多排螺旋CT低剂量扫描在小儿胸部的应用

目的评估低剂量扫描在小儿胸部的应用。方法水模测试:在水体模的同一层面做3mm层厚的150、80、50、35、15mAs扫描。在每幅图像的5个相同感兴趣区测CT值,做CT值的均匀性和噪声水平比较。病例扫描:随机选择肺部感染的患儿40例,先行常规剂量(150mAs)扫描以确定感染部位,再在感染局部做低剂量扫描(50,35mAs及15mAs)。其他参数为:120kV,床进28.8mm/圈,0.5s/圈,16×1.5mm准直,重建层厚及间隔均为3mm。比较不同剂量的CT权重剂量指数(CTDIw)及剂量长度乘积(DLP);由2位高年资医师按优、良、合格及不合格的等级盲法评价不同剂量的图像质量,结果进行统计学处理。结果CT图像的均匀性随着扫描剂量的减少而变差,图像噪声水平随扫描剂量的减少而增高。小儿胸部150、50、35、15mAs的CTDIw分别为:10.0、3.3、2.3、1.0mGy,其DLP分别为:117.8、39.3、27.5和11.8;150、50、35mAs的符合临床诊断图像(包括优,良,合格3个等级)所占比例,肺窗和纵隔窗均不小于90%,而15mAs的不合格图像所占比例为20%。结论在保证图像质量的前提下,多排螺旋CT小儿胸部检查采用35mAs的扫描条件较为适宜。     

CT低剂量联合迭代算法在输尿管结石诊断中的应用

目的 探讨CT低剂量联合迭代算法在输尿管结石诊断中的应用价值.方法 90例输尿管结石患者在首次检查均应用常规剂量扫描(120 kV,400 mAs),采用滤波反投影算法(FBP)薄层重组,保守治疗后结石未排出.复查CT应用低剂量扫描随机分为3组(A组:120 kV,200 mAs;B组:120 kV,150 mAs;C组:120 kV,100 mAs)后分别行6级迭代算法薄层重组.由2名放射医师采用双盲法读片并对图像质量做主观评分,记录CT容积剂量指数(CTDIvol)、剂量长度乘积(DLP),计算辐射有效剂量(ED);测量图像的客观噪声值,计算信噪比,测量结石CT值及最大长径,记录结石检出数.结果 常规组:CTDIvol(23.51±0.79) mGy,DLP(1166.38±52.78)mGy·cm,ED(17.50±0.79)mSv;A组:CTDIvol(11.78±0.38) mGy,DLP(584.68±25.47) mGy· cm,ED(8.77±0.38) mSv;B组:CTDIvol(8.34±0.13)mGy,DLP(462.87±24.76) mGy· em,ED(6.94±0.37)mSv;C组:CTDIvol(5.47±0.21) mGy,DLP(268.20±19.03)mGy·cm,ED(4.02±0.29) mSv;各组低剂量迭代算法重组的iDose l ～6图像结石检出数、结石CT值及大小与常规剂量比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);A组低剂量迭代算法重组的iDose4图像噪声(SD)、信噪比(SNR)及iDose 4—6图像质量主观评分与常规剂量比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);B组低剂量迭代算法重建的iDose6图像噪声、信噪比及图像质量主观评分与常规剂量比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);C组低剂量迭代算法重建的iDose l～6各组图像噪声、信噪比及图像质量主观评分与常规剂量比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 CT低剂量扫描联合迭代算法诊断输尿管结石是可行的,可以在不影响图像质量的前提下明显减低辐射剂量.管电压120 kV情况下,在iDose6水平管电流150mAs为最低临界扫描参数.     

低剂量多层螺旋CT 在脑出血及脑梗死复查中的应用价值

目的：探讨脑出血及脑梗死多层螺旋CT 低剂量扫描的图像质量及在随访复查中的应用价值。方法对150例成人脑梗死、脑出血患者行CT扫描,初诊时采用常规剂量组即A组（130kV、240mAs）,复查时使用低剂量扫描条件,管电压使用110kV ,即B组（110kV、150mAs）和C组（110kV、100mAs）。并通过双盲法对三组图像的优良率及噪声值进行评价,比较图像质量。并记录三组图像的CTDIvol值和DLP值,对辐射剂量进行比较。结果 B组和C组的CTDI‐vol值分别为24mGy、16mGy ,分别较 A 组（56、7mGy ）下降约58％、72％,两者之间差异均有统计学意义（ P值均＜0.01）;B组和C组图像噪声值均略高于 A 组,质量评分均无统计学差异（ P ＞0．05）。结论低剂量多层螺旋CT（110kV、150mAs、110kV、100mAs）在成人脑梗死、脑出血复查中可大幅度降低辐射剂量,且所得图像质量能够满足诊断要求。     

