年脑卒中患者的临床资料。结果：①本研究中男女性别比例为2.31：1,男性中年脑卒中比例〉青年脑卒中;②脑梗死病例占较大比例[116/162例（71.6%）];③中青年脑卒中危险因素构成比由高至低为：缺乏运动、血脂异常、高血压病、吸烟史及重度饮酒史等。结论：①青年脑卒中患者男女性别比例相仿,中年脑卒中患者男性〉女性;②中青年脑卒中类型以脑梗死为主;③中青年脑卒中的主要危险因素为缺乏运动、血脂异常、高血压病、吸烟史和重度饮酒史等。     

Risk factors for early death in acute ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage: A prospective hospital-based study in Asia. Asian Acute Stroke Advisory Panel.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: In Asia, there has been no international study to investigate the risk factors for early death in patients with ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage. METHODS: We conducted a prospective study of consecutive patients with acute stroke who were admitted to 36 participating hospitals in China, India, Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam. With the use of a simple identical data sheet, we recorded the demographics and cardiovascular risk factors of each patient. Early death was defined as death on discharge from the acute hospital. RESULTS: We enrolled 2403 patients with ischemic stroke and 783 patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. Among patients with ischemic stroke, previous use of antiplatelet drugs (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.53; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0. 30 to 0.95) and relatively young age group 56 to 75 years (OR 0.65; 95% CI 0.42 to 1.00) were protective factors; atrial fibrillation (OR 2.23; 95% CI 1.40 to 3.57), ischemic heart disease (OR 2.03; 95% CI 1.37 to 3.05), diabetes (OR 1.52; 95% CI 1.04 to 2.22), and ex-smoker status (OR 2.18; 95% CI 1.18 to 4.05) were risk factors for early death. Among patients with intracerebral hemorrhage, hypertension (OR 0.56; 95% CI 0.38 to 0.82) and young age group 56 to 75 years old (OR 0.55; 95% CI 0.34 to 0.87) were associated with lower death rate, whereas diabetes (OR 1.74; 95% CI 1.01 to 2.98) was a risk factor for early death. CONCLUSIONS: In Asian patients with stroke, previous use of antiplatelet drugs nearly halved the risk of early death in patients with ischemic stroke, whereas atrial fibrillation, ischemic heart disease, diabetes, and ex-smoker status were risk factors for early death. Among patients with intracerebral hemorrhage, diabetes was associated with early death, whereas young age group and hypertension were associated with lower death rates, though no clear explanation for the hypertension association could be discerned from the data available.     

Is acute alcohol ingestion a risk factor for ischemic stroke? Results of a controlled study in middle-aged and elderly stroke patients at three urban medical centers

To assess the role of acute alcohol ingestion as a risk factor for cerebral infarction, we administered a pretested questionnaire to 205 middle-aged and elderly acute ischemic stroke patients and 410 outpatient controls matched by age, sex, race, and method of hospital payment. Paired Mantel-Haenszel analysis revealed that alcohol ingestion within 24 (p = 0.07) and 72 (p = 0.001) hours of stroke onset and medical histories of smoking (p less than 0.0001), hypertension (p less than 0.001), and transient ischemic attacks (p = 0.051) were more common among stroke index cases than controls. Matched multiple logistic analysis revealed that both hypertension (p less than 0.05) and smoking (p less than 0.05) were independently associated with stroke, while alcohol consumption was not. In analyses to assess the possibility of mutual confounding effects of independent variables, the effect of alcohol ingestion was lost when adjusting for smoking. We conclude that acute alcohol ingestion is not an independent risk factor for cerebral infarction in middle-aged and elderly patients. The apparent association between alcohol ingestion and ischemic stroke may be the result of the confounding effects of smoking.     

Weekly alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and the risk of ischemic stroke: results of a case-control study at three urban medical centers in Chicago, Illinois

To assess the role of current weekly alcohol consumption as a risk factor for cerebral infarction, we administered a pretested questionnaire to 205 middle-aged and elderly acute ischemic stroke patients and 410 outpatient controls matched by age, sex, race, and method of hospital payment. The frequency of hypertension (p less than 0.001) and transient ischemic attacks (p = 0.051), and mean weekly alcohol consumption (p = 0.0286) and mean pack-years cigarette exposure (p = 0.0168) were higher among stroke index cases than controls. For weekly alcohol consumption and mean pack-years cigarette exposure, there was a highly significant dose-response effect. In analyses to assess the possibility of mutual confounding effects of independent variables, we found hypertension and smoking to be independent risk factors for ischemic stroke, while alcohol consumption was not. Separate analyses by sex yielded similar results. We conclude that current weekly alcohol consumption may not be an independent risk factor for cerebral infarction in middle-aged and elderly patients.     

