冠状动脉搭桥术后血浆可溶性Fas及其配体的变化

目的比较在心肺转流（CPB）或非CPB下冠状动脉搭桥术（cABG）后可溶性Fas（sFas）和可溶性Fas配体（sFasL）的血浆浓度变化。方法19例病人分别在CPB（CPB组，n=9）或非CPB（非CPB组，n=10）下行择期cABG。术前、术毕和术后取血测定白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶、sFas、sFasL血浆浓度。结果术毕、术后4h的IL-6和术毕、术后4、12h的中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶非CPB组明显低于CPB组（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。CPB组的sFas在术后4、12h明显升高（P〈0．05或P〈0．01），非CPB组在术后12h明显升高（P〈0．01），术后24h恢复至术前水平。两组的sFasL在术毕和术后4、12h均明显升高（P〈0．05或P〈0．01），术后24h恢复至术前水平；其中术后12h非CPB组明显低于CPB组（P〈0．05）。结论CPB或非CPB下行cABG均导致sFas和sFasL血浆浓度升高，但CPB的应用使sFasL血浆浓度升高得更多。sFasL血浆浓度可反映机体炎性反应的程度。     

心瓣膜置换术围术期甲状腺激素的动态观察

目的：探讨心瓣膜置换术围术期甲状腺激素的变化及其与病情程度的关系,方法：采用放射免疫分析法连续测定30例低温体外循环下心瓣膜置换术围术期甲状腺激素,并观察其动态变化,结果：两组患者三碘甲状腺原氨酸（T3）,游离T3（FT3）从转流前至术后72小时呈下降趋势,各时间点均明显低于术前,反三碘甲状腺原氨酸（rT3)均增高,术后72未恢复至术前水平（P＜0．05）,两组患者四碘甲状腺原氨酸（T4）,游离T4（FT4）,促甲状腺素（TSH）浓度的均在生理范围内变化。结论：心瓣膜置换术围术期均表现为低T3综合征,且T3降低与疾病的严重程度有关,临床上通过监测其血清T3和FT3水平可作为了解病情及预后的客观指标。     

体外循环对先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压患者血浆一氧化氮、内皮素、肾上腺髓质素水平的影响

目的 探讨体外循环（CPB）对先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压患者血浆一氧化氮（NO）、内皮素（ET）、肾上腺髓质素（ADM）水平的影响。方法 选择先天性心脏病拟在CPB下行心脏畸形矫正术患者36例,根据术前肺动脉收缩压（PASP）分为Ⅰ组（PASP＜30 mm Hg,n=8）、Ⅱ组（PASP 30～50 mm Hg,n=15）和Ⅲ组（PASP＞50 mm Hg,n=13）。分别于麻醉诱导前（基础值）、CPB即刻、CPB结束、CPB后3h、6h和24h采集桡动脉血,测定血浆NO、ET、ADM浓度。结果 Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组麻醉诱导前血浆ADM、ET、NO浓度高于Ⅰ组,其中ADM浓度随PASP的增高而升高（P＜0．05）,两者呈正相关（r= 0．858,P＜0．01）;与基础值相比,3组CPB后血浆ADM和ET浓度均增加,Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组CPB后NO浓度下降（P＜0．05）,Ⅰ组NO浓度变化无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。结论 ADM水平随PASP的增高而升高;CPB可引起先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压患者血浆ET、ADM水平增高,NO水平降低。     

