大转子后半截骨在髋臼骨折手术显露中的应用

目的 探讨大转子后半截骨在涉及臼顶后上部的髋臼骨折手术显露中的作用.方法 2000年1月至2008年1月收治32例涉及臼顶后上部的髋臼骨折患者,其中28例获得随访,男16例,女12例;平均年龄39.9岁(16～73)岁;新鲜骨折19例,陈旧性骨折9例.所有患者均采用大转子后半截骨入路进行显露,采用髋臼三维记忆内固定系统固定髋臼骨折及大转子截骨块.结果 28例患者术后获平均48.9个月(19～95个月)随访.根据Matta标准:解剖复位17例,满意复位10例,不满意复位1例.所有髋臼骨折均一期愈合,未出现骨折移位.所有截骨块均获骨性愈合,平均愈合时间为14周.无骨不连、截骨块近端移位、内固定松动、断裂及深部感染等并发症发生.其中1例患者髂腹股沟切口发生浅表感染,经定期换药后切口二期愈合;2例患者骨折愈合后出现内固定刺激征,术后6个月取出大转子部位内固定.外展肌力根据美国医学研究委员会分级系统评定:4级3例,3级1例,其余患者肌力末受明显影响.采用d'Aubigne & Postel 临床分级标准评定髋关节功能:优10例,良15例,可2例,差1例,优良率为89.3%.结论 大转子后半截骨入路能够提供可靠的臼顶后上部显露,可以满足髋臼骨折的复位要求.

Abstract：

Objective To explore whether posterior trochanteric osteotomy can provide adequate exposure to facilitate surgery for acetabular fractures.Methods From January 2000 to January 2008, 32 cases of acetabular fracture involving the acetabular dome underwent posterior trochanteric osteotomy for a better exposure to facilitate internal fixation with acetabular tridimensional memory fixation system(ATMFS).Of the 32 cases, 28 were followed up.They were 16 men and 12 women, with a mean age of 39.9 years (16 to 73) .There were 19 fresh fractures and 9 old ones.Results Twenty-eight cases were followed up for an average of 48.9( 19 to 95) months .According to Matta criteria, anatomical reduction was achieved in 17 cases, satisfactory reduction in 10 cases, and unsatisfactory reduction in one old fracture.All the fractures got direct bony union with no displacement or deep infection.All the osteotomy fragments healed within 14 weeks without any nonunion, proximal migration, loosening or breakage of hardware or deep infection.Superficial infection occurred in one patient but healed after regular dressing.Two patients had to sustain removal of the implants from greater trochanter because of irritation.According to the Medical Research Council (MRC) grading system, the strength of the abductors was of Grade 4 in 3 patients, of Grade 3 in one patient and normal in the rest.By the modified d'Aubigne & Postel scoring system, the excellent to good rate was 89.3%.Conclusion Posterior trochanteric osteotomy can provide an adequate exposure of the acetabular dome without such complications as nonunion, proximal replacement or weakness of the abductors which often occur after the conventional oblique osteotomy.     

The use of trochanteric slide osteotomy in the treatment of displaced acetabular fractures

From January 2003 and February 2006, 31 displaced acetabular fractures were treated by open reduction and internal fixation. The fractures were managed using a single approach, involving a straight lateral incision centered over the greater trochanter, trochanteric osteotomy and dislocation of the femoral head. The mean age of the patients was 48 (range 20-74 years) with a mean follow up 24 months (range from 20 to 42 months). Ten fractures were classified as simple, and 21 as complex fractures. The mean time to surgery was 4.5 days (range from 0 to 14 days). Mean operating time was 118 min (range 52-168). Five patients presented with posterior dislocation of the hip joint at the time of initial presentation. The trochanteric fragment was fixed with three 3.5mm cortical screws. Congruent reduction was achieved in all patients and all osteotomies healed within 5 months. Clinical evaluation was based on the modified Merle d'Aubigne and Postel scoring. Motor strength of abduction was evaluated according to the Medical Research Council grading. Clinical scoring was excellent to good in 24%. The strength of the abductors was grade 0/5 in a patient with Brooker's class IV heterotopic ossification, and 3/5 in the two patients with necrosis of the femoral head. There were five patients with grade 4/5 and the 5/5 in the rest. Complications included two segmental femoral head necrosis, one of them combined with necrosis of the weight bearing acetabular dome area. These patients required total hip replacement. Mild heterotopic ossification grade II was seen in one patient and significant (grade IV), in another patient. Two patients developed superficial wound infection over the trochanteric area and another two patients persistent pain due to irritation caused by the screws. One patient developed peroneal nerve palsy which resolved 3 months after the surgery. The trochanteric slide osteotomy can enhance the exposure of the whole acetabulum and the femoral head. This allows better evaluation of any osteochondral lesions, intra-articular bony fragments and fracture steps, providing a more accurate reduction and easier fixation of the acetabular fracture.     