N-3多不饱和脂肪酸水平与脑出血之间关系的研究

目的探究N-3多不饱和脂肪酸水平与脑出血之间的关系。方法选取2013年5月至2014年12月于本院确诊为急性期脑出血患者70例作为A组,经年龄和性别匹配后的常规心脑血管病患者70例作为B组。记录患者的临床常规参数包括身高和血压等,及血液生化参数包括血清谷草转氨酶(AST)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、二十碳五烯酸(EPA)及花生四烯酸(AA)浓度等。二元Logistic回归分析方法用于识别脑出血的关键危险因素。结果与B组相比,A组患者具有较高的舒张压和酒精摄入量(400 m L/d),较低的体质指数、HDL-C、EPA(54.3±3.2 vs 81.6±4.9 mg/m L,P0.001)、EPA/AA比(0.33±0.12 vs 0.49±0.18,P0.001)、蔬菜摄入(100 g/wk)及抗高血压药使用(P0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示较高的舒张压和酒精(400 m L/d),较低的BMI、HDL-C、EPA/AA比(风险比:0.06,P0.05)及蔬菜摄入(100 g/wk)是患者颅内脑出血的显著危险因素。高水平HDL-C是性别亚组(风险比:0.93和0.85,P0.05和P0.001)和年龄65岁亚组(风险比:0.80,P0.005)患者的共同危险因素,而低水平EPA(风险比:0.96,P0.001)是≥65岁亚组患者的危险因素。结论低水平EPA浓度和EPA/AA比是脑出血的关键危险因素,尤其对于年龄≥65岁老年患者。     

Circadian rhythmicity of stroke onset. Intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Our purpose was to describe and further understand the determinants of the time of onset of parenchymatous intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage in patients enrolled in the Stroke Data Bank. METHODS: We analyzed the observed times of onset of intracerebral hemorrhage (n = 237 patients) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (n = 243 patients) compared with expected times of onset if the probability of onset was constant across all time intervals. We also analyzed the role of clinical features (if any) in explaining the findings. RESULTS: For intracerebral hemorrhage, 52.5% of patients reported onset times between 0600 hours and 1400 hours, with peak onset between 1000 and 1200 hours (chi 2 = 62.94, df = 11, p less than 0.001). Patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage were more likely to lack a history of hypertension compared with patients who had intracerebral hemorrhage (chi 2 = 23.3, df = 1, p less than 0.001). Patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage were more likely to have more uniform onset time throughout the day (chi 2 = 12.92, df = 7, p = 0.074). However, subarachnoid hemorrhage patients with a history of hypertension were more likely to have peak onset times in mid-to-late morning compared with patients without such a history (chi 2 = 35.25, df = 10, p less than 0.001). The nonuniformity of onset times for intracerebral hemorrhage persisted even if patients with unknown onset times were treated as through their onset times were randomly distributed between 0000 and 0800 hours. Seasonal periodicity and the relation between initial systolic or diastolic blood pressure and time of onset for either type of hemorrhage were not observed. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that the time of onset for both intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage patients with a history of hypertension is similar to the diurnal variation in blood pressure.     

ApoE基因多态性和血清亲环素A对高血压脑出血患者认知功能的影响

目的 探讨载脂蛋白E基因(ApoE)多态性和血清亲环素A对高血压脑出血患者认知功能的影响.方法 选取2015-07—2018-08于许昌市中心医院接受治疗的136例高血压脑出血患者为研究对象,采用蒙特利尔认知量表进行评估并根据结果分为2组,认知评分<26分的88例患者为认知障碍组,认知评分≥26分的48例患者为非认知障...     