小儿心脏手术前补充甲状腺激素的作用

目的 观察小儿心脏手术前补充小剂量甲状腺激素对围术期甲状腺激素水平的影响及其对心肌的保护作用.方法 40例3～12岁先心病患儿随机均分为研究组(A组)和空白对照组(B组).A组于术前4 d至术前1 d每天按0.4 mg/kg口服甲状腺素片;B组不进行任何处理.分别于入院后、CPB前、CPB体温最低点、术后第1天、第2天、第4天取血测定三碘甲状腺原氨酸(T3)、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)、甲状腺素(T4)、游离甲状腺素(FT4)和促甲状腺激素(TSH)浓度.在手术结束前每组随机选6例患儿留取心房标本测定心肌球蛋白重链(MHC)亚型α、β mRNA的表达情况,在术后24 h取血测定血清肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)及心肌肌钙蛋白(cTnI)阳性率.结果 A组患儿的T4浓度CPB体温最低点时降低(P＜0.05),而B组患儿的T4浓度CPB体温最低点、术后第1天和第2天时均有下降(P＜0.01).A组患儿T3和T4浓度在术后第1天、第2天高于B组(P＜0.05);FT3在CPB体温最低点、术后第1天和第2天时高于B组(P＜0.05);FT4在CPB前、术后第1天、第4天高于B组(P＜0.05).A组患儿正性肌力药的使用率低于B组(P＜0.05),CK-MB含量及cTnI阳性率也低于B组(P＜0.05).A组MHCα mRNA的表达量增强而MHCβmRNA的表达量减弱(P＜0.05).结论 心脏手术前补充小剂量甲状腺激素可明显纠正术后正常甲状腺病态综合征,减少正性肌力药物的使用并提供良好的心肌保护作用.     

体外循环下心脏外科手术成人患者围术期甲状腺激素水平变化分析

目的分析体外循环(CPB)下心脏外科手术患者围术期甲状腺激素水平的变化,为心脏围术期管理提供一定的指导依据。方法收集2019年1～5月我院CPB下行心脏外科手术72例患者的临床资料,其中男35例、女37例,年龄19～72(52.35±10.40)岁。分析甲状腺激素在术前、术后2 h、术后24 h变化趋势。结果 CPB心脏术后2 h血清促甲状腺激素(TSH)、三碘甲状腺原氨酸(T3)、四碘甲状腺原氨酸(T4)、游离四碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT4)与术前的差异有统计学意义(P0.05);术后24 h TSH、T3、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)、T4、FT4与术前的差异有统计学意义(P0.05);术后24 h TSH、T3、FT3、T4与术后2 h的差异有统计学意义(P0.05);术后T3、FT3下降,TSH上升后下降,T4、FT4在正常范围内。重复测量方差分析结果显示TSH、T3、FT3、T4、FT4在时间效应上差异均有统计学意义。结论 CPB下心脏外科手术患者术后甲状腺激素较术前有差异,T3、FT3下降,TSH上升后下降,T4、FT4在正常范围内,今后尚需开展大样本、多中心、高质量的临床研究进一步验证。     

胸段硬膜外阻滞对心脏瓣膜置换术后病人血浆皮质醇、IFN-γ、IL-4的影响

目的 探讨胸段硬膜外阻滞对心脏辦膜置换术后病人血浆皮质醇（Cor）、干扰素-γ（IFN-γ）、白细胞介素-4（IL-4）的影响。方法 心脏辦膜置换术病人20例，心功能Ⅱ级或Ⅲ级，射血分数〉0．4，随机分为2组（n=10）：单纯全麻组（GA组）和全麻复合硬膜外阻滞组（GEA组）。采用视觉模拟评分法（VAS）评价术后的疼痛程度。于麻醉诱导前、术后4h和1、3、7d取外周血，测定血浆Cor、IFN-γ、IL-4的浓度。结果 血浆Cor浓度的比较：与麻醉诱导前比较，GA组术后4 h、1 d升高，GEA组术后4 h升高（P〈0．05）;与GA组比较，GEA组术后4 h、1 d降低（P〈0．05）。血浆IFN-γ浓度的比较：与麻醉诱导前比较，2组术后4 h和1、3 d均升高（P〈0．05）;与GA组比较，GEA组术后1 d升高（P 〈0．05）。血浆IL-4浓度的比较：与麻醉诱导前比较，GA组术后4 h降低（P〈0．05）。IFN-γ／IL-4比值的比较：与麻醉诱导前比较，2组术后4h、1d升高（P〈0．05）;与GA组比较，GEA组术后1d升高（P〈 0．05）。结论 胸段硬膜外阻滞可降低心脏辦膜置换术后病人血浆Cor水平，提高IFN-γ／IL-4比值。     