The role of trochanteric flip osteotomy in fixation of certain acetabular fractures

Purpose: Complete visualization of certain acetabular fractures of posterior wall or column with cranial extension involving superior dome from standard surgical exposures is a challenge. Osteotomy of the greater trochanter has been used to enhance fracture visualization, especially the dome, in posterior and lateral exposures of the acetabulum. It also decreases the need for excessive muscle retraction. The purpose of the study was to investigate the outcome associated with trochanteric flip osteotomy in the management of certain acetabulum fractures. Methods: From January 2011 to December 2013, 25 displaced acetabular fractures were treated by open reduction and internal fixation. The fractures were managed using a KochereLangenbeck approach along with trochanteric flip osteotomy. At 3rd, 6th and 24th month follow-up, all patients had radiographic examination and underwent a final clinical evaluation based on the modified Merle d''Aubigne and Postel score. The strength of the abductors was assessed according to the Medical Research Council (MRC) grading system. Results: Congruent reduction was achieved in all patients and all osteotomies healed within an average period of 3.8 months. All our patients were allowed full weight bearing at the end of 3 months and with no abductor lurch at the end of 6 months follow-up. There were no cases of avascular necrosis of femoral head. None of the patients had any neurovascular complication or infection by the end of the follow-up period. Conclusion: Trochanteric flip osteotomy is a very effective technique to fix certain acetabular fractures especially those with dome involvement. It is more accurate and associated with no significant complications compared with conventional way.     

Digastric trochanteric flip osteotomy and surgical dislocation of hip in the management of acetabular fractures

Objectives

To assess the efficacy and safety of digastric trochanteric flip osteotomy technique in the management of acetabular fractures and to evaluate surgical outcome in terms of fracture reduction, femoral head viability of selected acetabular fractures treated operatively using a digastric trochanteric flip osteotomy and a modified Kocher–Langenbeck approach with surgical dislocation of the femoral head.

Design

Prospective.

Patients

Eighteen patients predominantly with combined transverse and posterior wall fractures or multifragmentary posterior wall fractures.

Outcome evaluation

Clinical and radiographic analysis after a minimum 18 months follow-up.

Methods

A single modified approach involving digastric trochanteric flip osteotomy and a modified Kocher–Langenbeck approach with anterior (n = 14) or posterior (n = 4) surgical dislocation of the femoral head, was done for one or more of following reasons: intra-articular assessment of reduction in fractures with comminution, marginal impaction and involvement of the anterior column, removal of intra-articular fragments, and confirmation of extra-articular screw placement.

Results

At a mean follow-up of 26 months (18–40 months), the 17 patients presented with a good to excellent clinical result according to the d’Aubigné score. In all subjects, anatomical reduction was achieved during surgery. The osteotomy site healed at an average of 7 weeks and all the patients recovered abductor strength at 12 weeks. One avascular necrosis occurred in a case of posterior column plus wall fracture (who presented to us after 3 weeks). No heterotopic ossification interfering with hip function was found.

Conclusion

This technique gives good exposure (especially in posterior wall, dome area, posterior fracture-dislocation with intra-articular fragments/femoral head fractures and T-fractures), preservation of abductor strength (which may be lost with excessive retraction of abductors to see dome area in classical posterior approach), reliable healing of osteotomy (in contrast to conventional trochanteric osteotomy) without risking the vascularity of femoral head.     