新生儿头颅多层螺旋CT低剂量扫描的临床应用

目的：评价新生儿头颅多层螺旋CT低剂量扫描的临床价值。方法：选取头颅CT检查的新生儿80例,随机等分成2组,分别使用120kV、90mAs及120kV、260mAs各扫描40例。其余扫描参数为：准直1．5mm,层厚6mm,重建间隔6mm,床速11．7mm／r,扫描时间0．75s。分别比较2种扫描剂量产生的总mAs、CT权重剂量指数（CTDIw）及剂量长度乘积（DLP）,并作t检验。由3名医师采用盲法评价CT图像。按正常图像、图像有少许伪影、图像有严重伪影的等级对每帧图像进行质量评价,并进行统计学处理。结果：90mAs、260mAs组扫描的CTDIw分别为17．28mGy、49．85mGy,DPL分别为245mGy·cm、711mGy·cm。经t检验,90mAs组的CTDIw、DLP明显低于260mAs组（P〈0．01）。满足诊断需要的低剂量扫描图像所占比例（98．6％）与常规剂量扫描（99．9％）相比无显著差异（P〉0．05）。结论：新生儿头颅多层螺旋CT低剂量扫描的辐射剂量为常规剂量扫描的35％,而且图像不影响诊断,低剂量扫描适用于新生儿头颅CT检查。     

自动管电流调节联合低电压低剂量扫描技术在幼儿胸部CT扫描中的优化应用研究

目的 探讨64层CT自动管电流调节技术(ATCM)结合低电压在幼儿胸部低剂量扫描中的应用价值.方法 搜集行64层CT ATCM胸部扫描的幼儿(≤2岁)48例,其中A组(管电压100 kV)30例,B组(管电压80kV) 18例;并与既往采用固定管电流条件下的低剂量扫描数据进行对比分析,对照组C组(100 kV/60 mAs)30例;其余扫描参数一致.记录每次扫描的平均管电流(mAs)、CT容积剂量指数(CTDIvol)、剂量长度值(DLP),计算出有效剂量(ED)及剂量减低比值(DR),并比较3组的剂量及图像质量.结果 A组CTDIvol为(1.11±0.19)mGy,B组CTDIvol为(0.99 ±0.11)mGy,C组CTDIvol为(2.38±0.00) mGy;3组数据两两比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).A组相对C组DR约51.07％,B组相对C组DR降低约58.20％.3组图像质量均满足诊断要求,差异无统计学意义(P=0.50).结论 低电压联合ATCM技术在幼儿胸部扫描中可以广泛应用,能够有效降低辐射剂量且不影响图像质量.     

64层CT低剂量扫描在胸主动脉CTA中的临床应用研究

目的 探讨64层CT低剂量扫描在胸主动脉CT血管造影（CTA）成像中的临床应用研究。方法 应用64层CT对100例胸厚为22～23cm疑似胸主动脉疾病的患者分成5组进行胸主动脉CTA扫描,扫描范围为250～300mm,扫描条件为机器默认的120kV、350mAs,然后固定120kV,用300mAs、250mAs、200mAs及150mAs对其它四组患者进行扫描,记录不同mAs的CTDIvol及DLP,并转换为有效剂量ED。2位影像学家对上述图像进行SNR、CNR及主观评价。结果 将120kV、350mAs及300mAs、250mAs、200mAs及150mAs扫描产生的图像传至机器工作站进行SNR及CNR计算,其值分别为：4.81、4.02、2.59、1.73、1.57和3.81、3.27、1.86、0.92、0.94。2位影像学家对120kV下350～150mAs主观评价分值分别为：4.61±0.72,4.48±0.30,4.52±0.28,4.28±0.36,3.65±0.38;其CTDIvol、DLP分别为：10.08mGy、8.73mGy、7.14mGy、5.68mGy、4.21mGy和352.8mGy、309.32mGy、255.46mGy、203.8mGy、171.08mGy,将DLP转换为ED为5.29mSv、4.64mSv、3.83mSv、3.06mSv、2.57mSv。对上述数据进行单因素方差分析,200mAs和350mAs、300mAs、250mAs产生的影像质量没有明显差异,但200mAs的CTDIvol、DLP及ED较350mAs分别低43.7%、42.2%及43.7%。结论 胸厚为22～23cm的患者进行胸主动脉CTA扫描推荐mAs为200mAs。对于体型较小（肌肉较少）或有肺气肿等疾病可以选用150mAs及以下条件进行扫描。     

低剂量CT扫描在颅脑病变复查中的应用价值

目的 探讨低剂量CT扫描在颅脑病变复查中的应用价值.方法 随机选取本院首次颅脑CT检查均有明确异常,2年内CT复查的246例颅脑疾病患者,对照组用200 mAs,低剂量组逐次降低mAs分别为160 mAs、120 mAs、100 mAs,其他条件固定,以优、良、尚好、不合格4个等级评价图像质量.结果 246低剂量扫描患者图像244例达到诊断要求,100 mAs有2例不合格图像系枕大粗隆过大所致后颅窝伪影,加大mAs伪影消失.对照组120 kVp、200 mAs的CTDIvol 25.5 mGy、DLP 446.6 mGy/cm,最低剂量组120 kVp、100 mAs组的CTDIvol 12.9 mGy、DLP 225.8 mGy/cm,其辐射剂量较对照组降低了50％.结论 明确颅脑疾病的患者CT复查时,采用100 mAs扫描,图像质量不影响诊断,辐射剂量明显降低,具有重要的防护意义.     

