骨髓结核的诊断和治疗

目的探讨骨髓结核的诊断和治疗。方法对１９９０～１９９７年２４１０例行骨髓活组织检查（活检）病例中诊断为骨髓结核的１１例的临床及病理资料作回顾性分析。结果高热、乏力、消瘦、贫血１１例，腹胀、腹痛４例，腹水３例，肝脾肿大５例。１１例均无骨关节的局部症状与体征。痰涂片抗酸杆菌均阴性，肝功能受损９例，检查的６例血沉均升高，为３０～１６８ｍｍ／１ｈ。胸片示血行播散型肺结核４例，７例胸片未见结核病变。病理检查１１例发现结核性肉芽肿，６例发现干酪样坏死，３例肉芽肿组织抗酸染色查到抗酸杆菌。１０例除有骨髓结核外，尚伴有一种或多种其他部位的结核病变。８例经联合抗结核化疗好转出院，３例死亡。结论骨髓结核是血行播散型结核在骨髓的病变，临床表现缺乏特异性。对长期高热待诊的病例，应考虑血行播散型结核的可能，除了寻找常见的肺部病变外，必要时可考虑行骨髓活检。骨髓结核一经诊断，应立即行联合抗结核化疗     

血行播散性结核病并发骨髓增生异常综合征一例——文献复习及临床诊治过程分析

血行播散性结核病是一种重症结核病,临床症状常不典型,影像学诊断报告也常常滞后,早期诊断困难。骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS)是一种恶性血液病,早期临床症状和血液系统异常表现一般不具有特异性。血行播散性结核病并发MDS常导致病情互相掩盖,易漏诊、误诊。笔者报道2017年4月首都医科大学附属北京胸科医院以“头晕、乏力3个月,发热2个月” 收治入院的1例患者,初步诊断为血行播散性结核病并发全血细胞严重减少,早期经抗结核药物治疗后临床症状、肺部病变及血液系统表现均一度好转,但后期在肺部病变进一步好转的同时,血液系统异常却再次加重,最终经多次骨髓穿刺检查诊断为血行播散性结核病并发MDS。笔者希望通过对诊治过程的分析讨论,提高临床医生对两病并存的诊断认识,分享治疗经验。     

92例成人血行播散型结核病的临床分析

目的探讨成人血行播散型结核病（DTB）的临床特点及诊断方法。方法回顾性分析北京协和医院住院诊断的92例成人DTB患者的临床资料。结果男37例、女55例,平均年龄41岁,41．3％属于DTB高危人群。病程中位时间为2个月,最常见临床症状为发热、结核中毒症状,最常见体征为肝、脾及淋巴结肿大,误诊率为55．4％。痰涂片找抗酸杆菌、痰培养和血培养是最常用的诊断手段,但阳性率低;骨髓活检、经支气管镜肺组织活检（TBLB）、肝活检及淋巴结活检阳性率高。常见受累器官依次为肺、浆膜、神经系统以及腹腔脏器。死亡率为12．7％,最常见死亡原因是呼吸衰竭和急性脑疝。结论血行播散型结核病是一种致死性传染病,积极重复影像学、病原学和组织病理学检查可提高诊断率。     

血行播散型肺结核48例临床分析

目的分析血型播散型肺结核临床特点，为预防和控制血行播散型肺结核提供参考依据。方法回顾分析我院2001年1月～2006年12月收治的48例血行播散型肺结核病人的发病年龄，临床特征、治疗及预后。结果血行播散型结核发病以青壮年人群为主；发病人群集中为住校中学生、农村贫困人口和外出务工人员；发热是本病最突出表现，反复进行肺部X线和／或CT检查有利于早期诊断；合理抗结核化疗与综合治疗相结合，是治疗的关键。结论加强对农村贫困人口、住校中学生、外出务工人员结核病防治知识宣传，改善其生活条件，将有利于控制血行播散型肺结核的发生；加强对综合医院医务人员结核病防治知识培训，血行播散型肺结核治愈率会大大提高。     