Modified sliding trochanteric osteotomy in revision total hip arthroplasty

Traditional trochanteric sliding osteotomy preserves the lateral aspect of the greater trochanter, the abductors, and vastus lateralis in continuity. Our modification uses a lateral approach to the hip and osteotomy immediately anterior to the insertion of the posterior capsule and external rotators onto the greater trochanter. The osteotomy and attached abductors and vastus lateralis are translated anteriorly, leaving the posterior capsule and external rotators attached to the proximal femur. This surgical approach preserves the posterior soft-tissue stabilizing structures that resist posterior dislocation of the hip. In a retrospective review of 2 consecutive 2-year series of acetabular component revisions only between 1997 and 2001, 4 of 27 acetabular revisions using a traditional trochanteric slide subsequently dislocated; only 1 of 30 subsequent cases using a modified sliding trochanteric osteotomy dislocated. Modified sliding trochanteric osteotomy facilitated surgical exposure and produced a trend toward a lower dislocation rate that did not reach statistical significance with the small numbers of patients available.     

大转子后半截骨术在累及臼顶的髋臼骨折中的应用

目的：介绍一种新的大转子截骨方法,并评估后外侧入路联合该方法治疗累及髋臼顶部骨折的治疗效果。方法：2008年3月至2010年11月,采用髋关节后外侧入路联合大转子后半截骨治疗累及臼顶的髋臼骨折30例,其中男21例,女9例;年龄18—70岁,平均35．2岁。按照Letournel—Judet分型：后壁骨折10例,后柱骨折7例,横形骨折5例,T形骨折2例,横形伴后壁骨折1例,后柱伴后壁骨折3例,双柱骨折2例。根据Matta标准评估复位结果,改良的Merled＇Aubigne—Postel评分标准评定髋关节功能及美国医学研究委员会标准评定标准评估外展肌力。结果：所有患者获得随访,时间18—40个月,平均25个月。所有截骨获骨性愈合,平均愈合时间为8．4周（6-12周）。无骨不连、截骨块近端移位、内固定松动、断裂及深部感染等并发症发生。根据Matta标准：解剖复位17例,满意复位12例,不满意1例。末次随访时髋关节功能结果优11例,良15例,可3例,差1例。外展肌力4级3例,5级27例。结论：大转子后半截骨术可以增加臼顶部手术视野,有效提高股骨头与髋臼的解剖对应率,降低复位和固定难度,并发症少,为累及髋臼顸的骨折治疗提供了新思路。     

Trochanteric Slide Osteotomy on Previously Osteotomized Greater Trochanters

The sliding trochanteric osteotomy is a useful and safe technique facilitating exposure of the hip in a complex arthroplasty. The modified sliding trochanteric osteotomy preserves the posterior capsule and short external rotators, allows anterior dislocation of the hip, and is associated with a lower dislocation rate. With the increased incidence of failed THAs and need for revision, there is an increased need for better exposure of challenging hips. Therefore, trochanteric osteotomies in hips that previously had osteotomies are not uncommon and likely will become frequent in the future. We evaluated use of the modified trochanteric slide osteotomy on greater trochanters that previously had osteotomies and were healed. We reviewed 38 patients with repeated osteotomies and 38 matched control patients with osteotomies on greater trochanters that did not have previous osteotomies. The minimum followup was 13 months (mean, 37 months; range, 13–73 months). Thirty-three osteotomies (87%) healed with bony union, four (11%) had fibrous union, and one (3%) had nonunion. Two (5%) patients had a new onset abductor lurch develop. Two (5%) patients had persistent trochanteric pain and two (5%) had dislocations. The bony union, fibrous union, and nonunion rates, and the abductor lurch, persistent trochanteric pain, and dislocation rates, were similar to those of the control patients. Repeated osteotomy on a previously healed greater trochanter osteotomy is a reliable procedure with similar clinical outcome and complication rates as a primary osteotomy.     