鼻骨低剂量螺旋CT扫描技术的应用

目的 探讨鼻骨低剂量多层螺旋CT扫描技术的应用价值.方法 将80例鼻骨正常的患者平均分为4组,保持球管电压120 kV不变,分别用常规剂量(125 mAs)和低剂量(75 mAs、50 mAs、25 mAs)进行扫描,扫描时分别记录辐射剂量值.由3名影像医师采用双盲法评价各剂量组的横断面图像及不同算法的重组图像的质量,结果用统计学方法处理.结果 各低剂量组的鼻骨轴位图像质量与常规剂量组相比无显著性差异(P>0.1);各组骨算法重组图像与软组织算法重组图像质量对比有显著性差异(P<0.01);25 mAs组长度剂量乘积(DLP)与常规剂量相比有显著性差异(P<0.01),容积剂量指数(CTDIvol)为常规剂量扫描的20.0%.结论 鼻骨低剂量CT扫描既能保证图像质量,又可大幅度降低病人的辐射剂量.采用软组织算法的VR图像优于骨算法VR图像.     

16层螺旋CT低剂量扫描技术在儿童腺样体肥大中的应用

目的:探讨16层螺旋CT低剂量扫描技术在儿童腺样体肥大的临床应用。方法:对46例临床疑似腺样体肥大儿童行16层螺旋CT低剂量和常规剂量扫描,将其随机分为两组,对比两种剂量扫描的图像质量与患者的辐射剂量。结果:16层螺旋CT低剂量扫描与常规剂量扫描对显示鼻咽部的解剖结构及病变差异无显著性意义(P=0.381)。对低剂量组/常规剂量组两组腺样体CT值平均值之间无统计学差异(P=0.256)。CT值标准偏差之间无统计学差异(P=0.313)。低剂量CT扫描显示儿童鼻咽部扫描参数中CTDIvol为4.35mGy、DLP为40.62mGy.cm,常规剂量CTDIvol为8.65mGy、DLP为81.23mGy.cm。低剂量与常规剂量相比,其CTDIvol和DLP降低了约50%的辐射剂量。结论:16层螺旋CT低剂量扫描对腺样体肥大的诊断结果与常规剂量均相同,故16层螺旋CT低剂量扫描临床疑似腺样体肥大的患者,完全能替代常规剂量的16层螺旋CT扫描。     

头部体模扫描试验对成人头颅CT低剂量扫描的优化初探

目的：通过对头部体模扫描试验,探讨成人头颅CT低剂量扫描参数。方法：以层厚10 mm,扫描时间为1 s,通过改变mA值,以10 mA为间隔,20-300 mA间29个不同mA条件对头部体模进行轴向扫描,对容积CT剂量指数（CTDIvol）、噪声（SD）和对比-噪声比（CNR）进行客观评价分析与统计学处理,对图像低密度分辨力进行主观评价。结果：①CTDIvol随mAs增大而增大,呈线线关系;与300 mAs的CTDIvol（42 mGy）比较,80-150 mAs的CTDIvol（11-21 mGy）下降73%-50%。②SD值随mAs升高而降低;SD值随mAs变化曲线可分为SD改变非常显著段（20-50 mAs）、显著段（50-80 mAs）、缓坡段（90-150 mAs）和平缓段（160-300 mAs）。③CNR随mAs改变与SD值改变相反。④SD值与CNR统计学处理：20 mAs与30 mAs、30 mAs与50 mAs5、0 mAs与80 mAs、80 mAs与150 mAs、150 mAs与300 mAs的各SD值及CNR有统计学差异（P〈0.05）;160-300 mAs的各SD值与CNR无统计学差异（P〉0.05）。⑤图像LCR主观评价：20-50 mAs,分辨低密度圆柱体困难;50-80 mAs,主观图像质量明显下降,图像对诊断有影响;90-150 mAs主观图像质量有一定改变;160-300 mAs主观图像质量改变不明显。结论：80-150 mAs为低对比要求较高的成人颅脑低剂量平扫可用区间,为临床降低扫描剂量提供了依据。临床患者检查,可以用100 mAs进行平扫,CT剂量指数明显降低。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）