Cost of developmental delay from prenatal exposure to airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Early life exposure to ambient polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) can result in developmental delay. The negative health effects of PAHs have been well-documented but the cost of developmental delay due to PAH exposure has not been studied. The Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health previously has reported the significant effect of prenatal exposure to ambient PAHs on delayed mental development at three years, using the Bayley Scales in a cohort of low-income women and children in New York City (NYC). Here we have used the cohort results to estimate the annual costs of preschool special education services for low-income NYC children with developmental delay due to PAH exposure using the Environmentally Attributable Fraction method. The estimated cost of PAH-exposure-related services is over $13.7 million per year for Medicaid births in NYC. This high cost supports policies to reduce level of PAHs in NYC air.     

Cancer risk due to occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) demonstrate carcinogenic activity in animal models. Although some epidemiologic studies have implicated PAHs as risk factors for human cancer, the evidence reported to date has not been consistent. The purpose of this report is to describe the associations between occupational exposure to PAHs in the workplace and each of 14 types of cancer. A population-based, case-control study was carried out in Montreal to investigate associations between a large variety of environmental and occupational exposures on the one hand, and several types of cancer on the other. A detailed job history was obtained from each subject along with information on a number of potential confounders. Each job history was reviewed by a team of experts, who used this information to construct a corresponding history of occupational exposures. Among the PAH exposures considered were benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) and five categories of PAHs defined on the basis of the source material, namely, wood, petroleum, coal, other sources, and any source. Altogether, 3,730 cancer patients and 533 population controls were interviewed and their job exposure histories coded. For each of 14 types of cancer analyzed, three control groups were available: other cancer patients, population controls, and the pooled set of cancer and population controls. The associations between 14 cancer types and 6 PAH exposures were analyzed using logistic regression methods. For most types of cancer evaluated, there was no evidence of excess risk due to PAHs at the levels encountered in the occupations in which PAH exposure has been prevalent in the Montreal area. For a few cancer sites–the esophagus, the pancreas, and the prostate gland–there were suggestions of excess risk; these observations are noteworthy hypotheses for further investigation. For lung cancer, there appeared to be an increased risk due to PAHs among nonsmokers and light smokers, but not among heavy smokers.     

International studies of prenatal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and fetal growth

OBJECTIVES: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitously distributed human mutagens and carcinogens. However, lack of adequate air monitoring data has limited understanding of the effects of airborne PAHs on fetal growth. To address this gap in knowledge, we examined the association between prenatal exposure to airborne PAHs and birth weight, birth length, and birth head circumference, respectively, in Krakow, Poland, and New York City (NYC). METHODS: The parallel prospective cohort studies enrolled nonsmoking, healthy, and nonoccupationally exposed women and their newborns. Personal air monitoring of pregnant women was conducted over 48 hr. To control for maternal environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure, we excluded those with umbilical cord plasma cotinine concentrations > 25 ng/mL. Mean cord plasma cotinine concentrations in both ethnic groups were 相似文献   

谷胱甘肽 – S转移酶基因多态性对6月龄幼儿智力发育的判断价值

  目的  通过出生队列研究设计,探讨多环芳烃（PAHs）代谢途径关键酶基因多态性对幼儿出生后36月龄左右神经发育的影响。  方法  于2014年1 — 12月采集850名幼儿分娩时的脐带血,提取DNA,采用Sequenom MassArray系统测定PAHs代谢与解毒关键酶不同基因型;3年后利用Gesell发育诊断量表评价幼儿5个功能区神经发育情况。  结果  单因素方差分析结果显示,CYP1A1中rs2606345的次要等位基因频率纯合子AA的大运动[（109.14 ± 4.38）分]、精细运动[（111.00 ± 5.69）分]和语言[（106.29 ± 5.77）分]的发育商（DQ）得分高于CC的（104.99 ± 5.25）、（105.95 ± 5.84）、（101.73 ± 3.61）分和CA的（104.54 ± 5.55）、（105.60 ± 6.35）、（101.34 ± 4.11）分（P < 0.05）;rs4646421的次要等位基因频率纯合子（AA）适应性行为DQ得分[（109.37 ± 77.46）分]高于GG[（102.49 ± 4.10）分]和AG[（101.86 ± 3.91）分]（P < 0.05）。CYP1A2中rs2069526、rs2472304以及CYP1B1中rs10012、rs2617266、rs9341266、rs10175368均表现出与CYP1A1、CYP1A2相同趋势的表型与部分神经发育功能分区的相关性。  结论  PAHs代谢途径关键酶基因多态性可能影响3岁龄儿童神经发育,提示出生后早期PAHs暴露可能影响幼儿的神经发育。     