Hemorrhagic complications after systemic thrombolysis in acute stroke patients with abnormal baseline coagulation

Background and purpose: As patients with abnormal baseline coagulation were excluded from the large randomized trials, the safety of intravenous thrombolysis after ischaemic stroke in this patient population remains controversial. Methods: We assessed the risk of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (SICH) after systemic thrombolysis in patients with elevated baseline international normalized ratios (INRs) (≥1.3) or activated partial thromboplastin times (aPTT) (>37 s) using a prospectively recorded database from 2006 to 2010. An intracerebral hemorrhage leading to a deterioration of ≥4 points on the National Institutes of Health Stroke scale (NIHSS) was classified as symptomatic. Results: Amongst 688 patients (mean age, 72 years; median NIHSS, 11, median onset‐to‐treatment time, 135 min), 36 patients (5%) had an abnormal baseline coagulation. Twenty‐nine of these patients had taken oral anticoagulants leading to elevated baseline INRs (median INR: 1.5; IQR 1.4–1.9), whereas seven patients had elevated aPTTs because of heparin therapy (n = 2), a coagulation disorder (n = 2), or for unknown reasons (n = 3). The rate of SICH did not differ significantly between patients with abnormal and normal baseline coagulation (4.4% vs. 0%; P = 0.6). Moreover, the in‐hospital mortality was not significantly different between both treatment groups (8.3% in patients with abnormal baseline coagulation vs. 8.7% in patients with normal baseline coagulation, P = 1.0). Conclusions: The risk of SICH following intravenous thrombolysis after ischaemic stroke does not appear to be increased in patients with abnormal baseline coagulation.     

高血压脑出血血肿周围水肿的危险因素分析

目的探讨高血压脑出血血肿周围水肿的独立危险因素。方法回顾性分析符合纳入条件的36例高血压脑出血患者的临床资料。其中发生血肿周围水肿扩大者17例,未发生血肿周围水肿扩大者19例。对患者的一般资料、术前搬运、发病到手术间隔时间、血压、高血压病程、出血量、出血位置、血肿侧别、血肿形状等可能影响血肿周围水肿的因素进行单因素分析。对单因素分析有统计学意义的结果(血压,出血位置,术前搬运)建立Logistic回归模型,分析血肿周围水肿的独立危险因素。结果 Logistic回归分析结果显示,高血压病程(P=0.007)和血肿形状(P=0.008)与血肿周围水肿密切相关;而血压、出血位置以及术前搬运等无统计学意义。结论较长的高血压病程以及不规则的血肿形状可能是高血压脑出血血肿周围水肿的危险因素。     

北京与京外地区青年卒中临床特点对照研究

目的 比较北京与京外地区18～45岁青年卒中的危险因素、发病情况及两组人群对卒中的认识情况,达到提高一级预防青年卒中的效果。方法 收集2006年北京21所三甲医院卒中住院患者1214例,同期京外地区12所三甲医院卒中住院患者1056例。调查内容包括年龄、性别、居住地、文化程度、职业、生活习惯、常规危险因素、对卒中的认识、临床诊断及转归等。结果 （1）在所调查的人群中,北京地区青年卒中的比例低于京外(4.5％vs7.9％,P<0.05）。居住市区、在职人员、男性等在青年卒中所占的比例较高,两组之间无统计学差异（北京地区分别为：60.0％,65.5％,81.8％;京外地区分别为：63.8％,59.0％,69.9％,P <0.05）。（2）北京地区青年卒中亚型的各构成比前3位分别为：缺血性卒中、脑出血、短暂性脑缺血发作。京外地区为：缺血性卒中、脑出血、蛛网膜下腔出血。（3）北京和京外地区青年卒中发病的危险因素前3位均为：高血压、吸烟、大量饮酒。（4）两组超过一半的患者发病当时即治疗(北京72.7％,京外56.6％,P >0.05)。两组患者接受溶栓、超过溶栓时间的比例、高危个体的知晓无统计学差异（北京地区分别为9.1％,29.1％,29.1％;京外地区分别为 4.8％,31.3％,16.9％,P >0.05）。北京地区和京外地区青年卒中住院期间病死率差异无统计学意义（3.6％ vs 1.2％,P >0.05)。结论 （1）北京和京外地区居住市区的在职男性青年卒中在卒中中所占的比例较高。（2）高血压、吸烟和大量饮酒是两组青年卒中发病的重要危险因素。（3）两组青年卒中的发病类型均以缺血性卒中和脑出血为主。（4）两组青年卒中住院期间的病死率均较低。（5）两组患者对卒中知识的了解均较少。     