血行播散型肺结核182例临床分析

目的提高对血行播散型肺结核的认识。方法分析１９６０～１９９６年血行播散型肺结核１８２例的临床资料。所有病例均经痰涂片、Ｘ线胸片、活检等检查。结果急性血行播散型肺结核１６５例，亚急性及慢性血行播散型肺结核１７例。２９１％的患者Ｘ线胸片早期表现为肺间质改变；痰找抗酸杆菌阳性率为４１４％；入院时误诊率为４４５％；尸检证实，结核病变主要累及肺、肝及脾。其中１９８０～１９９６年患者的伴发病明显增多（４８５％～７１９％），以结缔组织病为主；３４８％～６５７％的患者由于使用糖皮质激素而造成结核病播散；抗结核治疗后体温下降至正常及Ｘ线胸片显示病灶吸收缓慢；抗结核治疗后，对肝脏的毒性增加。８０年代的病死率较前有所增高。结论临床医师应加强对结核病诊断的警惕性；应慎用肾上腺糖皮质激素；痰抗酸菌涂片及纤维支气管镜检查是快速正确诊断本病的方法之一     

27例血行播散型结核病临床分析

目的 通过对27例血行播散型结核病临床资料的分析,提高对该病的认识。方法 回顾性分析1961～2000年我院收治的尸检证实的27例血行播散型结核病的临床资料。结果 本组患者临床表现多不典型,呼吸道症状隐匿,以发热为主要表现,部分患者可有肝、脾肿大,皮疹,血三系减低。胸部影像学以浸润性改变为主,空洞少见,粟粒性结节影出现较晚。结核菌素试验多阴性。病原学检测阳性率低。尸检证实,急性血行播散型结核病22例(包括无反应性结核3例),慢性血行播散型结核病5例。均合并活动性肺结核,肺外病变主要累及肝、脾、肾、淋巴结等部位。生前误诊12例,误诊率为44．4％。12例中有11例(92％)因伴发或疑为结缔组织病、血液系统疾病或肿瘤而误诊。27例患者中17例(63％)长期应用激素或反复化疗导致结核病播散。结论 临床医师应加强对结核病的警惕性,特别是有结核病史、免疫缺陷(包括长期使用激素或化疗)病史或合并营养不良的患者。出现长期发热和(或)有多系统损害、原发病经正规治疗无缓解时,应警惕耐多药结核的可能。应严格掌握糖皮质激素使用的适应证,未确诊前不能盲目应用糖皮质激素,以免诱发结核复发或血行播散。     

一例血行播散性结核病患者的临床诊治过程分析

笔者收集整理了1例血行播散性结核病（DTB）患者的临床资料,通过对该患者临床诊治过程的分析讨论,希望增强临床医生对于DTB的重视与认识,提高诊断与治疗能力。该患者以发热、咳嗽3个月,活动后气促、头痛、双耳听力下降、双下肢水肿5d、双肺弥漫粟粒状结节影待查（血行播散性肺结核可能性大）入住长春市传染病医院结核性脑膜炎诊断与治疗中心,人院后综合患者实验室检查,行腰椎穿刺术、头颅MR增强扫描,发现颅内病灶,考虑诊断血行播散性肺结核、结核性脑膜炎（脑内结核球型）、肝功能异常,白细胞（WBC）减少症,血小板（PLT）减少症,胰腺肿大原因待查,根据肝功能情况及血液系统改变情况,给予抗结核、抗感染、保肝及支持对症治疗,患者病情无好转。自行出院后于多家医院就诊治疗（停用全部抗结核药物,仅给予激素治疗）,肺部病变、血液系统改变较前好转,但颅内病灶较前加重,经颅内病变组织活检术后病理证实为结核病。综合患者前期实验室检查,考虑肝脏、胰腺、脾脏改变不除外播散性结核病可能,最终诊断为血行播散性结核病,给予积极抗结核、激素及支持对症治疗,但患者病情重,症状未见好转,经检查证实患者并发免疫功能低下疾病,经多次调整治疗方案无效后,最终死亡。     