二氧化碳气腹对术中血浆甲状腺素影响的观察

目的：探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）中CO2气腹对甲状腺功能的影响。方法：全麻下胆囊切除术60例随机分为LC组（30例）和非腹腔镜组（30例）,于术前1日及术中不同时期抽取静脉血标本,用放射免疫法检测血浆甲状腺（TT3,TT4,FT3,FT4,rTs,TSH)的变化,结果：60例患者术前甲腺素水平均为正常。LC气腹后TT3,TT4,TSH升高（P＜0．01,与术前相比）,非腹腔镜者术中TT3有所一降。结论：LC术中甲状腺功能增强可能与CO2气腹有关。     

冠状动脉旁路移植手术方式对甲状腺激素代谢的影响

目的观察体外循环（on-pump）心脏停跳下和非体外循环（off-pump）心脏不停跳冠状动脉旁路移植手术围术期甲状腺激素的变化规律。方法冠脉旁路手术病人40例，分为Off-pump组和Onpump组，每组20例，分别测定围术期甲状腺功能指标。结果术前两组病例甲状腺功能指标均在正常值范围内。Off-pump组T3和FT3术后显著下降，术后第1d降至最低[（T3：（39．7±6．2）ng，dl对（78．6±12．1）mg/dl，P〈0．01；FT3（1．6±0．5）pg/ml对（2．4±0．6）pg/ml，P〈0．05]；T4在正常值范围内变化，术后第1d降至最低[（5．3±0．8）μg/dl对（7．2±0．7）μg/dl，P〈0．05]；FT4在正常值范围内波动，各阶段检测值与术前差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；rT3术后逐渐升高，术后第3d达高峰[（82．1±26．8）ng/dl对（42．3±15．6）ng/dl，P〈0．01]；TSH术中逐渐下降，术后第1d降至最低[（0．4±0．2）tdU／ml对（1．3±0．6）μIU／ml，P〈0．01]，术后第7d恢复术前水平。围术期两组病例甲状腺功能指标变化趋势相似，差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论On-pump与Off-pump下冠状动脉旁路移植手术均影响甲状腺激素代谢，两组病人术后均存在低B综合征。     

分化型甲状腺癌术后促甲状腺激素抑制治疗时机的选择

目的观察分化型甲状腺癌患者术后相关激素水平的变化,以探讨最佳促甲状腺激素(TSH)抑制治疗的时机。方法搜集2011年1月至2013年12月期间我院96例初始治疗的分化型甲状腺癌患者,按手术方式分为全甲状腺切除组(n=50)和患侧腺叶及峡部切除组(n=46),分别于术后第1、2、4、5、7、14 d检测患者血清甲状腺相关激素即三碘甲状腺原氨酸(T3)、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)、甲状腺激素(T4)、游离甲状腺激素(FT4)及TSH。结果 1全甲状腺切除组患者,术后血清T3、FT3水平除第5 d一过性升高外,总体较术前呈下降趋势,至术后第14 d时其水平低于正常参考值。T4、FT4水平在术后出现短暂升高后,至术后第4 d时开始下降,至术后第14 d时T4水平仍于正常值范围内,FT4降至正常参考值范围以下。血清TSH在术后第1 d呈一过性降低,术后第2 d开始升高,至术后第4 d时超过正常参考值上限,随后继续升高。2患侧腺叶及峡部切除组患者,术后血清T3、FT3水平较术前呈降低趋势,至第5 d起开始升高,但至术后第14 d时仍低于术前水平。血清T4、FT4术后呈升高趋势,于术后第2 d达高峰后随后下降,至术后第14 d时其水平仍在正常值范围内。术后血清TSH先降低,术后第4 d开始升高,于术后第7 d超过术前水平,术后14 d达正常参考值上限。结论分化型甲状腺癌术后患者相关激素呈动态变化,临床应该根据其激素水平变化确定开始TSH抑制治疗时间。当术后TSH水平高于正常参考值范围时,可作为启动TSH抑制治疗的最佳时机。     

