重型颅脑损伤的呼吸道护理

为了保持重型颅脑损伤病人的呼吸道通畅,采用吸氧,适时吸痰,气管插管及气管切开,使呼吸道湿化等系统护理方法,为进一步救治创造了有利条件,提高了抢救成功率。     

床旁纤维支气管镜技术在严重创伤急救中的应用

目的探讨床边急诊纤维支气管镜（纤支镜）技术在严重创伤患者急救中的应用及护理。方法对本院收住的23例严重多发伤患者急救中（操作共为29例次）,进行纤支镜引导下经鼻气管插管和经纤支镜气道吸痰及肺泡灌洗,笔者分别予以术前的准备,术中配合及严密的监护。结果在对13例严重多发伤患者行经鼻气管插管术中,除1例因烦躁自行拔管予以二次重插,其余均1次成功;对16例并发肺部感染的患者行肺泡灌洗气道排痰,术后血氧饱和度及氧分压明显升高,拍片及CT示肺基本复张。结论床边急诊纤支镜技术是治疗严重创伤不可缺少的手段,充分做好操作前准备及术中的配合和护理是保证其成功的基础。     

支气管镜吸痰灌洗治疗颈脊髓损伤并发呼吸道梗阻

目的讨论纤维支气管镜吸痰灌洗对颈脊髓损伤患者合并呼吸道梗阻的疗效。方法对28例（32例次）颈脊髓损伤合并呼吸道梗阻患者使用纤维支气管镜吸痰和灌洗治疗。结果所有患者于治疗后呼吸困难均有明显改善,监测血氧饱和度（SaO2）及动脉血氧分压（PaO2）明显回升,术后根据痰培养药敏试验结果予以抗生素治疗,痰量明显减少,肺部感染控制满意。结论对颈脊髓损伤合并呼吸道梗阻的患者行纤维支气管镜吸痰及灌洗术,指导抗生素的选择应用,有较明显的治疗效果,且安全、便捷,为解决颈脊髓损伤患者并发的呼吸道问题提供了一个较好的治疗方法。     

几种有创方法用于胸外科术后呼吸道清洁的比较分析

目的 探讨几种有创方法用于术后进行呼吸道清洁的指征并比较其治疗效果.方法 回顾性分析2002年1月至2006年12月曾接受纤维支气管镜(简称纤支镜)吸痰、环甲膜穿刺置管、气管插管或气管切开的112例患者的临床资料.其中男性95例,女性17例;年龄14～81岁,平均年龄(65.2±11.1)岁.观察PaO2SpO2和肺不张的改善情况,并比较不同有创方式进行呼吸道清洁的治疗效果.结果 纤支镜吸痰组有效率40.0%(24/60),其中36例患者还需多次纤支镜吸痰或进一步的有创方式吸痰.气管插管组有效率31.2%(15/48),有11例患者还需环甲膜穿刺、22例患者需气管切开吸痰.气管插管组和纤支镜吸痰组的术后介入时间和疗效持续时间低于经环甲膜穿刺和气管切开组.结论 全面分析患者的病情有助于合理选择有效的有创呼吸道清洁方式.经气管插管和纤支镜吸痰在短期缓解患者症状方面有一定的作用,可作为胸外科术后有创方式吸痰的首选.     

小儿气管异物取出术的围术期护理体会

目的总结小儿气管异物取出术的围术期护理体会。方法对31例气管异物患儿实施支气管镜异物取出术时,及时完成术前准备,术中配合并加强术后严密观察病情、保持呼吸道通畅、并发症的预防、出院宣教等护理措施。结果本组31例患儿均成功取出支气管异物。术后出现2例喉头水肿或痉挛,均经对症处理后缓解,未发生气胸及其他并发症,均痊愈出院。结论小儿气管支气管异物取出术期间,实施全面、规范护理干预,可提高手术成功率,降低并发症发生率。     

重症肺炎患儿肺泡灌洗术后高频振动与叩背排痰效果比较

目的探讨不同排痰方法对纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗术后重症肺炎机械通气治疗患儿的应用效果。方法将PICU 80例重症肺炎机械通气患儿按收入时间分为观察组和对照组,对照组40例在纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗术后行人工叩背排痰辅助清理呼吸道,观察组40例在纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗术后应用高频振动排痰进行辅助清理呼吸道护理。结果两组首次排痰护理10min及吸痰后15min的生命体征比较,差异无统计学意义(均P0.05);首次吸痰后15min血气分析检查氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2)、动脉血气血氧饱和度及干预后72h的护理效果显著优于对照组,机械通气时间显著短于对照组(P0.05,P0.01)。结论机械通气重症肺炎患儿行纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗术后应用高频振动排痰行辅助清理呼吸道的护理效果优于人工叩背,能够有效地改善患儿呼吸功能,提高护理效果,缩短机械通气时间。     