Intracerebral Hemorrhage in a Young Urban Population: Etiologies and Outcomes in Patients 50 and Younger

Goal: There is limited research on intracerebral hemorrhage in young urban populations. There is reduced access to healthcare and a high prevalence of multiple comorbidities in this vulnerable population. We studied the etiologies and outcomes of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage in an urban North Philadelphia cohort aged 50 years old and younger. Materials and methods: A retrospective chart review of subjects 50 years old and younger who presented with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage at Temple University Hospital was conducted. A novel scoring system was used to classify the cause of each intracerebral hemorrhage. This system was used to assign a degree of likelihood that hypertension, amyloid angiopathy, tumor, oral anticoagulants, vascular malformations, infrequent causes, or cryptogenic etiologies were present. Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage was excluded. The prevalence of each risk factor and outcomes were analyzed. Findings: Of the 110 patients in the study, the most common etiology was hypertension (82.7%). There was no statistically significant difference in mortality between patients with multiple possible etiologies for their hemorrhage. Vascular malformations and cavernomas were rare (5.5%). Conclusions: Hypertension was the most common cause of intracerebral hemorrhage in a young urban population. The presence of multiple possible etiologies does not correlate with a worse prognosis of mortality. There is a need for further research into hemorrhagic stroke in young populations.     

高血压脑出血术后再出血危险因素的Meta分析

目的 通过Meta分析探讨高血压脑出血(HICH)术后再出血的相关危险因素,为防止发生术后再出血提供循证医学依据.方法 通过检索中国知网(CNKI)、万方数据库、维普数据库(VIP)、中国生物医学数据库(CBM)及PubMed、Embase、Web of Science、Cochrane Library数据库,查找20...     

Risk factors of intracerebral hemorrhage. A case-control study]

In case-control study of 53 cases of intracerebral hemorrhage diagnosed by CT scan. Significant risk factors were chronic alcoholism (P less than 0.05), history of hypertension, fundus arteriosclerosis, aorta atherosclerosis, electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities, high blood triglycerides, hyperviscosity, hyper-plasma viscosity, hyperfibrinogenemia and increased VWF (P less than 0.01 or P less than 0.001). After principal component analysis hyperviscosity, hypertension, coronary heart disease, ECG abnormalities, chronic alcoholism, and increased VWF were selected as primary risk factors (accumulative contributed rates 59.84%). Alcoholism, EXG abnormalities, aorta atherosclerosis correlates significantly with haemorheology.     

脑出血的危险因素分析

目的探讨脑出血的危险因素,制定针对危险因素的防治规划。方法采用1:2配比病例对照研究,对288例脑出血患者、其它疾病对照者及健康对照者,分别进行了73个项目的测查。结果(1)高血压病史、高血压、高体重指数、脑血管病遗传史、高血糖、高胆固醇、高甘油三脂、食肉、蛋、盐过多、吸烟、饮酒量大、睡眠时间过长为脑出血的危险性因素。(2)午睡、文体活动、服用降压药、经济情况好、开展健康教育为脑出血的保护性因素。结论防治脑出血的根本措施为:持续降血压、减体重、降血脂、降血糖、控烟、控酒、减少盐肉蛋的摄入量、适当进行文体活动、积极开展健康教育。     

年轻人脑出血110例病因分析

目的 :探讨年轻人脑出血的病因和危险因素。方法 :选择 110例经过影像学证实为脑出血且年龄介于 15～ 4 4岁的患者 ,分析其危险因素、出血部位和发病原因。结果 :最常见的危险因素是高血压 (39.1% )和高甘油三酯血症(38.7% )。出血部位分别是基底节出血 38例 ,脑叶出血 34例 ,其他部位出血 38例。发病原因 :高血压病 4 1例 ,脑血管畸形 (含动静脉畸形、海绵状血管瘤及其他血管畸形 ) 18例 ,动脉瘤 2例 ,肿瘤 6例 ,其他 3例 ,原因不明 4 0例。结论 :高血压病、脑血管畸形和肿瘤是年轻人脑出血的常见原因 ,高血压和高甘油三酯血症是常见危险因素