Evaluation of worker exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

A sampling and analytical method was selected to determine the physical and chemical nature of worker exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). It consists of filter and sorbent tube sampling followed by benzene extraction and analysis of 12 different PAHs with a gas chromatograph connected to a mass spectrometer. This method has undergone extensive field trials. Sampling temperature, inorganic and organic interferences have an effect on the results as they do on the standard gravimetric method of benzene-solubles. A combination of the gravimetric method and the particulate and gaseous concentration profile of 12 PAHs is necessary to obtain an informative evaluation of worker exposure. This approach was used to demonstrate that workers in paving and roofing operations and on some worksites in the steel and silicon carbide industries show an exposure profile that suggests minimal health risk and is largely different from the exposure of workers in aluminum refineries, refractory brick laying and most other worksites in the silicon carbide industry.     

Prenatal exposure to fine particles and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and birth outcomes: a two-pollutant approach

Background

Previous epidemiologic studies have considered the effects of individual air pollutants on birth outcomes, whereas a multiple-pollutant approach is more relevant to public health policy.

Objectives

The present study compared the observed effect sizes of prenatal fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) (a component of PM_2.5) exposures on birth outcome deficits, assessed by the single vs. two-pollutant approaches.

Methods

The study sample included 455 term infants born in Krakow to non-smoking mothers, among whom personal exposures to PM_2.5 and PAH were monitored in the second trimester of pregnancy. The exposure effect estimates (unstandardized and standardized regression coefficients) on birth outcomes were determined using multivariable linear regression models, accounting for relevant covariates.

Results

In the single-pollutant approach, each pollutant was inversely associated with all birth outcomes. The effect size of prenatal PAH exposure on birth weight and length was twice that of PM_2.5, in terms of standardized coefficients. In the two-pollutant approach, the negative effect of PM_2.5 on birth weight and length, adjusted for PAH exposure, lost its significance. The standardized effect of PAH on birth weight was 10-fold stronger (β = ?0.20, p?=?0.004) than that estimated for PM_2.5 (β = ?0.02, p?=?0.757).

Conclusion

The results provide evidence that PAH had a greater impact on several measures of fetal development, especially birth weight, than PM_2.5. Though in the single-pollutant models PM_2.5 had a significant impact on birth outcomes, this effect appears to be mediated by PAH.

     

孕期多环芳烃暴露对早产影响的研究进展

多环芳烃（PAH）是广泛存在于环境中的有毒污染物,可以通过呼吸道、消化道等多种方式进入人体。孕妇和新生儿是重要的敏感人群,相关的研究证据表明孕期PAH暴露可能是早产发生的重要原因,但具体的作用机制不是十分明确,可能与DNA损伤、氧化应激、全身炎症反应、内分泌干扰等有关。本文就孕期PAH暴露的影响因素和评价方法、孕期PAH暴露可增加早产的发生风险和可能的作用机制进行了综述。     

Environmental exposure of small children to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess the intake (by various routes of exposure) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) by children living in a Czech city, and its effect on excretion of 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) in summer and winter periods. Methods: Four groups of children (3–6 years old) were chosen: (1) two groups from a kindergarten situated in the city center with a higher traffic density (“polluted” area); (2) two groups from a kindergarten situated in a green zone of the same city (“non-polluted” area). Food consumption was recorded in all children and PAH intake from foodstuffs was estimated. Ambient air samples were collected from the playground and inside the kindergartens. Soil samples were collected too. Morning and evening urine samples were collected during sampling days. Results: In both seasons, the mean outdoor total PAH concentration (sum of 12 individual PAH) in the “polluted” area was approximately three-times higher than that in the “non-polluted” area. Indoor concentration in the “polluted” area was more than six-times higher than that in the “non-polluted” area in summer, and almost three-times higher in winter. The same trend was observed for pyrene and for the sum of carcinogenic PAH. The contribution to the total pyrene absorbed dose from food consumption was much more important than that from inhalation and from ingestion of soil dust. Significantly higher urinary concentrations of 1-OHP (evening samples) were found in children from the “polluted” kindergarten in both seasons. The number of significant relationships between 1-OHP and pyrene absorbed dose was weak. Conclusions: Food seems to be the main source of total pyrene and total PAH intake in small children, even under relatively higher air PAH exposure in the city. Estimated pyrene ingestion from soil had a negligible contribution to the total pyrene absorbed dose. Urinary 1-OHP seems to be an uncertain (non-sensitive) marker of the environmental inhalation exposure to pyrene (PAH) if the pollution of air by pyrene (PAH) is not excessive and the pyrene (PAH) dose by this route is much less than by ingestion. Usefulness of the urinary 1-OHP as an indicator of overall environmental exposure to PAH needs further investigation. Received: 18 September 2000 / Accepted: 20 February 2001     

