激发公立医院在卫生应急中的主导作用

正公立医院作为突发公共卫生事件应对的第一"哨点",在应对突发公共卫生事件中有着举足轻重的作用。《中华人民共和国突发事件应对法》规定,实施医疗救护保障措施是公立医院应对突发公共事件的职责。在突发公共卫生事件应急处置方面,应切实做好医院预检分诊,对疑似传染病患者进行严格筛查和甄别,落实传染病"早发现、早报告、早隔离、早诊断、早治疗"的工作要求。     

公立传染病医院在突发公共卫生事件中的宣传工作实践

本文旨在通过对北京市属传染病医院在新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情期间内容生产与传播效果的分析,了解新媒体时代公立传染病医院在突发公共卫生事件中的宣传特点与传播策略,并对其宣传工作提出可行性建议.通过研究得知,与社会媒体相比,公立传染病医院在突发公共卫生事件宣传中更具有医学专业性优势.为了更好地开展突发事件宣传,公立医院应进...     

安阳市网络监测学校传染病突发事件流行特征分析

2004年1月1日我国实现了突发公共卫生事件相关信息的网络直报,极大提高了突发公共卫生事件相关信息监测的敏感性和报告的及时性,结合《国家突发公共卫生事件应急预案》[1]和《突发公共卫生事件相关信息报告管理工作规范》[2]中有关突发公共卫生事件报告分级标准的明确规定,可以较真实地反映出当前突发公共卫生事件发生的实际强度.近年国内突发公共卫生事件监测显示,学校传染病事件多发成了一个重要的公共卫生问题.为了解河南省安阳市近年学校传染病突发公共卫生事件的发生状况,为制订和调整预防控制策略提供科学依据,对安阳市网络监测学校传染病突发公共卫生事件进行流行特征分析.     

学校医院如何应对突发公共卫生事件

[目的]近年来,突发公共卫生事件、各类已知、未知的传染病及其他各类危害人类健康的事件随时可能袭来。学校人群密集,是一个易于发生突发事件和造成传染病流行的场所,学校医院如何应对突发公共卫生事件逐步成为公共卫生学新的研究方向。[方法]阐述了突发公共卫生事件与应急预警的基本特征,介绍了学校医院的条件,同时对学校医院如何应对突发公共卫生事件进行了论述。[结果]学校医院应对突发公共卫生事件是其应该承担的责任和任务,学校医院应建设成能够适应社会快速反应的医院和保健站。[结论]学校医院健全应对突发公共卫生事件的反应机制是必要的,为医院可持续发展奠定更加良好的基础。     

2005-2009年安阳市学校传染病突发公共卫生事件特征分析

目的 分析安阳市学校传染病突发公共卫生事件特征,为制定学校传染病突发公共卫生事件预防控制策略和措施提供科学依据.方法 采用描述流行病学方法,对2005-2009年全市10个县(市、区)网络直报的学校传染病突发公共卫生事件进行分析.结果 2005-2009年安阳市学校传染病突发公共卫生事件占全市传染病突发公共卫生事件总起...     

泉州市小学传染病疫情早期发现能力调查

近年来,学校公共卫生问题已逐渐成为卫生和教育部门关注的焦点。有报道表明,我国突发公共卫生事件70%发生在学校[1]。学校传染病防控是公共卫生问题中的一个重要环节,关键在于早发现。为了解泉州市学校传染病突发公共卫生事件早期发现能力现状,为建立、完善预防控制学校传染病突发公     

医院在突发公共卫生事件中的地位与对策

突发公共卫生事件是指突然发生,造成或可能造成社会公众健康严重损害的重大传染病疫情、群体性不明原因疾病、重大食物和职业中毒以及其他严重影响公众健康的事件[1].从突发公共卫生事件的定义及所包涵的内容可以看出:医院在突发公共卫生事件处置过程中占有重要地位,医院采取科学的对策十分必要.     

试论医院公共卫生管理自动化

重大传染病疫情、群体性不明原因疾病、重大食物和职业中毒等突发公共卫生事件可能造成社会公众健康的严重损害。如何及时、准确地捕捉突发公共卫生事件可能发生的早期信息,是突发公共卫生事件应急反应中最为关键的环节之一。相比疾病预防控制机构(CDC),医院更有可能最早感知疾病的流行,更便于早期观测到突发公共卫生事件的先兆。     

哈尔滨市2010-2015年学校传染病突发公共卫生事件流行病学分析

目的 探讨哈尔滨市学校传染病突发公共卫生事件发生情况及流行特征,为学校传染病突发公共卫生事件的防治工作提供有价值的参考依据.方法 收集哈尔滨市所有学校2010-2015年传染病突发公共卫生事件相关数据,运用描述流行病学方法进行分析.结果 2010-2015年哈尔滨市各类学校共报告传染病突发公共卫生事件128起,累及71260人,发病1836例,无死亡例,罹患率为2.58%.农村小学的报告事件数最多(32起),其罹患率(4.47%)显著高于城市学校的罹患率.2010-2015年学校传染病突发公共卫生事件总报告数呈现逐年下降趋势,3-6月和9-12月为发病的高峰月份,报告事件数占全年报告事件总数的45.9%和43.1%.病种以流行性腮腺炎(29起)、流行性感冒(28起)和肺结核(28起)为主,共占突发传染病事件的66.41%.结论 呼吸道传染病是学校主要的传染病突发公共卫生事件,且多发生于春季和秋冬季,以农村小学居多,相关部门应有针对性地采取防控措施和对策.     

2005-2019年六安市疫苗针对传染病突发公共卫生事件流行特征分析

目的 分析2005-2019年六安市疫苗针对传染病突发公共卫生事件流行特征,为六安市疫苗针对传染病疫情防控提供依据.方法 通过中国疾病预防控制信息系统突发公共卫生事件管理信息系统收集2005-2019年六安市疫苗针对传染病突发公共卫生事件监测资料,采用描述性流行病学方法分析疫苗针对传染病突发公共卫生事件发生时间、地区和...     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.