不同年龄患者甲状腺腺叶切除术后甲状腺功能变化的研究

目的：探讨不同年龄甲状腺良性肿瘤患者行单侧腺叶切除术后甲状腺功能的变化及激素替代治疗的必要性。 方法：将120例因甲状腺良性肿瘤行单侧腺叶切除术的患者根据年龄不同分为青年组（≤30岁,23例）、中年组（<30~<60岁,69例）、老年组（≥60岁,28例）,检测各组患者术前及术后1周,1、3、6个月,1、2年游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸（FT3）、游离甲状腺素（FT4）和促甲状腺激素（TSH）水平。 结果：青年组FT3水平在术后1周、1个月时较术前明显降低（P<0.05）,后期各时间点则与术前无统计学差异（P>0.05）;FT4水平术后各时间较术前均无明显变化（P>0.05）;TSH水平在术后1周,1、3个月时较术前比明显升高（均P<0.05）,后期各时间点则与术前无统计学差异（P>0.05）。中年组术后各时间点FT3、FT4、TSH与术前比较均无统计学差异（P>0.05）。老年组患者FT3水平在术后1周,1、3个月时较术前明显降低（P>0.05）,后期各时间点则术前无统计学差异（P>0.05）;FT4水平在术后1、3、6个月时较术前明显降低（P<0.05）,其余各时间点则与术前无统计学差异（P>0.05）;TSH水平在术后1周,1、3、6个月时均较术前比升高（P<0.05）,后期各时间点则与术前无统计学差异（P>0.05）。3组患者均未出现临床甲状腺功能减退症状。 结论：不同年龄甲状腺良性肿瘤患者行单侧腺叶切除术后甲状腺功能恢复情况不同。中年患者术后代偿能力强,可不予激素替代治疗;青年对甲状腺激素需求量相对较大而老年患者代偿能力较差,故青年患者术后半年内、老年患者术后1年内给予激素替代治疗较合适。     

2015年乳腺癌辅助化疗进展

【摘要】〓乳腺癌是危害我国女性健康的头号杀手,尽管近年来辅助化疗的研究进展突飞猛进,但临床中仍有不少问题未能明确,如辅助化疗的合适人群、化疗的开始时间、蒽环及紫杉类的地位和用法、强化维持治疗的作用、疗效及预后的生物标志物等。本文结合乳腺癌辅助化疗在临床上的常见问题和2015年各大乳腺癌会议阐述乳腺癌辅助化疗的最新进展。     

Alterations in T-Cell Subset Frequency in Peripheral Blood in Obesity

Background: Obesity affects the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. This study characterizes differences in peripheral blood lymphocyte phenotype in obese humans. Methods: Frequencies of lymphocyte subsets among peripheral blood mononuclear cells were compared between 10 obese (BMI ≥35) and 10 lean subjects, as determined by antibodies directed against cluster differentiation (CD) markers. Results: Obese patients demonstrated an increased frequency of CD3+CD4+ T-cells (mean difference 12%, P=0.004), a decreased frequency of CD3+CD8+ T-cells (mean difference 9.4%, P=0.016) and an increased frequency of CD3+CD8+CD95+ T-cells (mean difference 13.3%, P=0.032). No other differences among T-cell or monocyte subsets were noted. Conclusions: Obesity is associated with alterations in frequencies of peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells and aberrations in the expression of CD95 among CD8+ T-cells. These data suggest both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell compartments, as well as the regulation of CD95 expression on CD8+ T-cells, as targets for further study into obesity's effects on the immune system.     

西宁地区烧伤病人动脉血气分析观察

对高海拔地区的27例烧伤病人动脉血气变化进行了分析和观察。结果证明:无论是存活病人还是死亡病人伤后均存在有低氧血症问题。并且在死亡病人和烧伤合并吸入性损伤病人其低氧血症的发生早于单纯烧伤病人。提示:吸入性损伤病人应立即行气管切开术以保障氧气供给,单纯烧伤病人可常规吸氧以维持正常血 PaO_2,ARDS 均发生在合并吸入性损伤的病人,高频喷射通气技术对纠正低氧血症有一定效果。     

Controversies in Fistula in Ano

Managing a complex fistula in ano can be a daunting task for most surgeons; largely due to the two major dreaded complications—recurrence & fecal incontinence. It is important to understand the anatomy of the anal sphincters & the aetiopathological process of the disease to provide better patient care. There are quite a few controversies associated with fistula in ano & its management, which compound the difficulty in treating fistula in ano. This article attempts to clear some of those major controversies.     