Health risks of residential exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

A disease prevalence study and follow-up health surveillance were conducted among residents of an African-American community situated at the site of a former creosote wood-treatment facility contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Household interviews were conducted among 214 residents living around the hazardous waste site (target population) and 212 comparison residents in a neighborhood 2.4 km away from the site. Target area residents reported a higher prevalence of skin rashes than comparison residents (relative risk [RR] = 5.7; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.0, 10.9). The prevalence of reported rashes increased with increasing levels of anthracene detected in yards (test for linear trend, p = 0.02). With adjustment for environmental worry, reports of chronic bronchitis and difficulties becoming pregnant did not differ significantly between target and comparison residents (p > 0.05).     

重庆市某区小学女生多环芳烃内暴露水平及其与青春发动时相的关系

目的建立同时测定尿中4种多环芳烃(PAHs)代谢物的检测方法,研究重庆市某区女童青春发动时相提前与体内多环芳烃暴露水平的关系。方法研究对象采用目的性抽样,对重庆市某区4所小学1~4年级女生进行一般情况的问卷调查、生长发育的体格检查、并收集尿液,采用高效液相色谱-质谱联用法(HPLC-MS)对样品中4种PAHs代谢物进行定性和定量检测。结果 4种PAHs代谢物标准曲线相关性高,方法检出限为0.1 ng/mL。研究共调查女童737名,青春发动时相提前组209人,正常组528人。尿液检测结果显示4种PAHs代谢物检出率为100%,4种代谢物的检出浓度范围分别为1-羟基芘0.01~4.77 ng/mL,2-羟基萘0.15~50.00ng/mL,2-羟基芴0.06~12.59 ng/mL及9-羟基菲0.29~23.17 ng/mL。青春发动时相提前组和正常组在2-羟基芴(Z=-1.996)和9-羟基菲(Z=-3.161)暴露水平上差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),控制了肥胖因素后,青春发动时相提前组9-羟基菲(Z=-3.012)暴露水平仍高于正常组(P<0.05)。结论该方法适用于4种PAHs代谢物的同时检测,研究地区女童青春发育早期均有PAHs暴露,且PAHs暴露可能是女童青春发动时相提前的因素之一。     

Exposure evaluation to airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in an italian airport

The aim of this study was to use environmental monitoring to evaluate occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and biphenyl in an Italian airport. Air was sampled using a quartz fiber filter, a polyurethane foam, and an XAD-2 layer. After extraction with dichloromethane, concentration and purification analyses of 25 PAHs (including biphenyl) were carried out by gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry. In winter 2005, 12 air samples were taken at 120 L/min for 24 hours in three different areas of the airport. PAH levels were found to be generally low. In all investigated areas, the higher levels refer to naphthalene (130-13,050 ng/m), 2-methylnaphthalene (64-28,500 ng/m), 1-methylnaphtalene (24-35,300 ng/m), and biphenyl (24-1610 ng/m). However, in some instances, for compounds such as benzo[b+j+k]fluoranthene and benzo[a]pyrene, two high-boiling PAHs, the levels found (54.2 ng/ m and 8.6 ng/m, respectively) can be considered of some concern.     

天津市大气细颗粒物中多环芳烃人群健康风险评估

目的检测天津市冬季大气细颗粒物中多环芳烃的污染水平并对城乡人群进行健康风险评估。方法采用大气中流量采样器在天津城区和农村地区分别采集PM_(2.5)样品,用称重法和气相色谱质谱联用法分别检测PM_(2.5)的质量浓度和16种多环芳烃的浓度,并对其人群健康风险进行评估,进一步比较不同地区人群的健康风险。结果天津市城区PM_(2.5)中多环芳烃总浓度为180.93 ng/m3,总毒性等效浓度为16.583 ng/m~3;农村PM_(2.5)中多环芳烃总浓度为1 510.47 ng/m~3,总毒性等效浓度为81.027 ng/m~3。城区和农村大气PM_(2.5)中多环芳烃污染所致成人和儿童非致癌风险均较低,致癌风险农村地区(2.2×10-5)高于城区(4.6×10~(-6)),农村地区致癌风险成人(2.2×10~(-5))高于儿童(1.0×10~(-5))。结论天津市农村地区大气PM_(2.5)中多环芳污染较为严重,但致癌和非致癌风险均处于可接受水平。     