静吸复合麻醉用于小儿气管异物取出术

小儿支气管异物是小儿耳鼻喉科最常见的急症,需行支气管镜检查下取出异物.小儿气管异物可导致不同程度的呼吸困难及缺氧,直达喉镜检查对咽喉及气道的刺激可引起剧烈的应激,因而气管异物取出术麻醉比较特殊,危险性高,麻醉的效果及安全性对手术的顺利完成及患儿安全具有重要意义.现将静吸复合麻醉用于30例小儿气管异物取出术的麻醉体会总结报道如下.     

多发肋骨骨折后肺不张31例治疗分析

外伤性多发性肋骨骨折可引起严重并发症，如血气胸、肺不张等，而肺不张在胸外科处理极为棘手。本文将2000年至2006年本院因多发肋骨骨折后肺不张由外科转至ICU的病人31例，分别行一般治疗（吸痰或气管插管机械通气）及一般治疗上加纤支镜下吸痰术治疗，探讨两组治疗效果。     

两种不同吸痰管对气管切开患者的临床比较

重度颅脑损伤是神经外科常见的急症,患者病情重、危、急,变化快,大多神志昏迷,确保患者呼吸道通畅是一项很重要的护理措施.为了保持呼吸道通畅,通常及早采取器官切开术.气管切开可以防止或迅速解除呼吸道梗阻,减少呼吸道解剖死腔的50%,增加有效通气量,也便于吸痰、使用机械通气、器官内滴药等[1],大大提高了抢救成功率.器官内吸痰对于器官切开患者而言是一项很常见且极其重要的护理操作,还成为排除人工气道患者分泌物的有效方法.在吸痰过程中,对吸痰管的选择也很重要.通过对2006年至2008年不同方式气管切开患者采用两种不同吸痰管实施气管内吸痰的观察,比较其优缺点并指导临床护理实践,取得很好效果,现报告如下.     

依托咪酯复合雷米芬太尼在小儿支气管镜检术中的应用

小儿气管、支气管异物因异物堵塞、气管粘膜水肿及小气道痉挛等常致不同程度的缺氧、呼吸困难,若异物堵塞总气管可危及生命,需要紧急施行支气管镜检取出气管或支气管异物.我院自2003年3月至2004年10月,应用依托咪酯乳剂（福尔利）复合雷米芬太尼静脉全麻,在小儿支气管镜下行异物取出术22例,取得满意的临床效果,现报道如下.     

2015年乳腺癌辅助化疗进展

【摘要】〓乳腺癌是危害我国女性健康的头号杀手,尽管近年来辅助化疗的研究进展突飞猛进,但临床中仍有不少问题未能明确,如辅助化疗的合适人群、化疗的开始时间、蒽环及紫杉类的地位和用法、强化维持治疗的作用、疗效及预后的生物标志物等。本文结合乳腺癌辅助化疗在临床上的常见问题和2015年各大乳腺癌会议阐述乳腺癌辅助化疗的最新进展。     

Alterations in T-Cell Subset Frequency in Peripheral Blood in Obesity

Background: Obesity affects the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. This study characterizes differences in peripheral blood lymphocyte phenotype in obese humans. Methods: Frequencies of lymphocyte subsets among peripheral blood mononuclear cells were compared between 10 obese (BMI ≥35) and 10 lean subjects, as determined by antibodies directed against cluster differentiation (CD) markers. Results: Obese patients demonstrated an increased frequency of CD3+CD4+ T-cells (mean difference 12%, P=0.004), a decreased frequency of CD3+CD8+ T-cells (mean difference 9.4%, P=0.016) and an increased frequency of CD3+CD8+CD95+ T-cells (mean difference 13.3%, P=0.032). No other differences among T-cell or monocyte subsets were noted. Conclusions: Obesity is associated with alterations in frequencies of peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells and aberrations in the expression of CD95 among CD8+ T-cells. These data suggest both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell compartments, as well as the regulation of CD95 expression on CD8+ T-cells, as targets for further study into obesity's effects on the immune system.     