Modified Trochanteric Slide for Complex Hip Arthroplasty : Clinical Outcomes and Complication Rates

The sliding trochanteric osteotomy preserves vastus lateralis continuity with the osteotomized greater trochanter (GT) and the abductors. The modified trochanteric sliding osteotomy (MTSO) also preserves the posterior capsule and external rotators to reduce the risk of dislocations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate our clinical and radiographic results of the MTSO exposure. Eighty-three MTSOs were reviewed. Follow-up range was 12 to 126 months. Seventy osteotomies (84.4%) healed with bony union, 9 (10.8%) had fibrous union, and 4 (4.8%) had nonunion. There was no correlation between the width of the osteotomy, intraoperative fragmentation of the GT, or the type of femoral component and the rate of union. Six (7.2%) patients developed a new abductor lurch. Patients with union of the GT had 2.8% of a lurch, and patients with either fibrous union or nonunion had a 30.7% of a lurch (P < .05). There were 4 (4.8%) postoperative dislocations. The benefits of MTSO have been well described, and this study provides evidence of an acceptably low complication rate.     

Combined vertical and horizontal cable fixation of an extended trochanteric osteotomy site

BACKGROUND: The use of an extended trochanteric osteotomy facilitates exposure and aids in the removal of a well-fixed femoral implant and cement during revision total hip arthroplasty. Occasionally, nonunion, fracture, and trochanteric migration have been reported following osteotomy. We evaluated the rate of healing of the osteotomy site and of implant stability when fixation was accomplished with use of vertical trochanteric and horizontal metaphyseal cable fixation (combined cable fixation). METHODS: The clinical and radiographic results of revision total hip arthroplasty with use of an extended trochanteric osteotomy followed by implantation of a distally porous-coated component and combined cable fixation of the osteotomy site in forty-two consecutive patients (forty-three hips) were reviewed. Intraoperative fracture at the osteotomy site occurred in five hips (12%). RESULTS: All osteotomy sites healed by six months, with an average time to union of fifteen weeks. One implant subsided 5 mm in a patient in whom a fracture had occurred at the time of the osteotomy. No trochanteric migration occurred. Two patients required a reoperation: one because of instability, and another because of recurrent infection. CONCLUSIONS: The extended trochanteric osteotomy facilitates revision of a well-fixed femoral component. Despite occasional intraoperative fracture at the osteotomy site, combined vertical trochanteric and horizontal metaphyseal cable fixation resulted in an excellent rate of healing and implant stability.     

The value of trochanteric displacement in a varus producing intertrochanteric osteotomy

Surgical Principles In order to maintain or increase the abductor lever arm during a varus producing intertrochanteric osteotomy, distal displacement of the greater trochanter is often needed. Without displacing the trochanter, a significant weakness of the abductors would occur [4, 5]. With greater trochanter osteotomy, access to the hip joint is improved, permitting better visualization of the upper part of the femoral head and the roof of the acetabulum (ie, for a simultaneous shelf procedure). When a flexion component is added to the osteotomy, the trochanteric osteotomy increases the range of correction in the sagittal plane and reduces mechanical pressure on the anterosuperior surface of the femoral head [3]. The aim of an isolated greater trochanteric osteotomy is to advance distally and to lateralize the abductors. To achieve fixation, the preserved soft tissue layer, screws, or a tension wire cerclage are used [4–6, 10]. The indication of a trochanteric osteotomy combined with an intertrochanteric osteotomy has increased [1, 4, 10, 11]. The technique described in detail below is part of a varus osteotomy performed as previously described by M. E. Müller [7, 8, 10] and relies on the use of AO osteotomy plates [9]. Revised Version from: Operat. Orthop. Traumatol. 1 (1989), 211–218 (German Edition).     

Muscle strength following total hip arthroplasty: A comparison of trochanteric osteotomy and the direct lateral approach

Twenty-seven patients who had hip arthroplasty operated on with trochanteric osteotomy were compared with 54 patients when the direct lateral approach was used. The strength of the hip abductors, adductors, extensors, and flexors were measured at least 2 years following surgery. The strength of these muscle groups recovered to the same level as those on the nonoperated side, and there was no significant difference between the two groups of patients. Functionally, the direct lateral approach is a safe alternative to trochanteric osteotomy.     

Triplanar trochanteric osteotomy: a modified anterior trochanteric slide osteotomy

Current methods of trochanteric sliding osteotomy typically preserve the lateral aspect of the greater trochanter, the vastus lateralis, the abductors, posterior capsule, and the external rotators. Our modification to this technique includes leaving an anterior vertical ridge of bone that resists the anterior-directed forces acting on the osteotomy. Furthermore, a chevron-shaped osteotomy provides some additional stabilization to the proximally directed pull of the abductors. We believe these modifications improve the intrinsic stability of the osteotomy, theoretically decreasing the rate of nonunion.     