徐州市大气细颗粒物中多环芳烃人群健康风险评估

目的 调查徐州市大气颗粒物中的细颗粒物(PM2.5)中多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染水平并对人群进行健康风险评估。方法 采用大气中流量采样器在徐州市泉山区采集PM2.5样品,用液相色谱法定量分析2016年徐州市PM2.5中16种PAHs的质量浓度,并对人群健康风险进行评估。结果 2016年徐州市大气PM2.5中PAHs月平均总质量浓度(∑16PAHs)范围为0.85～94.8 ng/m3,16种致癌性PAHs的等效致癌浓度(BEQ)范围为0.00011～6.81 ng/m3;儿童、成年男性、成年女性PAHs的致癌超额危险度年平均值分别为1.10×10-6、1.67×10-6、1.59×10-6。结论 徐州市区大气PM2.5中多环芳烃污染较为严重,但致癌风险处于可接受水平。     

Biomarkers of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from environmental air pollution

Metabolites of pyrene and DNA adducts have been used as biomarkers of high level exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). A systematic review was performed to evaluate whether these biomarkers are also valid markers of low level environmental exposure to PAHs. Thirty five studies were identified with more than 10 subjects that evaluated environmental air pollution to PAHs in relation to metabolites of PAHs, mainly hydroxypyrene (1-OHP), PAH-DNA adducts, or protein adducts. PAH metabolites and, to a less extent, PAH-DNA adducts correlated well at the group level with exposure to B(a)P even at low levels of air pollution. The use of these biomarkers should be more widely implemented in combination with more traditional techniques for the assessment of general population exposure to PAHs from ambient air pollution.     

Biological monitoring and biochemical effect monitoring of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous carcinogenic substances to which man is exposed in the environment and at certain workplaces. Estimation of the resulting health risk is therefore of great occupational-medical and environmental-medical importance. Determination of the DNA and protein adducts of PAHs is the most suitable way of estimating this risk. The analytical methods used thus far, above all, ³²P postlabeling, immunoassays, and synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy, are, however, too nonspecific; therefore, the results lack accuracy and are not comparable with one another. Only the use of very specific methods of instrumental analysis [above all, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chro- matography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS)] can counteract this deficit. However, these methods can successfully be used mainly to determine the protein adducts of PAHs. Hemoglobin adducts, for example, do not have repair mechanisms like DNA adducts. They therefore occur in higher concentrations and can thus be analytically detected more easily. At present, mainly the monohydroxylated metabolites of PAHs are being determined in urine with great success. Using specific enrichment methods and HPLC with fluorescence detection it is even possible today to determine the internal PAH exposure of the general population. The detection limits lie in the lower nanogram-per-liter range. In view of the importance of this group of substances, determination of PAH adducts and the detection of their metabolites in urine will remain at the center of future occupational-medical and environmental-medical/toxicological research. In general, the lack of reference substances must be lamented. Received: 21 May 1997 / Accepted: 17 July 1997     

Desorption resistance of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and duration of exposure

The desorption-resistant fraction of laboratory-spiked phenanthrene in two Louisiana (USA) sediments was not observed to be significantly different, but the two sediments exhibited different condensed-phase organic carbon contents, as defined operationally by the organic carbon remaining after combustion of the sediment at 375 degrees C. Only 3% of the original saturated phenanthrene in the sediments was not readily removed by exposure to a nonpolar polymeric resin and sorbent XAD-2. Allowing the laboratory-spiked contaminants to age for periods of up to three years yielded little difference in the desorption-resistant characteristics of the sediments. Field-contaminated sediments from Utica Harbor (Utica, NY, U.S.A.) and Rouge River (Detroit, MI, USA) that had a lengthy (decades to a century) period of contamination, however, exhibited significantly different desorption-resistant contaminant fractions, consistent with the fractions of condensed-phase organic carbon in the sediments. Measurements of the fraction that could be rapidly desorbed using the XAD-2 sorbent also accounted for essentially all desorption to pore water and, thus, provided a good prediction of effective bulk partition coefficients. It was concluded that the condensed-phase organic carbon was a good indicator of the potential for desorption resistance in field-contaminated sediments and that the rapidly desorbing fraction provided a quantitative indicator of its significance.