西宁地区烧伤病人动脉血气分析观察

对高海拔地区的27例烧伤病人动脉血气变化进行了分析和观察。结果证明:无论是存活病人还是死亡病人伤后均存在有低氧血症问题。并且在死亡病人和烧伤合并吸入性损伤病人其低氧血症的发生早于单纯烧伤病人。提示:吸入性损伤病人应立即行气管切开术以保障氧气供给,单纯烧伤病人可常规吸氧以维持正常血 PaO_2,ARDS 均发生在合并吸入性损伤的病人,高频喷射通气技术对纠正低氧血症有一定效果。     

Controversies in Fistula in Ano

Managing a complex fistula in ano can be a daunting task for most surgeons; largely due to the two major dreaded complications—recurrence & fecal incontinence. It is important to understand the anatomy of the anal sphincters & the aetiopathological process of the disease to provide better patient care. There are quite a few controversies associated with fistula in ano & its management, which compound the difficulty in treating fistula in ano. This article attempts to clear some of those major controversies.     

β-半乳糖苷酶在体内外成骨细胞中的表达

目的 研究β—半乳糖苷酶(β—gal)在成骨细胞中的表达状况，为阐明MorquioB综合征的发病机制提供依据。方法 裸鼠各器官和骨组织标本行X-gal染色检测。抽取羊和人骨髓行骨髓基质细胞(BMSCs)培养，分为4组：I：Adv-hBMP-2转染组；Ⅱ：Adv—β—gal转染组；Ⅲ：未转染组；Ⅳ：地塞米松诱导组。分别行X-gal染色和RT-PCR检测β—gal的表达。结果 裸鼠骺板两侧、骨膜内面及松质骨的成骨细胞和破骨细胞可见多量β—gal的表达。未转染BMSCs组有少量β—gal的表达，其他3组细胞的β—gal表达增高。结论成骨细胞和破骨细胞可表达多量β—gal，该两种细胞的β—gal缺乏可能是MorquioB综合征骨骼异常的直接原因。     

Smoking-Attributable mortality in Spain in 2016

IntroductionSmoking-attributable mortality (SAM) is a valuable indicator that can be used to characterize the course and health burden of the smoking epidemic. The aim of this paper was to estimate SAM in Spain in 2016 in the population aged 35 and over, using the best available evidence.MethodsA smoking prevalence-dependent analysis based on the estimation of population-attributable fractions was performed. Smoking prevalence (never, former, and current smokers) was calculated from a combination of the Spanish Health Survey (2016) and the European Health Survey (2014); the relative risk of death among current and former smokers was taken from the follow-up of various cohorts; and mortality rates were obtained from National Center for Statistics data. SAM estimates are presented globally, and by sex, age groups, and major disease categories: cancer, cardiometabolic diseases and respiratory diseases.ResultsIn 2016, 56,124 deaths were attributed to tobacco consumption, 84% in men (47,000), and 50% in the population aged over 74 (27,795). Overall, 50% of SAM was due to cancer (28,281), 65% of which was lung cancer. One in 4 attributable deaths (13,849) occurred before the age of 65.ConclusionsOne in 7 deaths in Spain in 2016 were attributable to smoking. This estimation of SAM clearly highlights the great impact of smoking on mortality in Spain, mainly due to lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.     

MicroRNAs in hepatic pathophysiology in diabetes

MicroRNAs(miRNAs or miRs) are small approximately 22 nucleotide RNA species that are believed to regulate diverse metabolic and physiological processes.In the recent past,several reports have surfaced that demonstrate the role of miRNAs in various biological processes and numerous disease states.For a disease as complex as diabetes,the emergence of miRNAs as key regulators leading to the disease phenotype has added a novel dimension to the area of diabetes research.On the other hand,the liver,a metabolic hub,contributes in a major way towards maintaining normal glucose levels in the body as it can both stimulate and inhibit hepatic glucose output.This equilibrium is frequently disturbed in diabetes and hence,the liver assumes special significance considering the correlation between altered hepatic physiology and diabetes.While the understanding of the mechanisms behind this altered hepatic behavior is not yet completely understood,recent reports on the status and role of miRNAs in the diabetic liver have further added to the complexities of the knowledge of hepatic pathophysiology in diabetes.Here,we bring together the various miRNAs that play a role in the altered hepatic behavior during diabetes.     

Fluid-phase transcytosis in the primate epididymis in vitro and in vivo

Ligated tubules from the corpus epididymidis of men and monkeys were incubated in medium containing horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a marker for fluid-phase endocytosis. HRP was localized by light and electron microscopy after 0, 15, 30 and 60 min of incubation. Movement between the cells was prevented by tight junctions, but bypass of this barrier was apparently achieved by an intracellular vesicular mechanism leading to a time-dependent appearance of HRP in the lumen. Uptake of HRP into basal cells and capture by the lysosomal apparatus of principal cells were also observed. HRP-filled vesicles also appeared in the basal, mid and apical cytoplasm of epithelial cells in the caput 1 h after injection of the tracer into the epididymal circulation of the monkey, suggesting that this pathway also operates in vivo.