Vastus-psoas release for acetabular exposure in revision hip surgery

A technique is presented for wide exposure of the acetabulum for revision total hip arthroplasty surgery in the presence of a solidly fixed, modular, or monoblock femoral component without the need for trochanteric osteotomy. The technique involves release of the proximal portion of the vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, and vastus medialis muscles and the iliopsoas tendon from the femur and placement of the femoral head/neck posterior to the acetabulum. The exposure afforded by this release usually precludes the need for trochanteric osteotomy and/or removal of a well-fixed femoral component in revision surgery that is being done for isolated loosening of acetabular components, thereby decreasing operative time, morbidity, and the risks of complication of trochanteric osteotomy.     

Dome osteotomy of the pelvis using a modified trochanteric osteotomy for acetabular dysplasia

Purpose  

Kawamura described his dome osteotomy of the pelvis using a standard trochanteric osteotomy. Here we present results of our modification of Kawamura's dome osteotomy using a modified trochanteric osteotomy.     

Extended trochanteric osteotomy in complex primary total hip arthroplasty. A brief note

BACKGROUND: The extended trochanteric osteotomy has been a useful approach for patients undergoing revision total hip arthroplasty; however, it has not been well described as an approach for those undergoing complex primary total hip arthroplasty. The purpose of the present report is to describe our experience with the use of an extended trochanteric osteotomy for patients undergoing complex primary total hip arthroplasty. METHODS: Six patients underwent primary total hip arthroplasty with use of an extended trochanteric osteotomy. The reasons for the use of this technique included severe femoral deformity, removal of intraosseous hardware, and high-riding developmental hip dysplasia. A fully porous-coated femoral component with diaphyseal fixation was used for all reconstructions. The mean age of the patients at the time of surgery was fifty-six years. Clinical and radiographic evaluation was performed at a minimum of two years. RESULTS: After a mean duration of follow-up of fifty months, all patients had an osseointegrated, stable femoral component. The site of the extended trochanteric osteotomy healed in five of the six patients. One patient had nonunion at the osteotomy site and a fracture at the base of the greater trochanter, with a subsequent fracture of the femoral component. The mean Merle D'Aubigné and Postel pain and walking scores improved from 2.2 and 2.3 preoperatively to 5.3 and 4.7 at the time of the final follow-up (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The extended trochanteric osteotomy is useful for the correction of femoral deformity and facilitates the removal of intraosseous hardware in carefully selected patients undergoing complex primary total hip arthroplasty.     

A modified hip screw incorporating injected cement for the fixation of osteoporotic trochanteric fractures

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a modified sliding hip screw for the fixation of trochanteric fractures that provides increased fixation strength in osteoporotic bones and allows for the safe intraoperative application of bone cement. DESIGN: Biomechanical cadaver study. MATERIALS: Unstable trochanteric fractures were simulated by osteotomy in nine pairs of cadaveric femurs and stabilized by a standard sliding hip screw randomly assigned to the left or right femur. The contralateral femur was stabilized with a newly designed hip screw, which was augmented with low-viscosity bone cement. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Femoral bone mineral density was measured by dual x-ray absorptiometry and quantitative computed tomography. Fixation stability of the hip was assessed after dynamic loading by displacement measurement of the femoral head in a simulated one-leg stance configuration. RESULTS: Modification of the hip screw together with cement augmentation significantly (p < 0.05) increased the initial stability of the fracture fixation technique. The total displacement of the femoral head was reduced by 39 percent on average using cement augmentation in the modified screw compared with the standard sliding hip screw. The largest improvement in initial fixation stability was found for the most osteoporotic bones. CONCLUSIONS: This modified hip screw augmented with bone cement can significantly enhance the initial fixation stability of trochanteric fractures in osteoporotic femurs.     