β-半乳糖苷酶在体内外成骨细胞中的表达

目的 研究β—半乳糖苷酶(β—gal)在成骨细胞中的表达状况，为阐明MorquioB综合征的发病机制提供依据。方法 裸鼠各器官和骨组织标本行X-gal染色检测。抽取羊和人骨髓行骨髓基质细胞(BMSCs)培养，分为4组：I：Adv-hBMP-2转染组；Ⅱ：Adv—β—gal转染组；Ⅲ：未转染组；Ⅳ：地塞米松诱导组。分别行X-gal染色和RT-PCR检测β—gal的表达。结果 裸鼠骺板两侧、骨膜内面及松质骨的成骨细胞和破骨细胞可见多量β—gal的表达。未转染BMSCs组有少量β—gal的表达，其他3组细胞的β—gal表达增高。结论成骨细胞和破骨细胞可表达多量β—gal，该两种细胞的β—gal缺乏可能是MorquioB综合征骨骼异常的直接原因。     

Smoking-Attributable mortality in Spain in 2016

IntroductionSmoking-attributable mortality (SAM) is a valuable indicator that can be used to characterize the course and health burden of the smoking epidemic. The aim of this paper was to estimate SAM in Spain in 2016 in the population aged 35 and over, using the best available evidence.MethodsA smoking prevalence-dependent analysis based on the estimation of population-attributable fractions was performed. Smoking prevalence (never, former, and current smokers) was calculated from a combination of the Spanish Health Survey (2016) and the European Health Survey (2014); the relative risk of death among current and former smokers was taken from the follow-up of various cohorts; and mortality rates were obtained from National Center for Statistics data. SAM estimates are presented globally, and by sex, age groups, and major disease categories: cancer, cardiometabolic diseases and respiratory diseases.ResultsIn 2016, 56,124 deaths were attributed to tobacco consumption, 84% in men (47,000), and 50% in the population aged over 74 (27,795). Overall, 50% of SAM was due to cancer (28,281), 65% of which was lung cancer. One in 4 attributable deaths (13,849) occurred before the age of 65.ConclusionsOne in 7 deaths in Spain in 2016 were attributable to smoking. This estimation of SAM clearly highlights the great impact of smoking on mortality in Spain, mainly due to lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.     

MicroRNAs in hepatic pathophysiology in diabetes

MicroRNAs(miRNAs or miRs) are small approximately 22 nucleotide RNA species that are believed to regulate diverse metabolic and physiological processes.In the recent past,several reports have surfaced that demonstrate the role of miRNAs in various biological processes and numerous disease states.For a disease as complex as diabetes,the emergence of miRNAs as key regulators leading to the disease phenotype has added a novel dimension to the area of diabetes research.On the other hand,the liver,a metabolic hub,contributes in a major way towards maintaining normal glucose levels in the body as it can both stimulate and inhibit hepatic glucose output.This equilibrium is frequently disturbed in diabetes and hence,the liver assumes special significance considering the correlation between altered hepatic physiology and diabetes.While the understanding of the mechanisms behind this altered hepatic behavior is not yet completely understood,recent reports on the status and role of miRNAs in the diabetic liver have further added to the complexities of the knowledge of hepatic pathophysiology in diabetes.Here,we bring together the various miRNAs that play a role in the altered hepatic behavior during diabetes.     

Fluid-phase transcytosis in the primate epididymis in vitro and in vivo

Ligated tubules from the corpus epididymidis of men and monkeys were incubated in medium containing horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a marker for fluid-phase endocytosis. HRP was localized by light and electron microscopy after 0, 15, 30 and 60 min of incubation. Movement between the cells was prevented by tight junctions, but bypass of this barrier was apparently achieved by an intracellular vesicular mechanism leading to a time-dependent appearance of HRP in the lumen. Uptake of HRP into basal cells and capture by the lysosomal apparatus of principal cells were also observed. HRP-filled vesicles also appeared in the basal, mid and apical cytoplasm of epithelial cells in the caput 1 h after injection of the tracer into the epididymal circulation of the monkey, suggesting that this pathway also operates in vivo.