咸阳地区农村小学生贫血状况调查

目的了解咸阳地区农村儿童贫血患病状况,为农村小学生贫血防治工作提供依据。方法按照整群抽样的方法,随机选取咸阳地区5个县的5所农村小学学生为对象,进行体格检查和血红蛋白测定。结果共调查8~13岁儿童875人,贫血患病率为22.97%,其中男生为20.13%,女生为26.38%,女生高于男生(P<0.05);乡村学生贫血患病率(36.26%)明显高于乡镇学生(19.48%)。结论贫困农村地区小学生贫血患病率较高,应制定多方面多层次的防治策略。     

浙江省农村小学生伤害流行病学研究

目的 探讨农村小学生伤害的流行病学特征和农村小学生伤害认知与行为特点，为开展伤害健康教育提供依据。方法 采用分层整群抽样的方法抽取浙江省嘉兴地区4所农村小学6个年级共3385名学生进行最近1年伤害发生情况的调查，同时调查研究对象伤害相关知识掌握情况与安全行为习惯养成情况。结果 伤害年发生率为24．38％，且男生高于女生，高年级段学生高于低年级段学生；伤害相关知识测试平均得分为52．67分，男、女学生无差异，高年级段学生高于低年级段学生；安全行为习惯评价平均得分为66．89分，女生高于男生，低年级学生高于高年级学生。结论 应针对农村小学生伤害认知与行为特点开展有效的伤害健康教育，预防和控制农村小学生伤害的发生。     

2004年辽阳市宏伟区部分中小学生贫血状况调查

[目的]了解辽阳市宏伟区中小学生贫血患病状况，为今后的预防工作提供科学依据。[方法]2004年，对宏伟区部分中小学生进行调查。[结果]调查7936名中小学生，贫血患病率为22．67％。贫血患病率，小学生为27．79％，初中生为21．73％。高中生率为15．14％；男生为20．27％，女生为25．33％；城区学生为20．36％，农村学生为27．40％。[结论]宏伟区中小学生贫血患病率随着学级的增高逐渐下降，女生高于男生，农村高于城市。     

咸阳地区农村小学生贫血状况及影响因素分析

目的:了解咸阳地区儿童贫血患病情况及其影响因素,为制定有效的预防策略提供科学依据。方法:按照整群抽样的方法,随机选取咸阳地区5个县(旬邑、长武、彬县、永寿、淳化)的5所小学的学生作为研究对象,进行血红蛋白测定,以及问卷调查。结果:共调查8~13岁儿童919名,贫血患病率为22.96%,男女生患病率分别为20.16%和26.32%;通过多因素Logistic回归分析显示,母亲文化程度和不食用变质食物为保护性因素,而不吃早餐和较少食用肉类为危险性因素。结论:应在农村小学生中积极开展健康促进活动,普及合理营养及平衡膳食知识,同时注意改善儿童不良的卫生习惯,制定多方面多层次的防治策略。     

532名农村小学生牙外伤回顾性调查分析

目的了解农村小学生牙外伤发生情况，为预防儿童牙外伤提供依据。方法通过对552名小学生进行回顾性调查，分析外伤原因、发生牙位及就诊情况等。结果17．1％的儿童有牙齿外伤史，儿童嬉戏打闹．不慎跌倒导致牙外伤；多发生在前牙；就诊率仅为24．2％；男生大于女生，且有显著性差异。结论开展农村儿童口腔卫生及安全教育，积极预防牙外伤，一旦发生后应及时就诊。     

新乡市2000年中小学生贫血状况及防治对策

目的：了解学生贫血的基本状况，为学生常见病及贫血防治工作提供依据。方法：在新乡市14所学生体质健康调研点校中，随机抽取2000名中小学生，作血红蛋白检查。结果：2000年总贫血检出率略高于1995年；城市学生贫血检出率高：于农村；性别比较，城市为男生高于女生，乡村为女生高于男生；7岁和14岁为检出高峰年龄。结论：应在中小学生中开展健康教育，普及合理营养及平衡膳食知识，加强贫血防治工作。     

某地高职学校学生艾滋病认知状况及相关态度和行为

目的了解高职学生性行为和艾滋病认知的现状，为针对性地开展健康教育提供科学依据。方法整群抽取某地4所高职院校学生4873名，用自行设计的问卷调查学生性行为发生情况；对5280名学生分别于健康教育前后进行艾滋病认知情况调查。结果高职学生近50％有过恋爱经历；边缘性行为发生比例男生为48.1％，女生为34．3％；性行为发生率男生为14．4％，女生为3．0％；有性行为的女生中有6．7％有过人流经历；高职学生AIDS知识和对AIDS的态度经健康教育之后均有所改善（P值均〈0．01）。结论高职高专学生性态度趋于开放，性行为现况令人担忧；对艾滋病知识了解不够全面，对待艾滋病病人的态度还有待进一步提高。     

成都市学生营养教育形式的体会

成都市学生营养促进会在市委、市政府的关心下，在市卫生局、市教委的支持下．坚持对中小学生进行营养卫生知识教育．取得了较好效果。全市学生生长发育水平已有了明显改善，中小学生营养不良率较1985年降低了9．5％；7～17岁贫血率较1985年男生降低19％、女生降低26．5％；全市幼儿贫血率已控制在10％以下；城郊结合部学校学生低血糖休克已基本杜绝；学生因病缺课率有所降低。现将成都市开展学生营养教育的形式归结如下：1广泛开展学生营养教育的宣传工作营养教育是健康教育的一个领域，对促进健康和预防疾病十分重要。新闻媒介在传播信息…     

柳州市中小学生营养与贫血状况

目的了解中小学生营养不良和贫血患病状况，为制定防治措施提供科学依据。方法对柳州市135所中小学校7～19岁学生80036名进行体格检查，采用WHO推荐的氰化高铁法测定血红蛋白和用《1995年全国学生7～22岁身高标准体重值》进行营养状况评价。结果中小学生贫血患病率为27．17％，小学男、女生贫血患病率差异无显著性（P〉0．05），中学女生高于男生（P〈0．01）；中小学生营养不良检出率为35．09％，中小学均为女生高于男生（P〈0．01）；在学段的分布上，贫血患病率和营养不良检出率中学生均高于小学生（P〈0．01）。结论柳州市中小学生贫血和营养不良检出率较高，应制定多方面多层次的防治策略。     

广东农村小学生健康知识知晓率调查

目的了解广东农村1～6年级小学生健康知识知晓情况,普及农村儿童卫生基本知识,为进一步在农村小学开展健康教育和健康促进提供依据。方法采用自填式问卷,分层抽样法,从广东佛山市三水区及韶关市长江镇各随机抽取一所小学共263名学生,进行有关健康知识的问卷调查。结果两个地区小学生健康知识的总知晓率为61．2％。男、女生的知识知晓率分别为57．0％、65．7％,在大部分问题中,高年级组知晓率显著优于低年级组（P〈0．05）,主要获取途径是书报纸杂志（61．6％）。结论广东农村地区小学生健康知识知晓率较低,应加强学生卫生知识和健康教育的宣传,重视农村贫困地区小学生的健康教育工作。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.