Guided growth of the trochanteric apophysis combined with soft tissue release for Legg–Calve–Perthes disease

During the initial fragmentation stage of Perthes disease, the principle focus is to achieve containment of the femoral head within the acetabulum. Whether by bracing, abduction casts, femoral and/or pelvic osteotomy, the goals are to maximize the range of hip motion and to avoid incongruity, hoping to avert subsequent femoro-acetabular impingement or hinge abduction. A more subtle and insidious manifestation of the disease relates to growth disturbance involving the femoral neck. We have chosen to tether the greater trochanteric physis, combined with a medial soft tissue release, as part of our non-osteotomy management strategy for select children with progressive symptomatology and related radiographic changes. In addition to providing containment, we feel that this strategy addresses potential long-range issues pertaining to limb length and abductor mechanics, while avoiding iatrogenic varus deformity caused by osteotomy. This is a retrospective review of 12 patients (nine boys, three girls), average age 7.3 years old (range 5.3–9.7), who underwent non-osteotomy surgery for Perthes disease. An eight-plate was applied to the greater trochanteric apophysis at the time of arthrogram, open adductor and iliopsoas tenotomy, and Petrie cast application. We compared clinical and radiographic findings at the outset to those at an average follow-up of 49 months (range 14–78 months). Six plates were subsequently removed; the others remain in situ. Eleven of twelve patients experienced improvement in pain, and alleviation of limp and Trendelenburg sign at latest follow-up. The majority had improved or maintained range of motion and prevention of trochanteric impingement demonstrated by near normalization of abduction. Neck-shaft angles, Shenton’s line, extrusion index, center edge angles and trochanteric height did not change significantly. One patient underwent subsequent trochanteric distalization and no other patients have undergone subsequent femoral or periacetabular osteotomies. Leg length discrepancy worsened in four patients and was treated with contralateral eight-plate distal femoral epiphysiodesis. As a group the mean leg length discrepancy did not change significantly. There were no perioperative complications. six trochanteric plates were subsequently removed after an average of 43.7 months (range 28–69) due to irritation of hardware; the others remain in situ, pending further growth. We employed open adductor and iliopsoas tenotomy and Petrie cast application and guided growth of the greater trochanter as a means of redirecting the growth of the common proximal femoral chondroepiphysis. The accrued benefits of preventing relative trochanteric overgrowth with a flexible tether are the avoidance of iatrogenic varus and weakening of the hip abductors. The goals are to preserve abductor strength and avoid trochanteric transfer or intertrochanteric osteotomy.     

Chronically unreduced traumatic anterior dislocation of the hip: a report of four cases.

Four cases of unreduced (2-11 months postinjury) anterior hip dislocation are reported. One public dislocation 2 months postinjury was treated by open reduction with a fair result. A unique case of iliac dislocation 11 months postinjury, overlooked due to an associated femoral shaft fracture, was treated by valgus/derotation osteotomy. Two obturator dislocations 7.5 and 9.5 months postinjury were treated by a subcapital osteotomy and displacement of the femoral neck into the acetabulum (modified excision arthroplasty). Both of these patients had fairly stable, painless, and mobile hips at 2.1 and 2.8 years follow-up. By our method, subsequent total hip arthroplasty remains a viable option, in contrast to the previously described method of trochanteric osteotomy, whereby the proximal femoral anatomy is distorted.     

Previous Bernese periacetabular osteotomy does not compromise the results of total hip arthroplasty

It is not known if a previous periacetabular osteotomy poses technical difficulties and may increase the incidence of complications after total hip arthroplasty. The records of 41 patients who had THA after periacetabular osteotomy were evaluated. Followup averaged 6.9 years (range, 2-14 years). The average interval from osteotomy to total hip arthroplasty was 6.3 years (range, 4 months-14 years). Total hip arthroplasty provided significant relief of pain and improvement in function for all the patients. The acetabulum was judged to be retroverted in 23 patients and special attention to component positioning was needed. An abnormal proximal femoral anatomy secondary to previous intertrochanteric osteotomy or underlying dysplasia, or trochanteric overgrowth necessitated the use of trochanteric osteotomy for exposure in 24 patients. There were an acceptable number of complications and two revisions in the series. Aseptic loosening of the femoral component in one patient (one hip) and acetabular component in another patient (one hip) were the reasons for the two revisions. Total hip arthroplasty with technical consideration and careful evaluation of the acetabular version and relocated teardrop can be done safely in patients with a previous periacetabular osteotomy and should provide excellent results.