73例活检证实的肺部肉芽肿性病变的诊断分析

目的 经活检证实为肺部肉芽肿性病变的部分病例诊断存在一定困难.本研究欲对活检证实的肺部肉芽肿性病变的诊断思路进行分析,查找其中的规律.方法 收集2005年2月至2007年1月73例病例,均活检经病理证实为肺部肉芽肿性病变,分析其最终诊断构成、临床症状、影像学、病理学及特殊诊断性试验的阳性率.结果 73例患者中感染性疾病占据多数,为40例,占54.8%.感染性疾病中病原体以真菌为主,占80%.结节病占38.4%.临床特征特异性不明显,46.6%的肺新隐球菌病和42.9%的结节病患者无自觉症状.曲霉菌感染高分辨率CT可见"空气新月征"及"晕轮征"等改变,有一定特异性.病理HE染色联合病理特殊染色对肉芽肿性病变的鉴别诊断有重要提示作用.真菌新型抗原检测包括血清半乳甘露聚糖抗原检测和血清新隐球菌乳胶凝集试验是明确真菌感染的重要辅助检测手段.结论 肺部肉芽肿性病变最终确诊需综合考虑,临床微生物的检测、血清真菌新型抗原检测、病理及其特殊染色等综合评价对肺部肉芽肿性病变的鉴别诊断意义较大.     

儿童与老年血行播散性肺结核临床比较

血行播散性肺结核是一种病情十分严重的结核病,及时诊断、治疗是关键,为了解儿童与老年血行播散性肺结核在起病方式、病变类型、合并肺外结核病情况,本文就两组临床资料予以分析.     

误诊为肺泡癌的血行播散型肺结核原因分析

近几年来笔者在结核病的临床诊治工作中,发现我市的肺结核病例(血行播散型)在初诊中的误诊率较高,其中误诊为肺泡癌的病例也不少。据统计我市在2004-2005年发现的2400多例肺结核,其中粟粒型的有76例,误诊为“肺泡癌”等肺部疾病的有18例,误诊率为24%。为提高血行播散性肺结核的诊断和对肺泡癌的鉴别诊断水平,下面选择其中较典型的二例病例与大家一起讨论学习。病例1,男性,65岁,农民,有慢性支气管炎史15年,因“感冒”并发热三天,咳嗽并痰中带血,在当地医院诊为慢性支气管炎急性发作。后经当地综合医院胸部CT检查诊断为“肺泡癌”,并纵隔淋巴…     

Hematological profile in pyrexia of unknown origin: role of bone marrow trephine biopsy vis-à-vis aspiration

Abstract

Background: Bone marrow examination, by aspiration and/or trephine biopsy, is an important procedure in arriving at a diagnosis for long-duration febrile illness. The role of trephine biopsy in immunocompromised host, especially HIV-positive patients, has been well studied in the literature. However, its utility in immunocompetent patients is still shrouded by controversy. Thus, the authors attempted to evaluate the utility of marrow aspirate vis-à-vis trephine biopsy in establishing a diagnosis in cases of pyrexia of unknown origin in immunocompetent individuals, along with an analysis of haematological alterations in these patients.

Materials and methods: Over a period of 8 years, 121 patients with pyrexia of unknown origin underwent both bone marrow aspiration and trephine biopsy as a part of diagnostic work-up. These cases were reviewed for their clinical data and hematological findings, including detailed morphological features in aspiration smears and trephine biopsies. Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy were compared for their diagnostic efficacy in these patients.

Results: A wide age range (2–65 years) was noted with a slight male predominance (2 : 1). Anemia was the most common feature in peripheral blood findings, seen in 97·5% of patients. Bone marrow aspiration was diagnostic in only 16·5% of cases, which revealed leishmaniasis or pure red cell aplasia. Granulomas were infrequent in marrow aspiration smears, as only two cases (1·6%) showed ill defined epithelioid cell collections. Compared to this, trephine biopsy offered a diagnosis in 76% of the cases. Granulomas were a frequent finding in the trephine biopsy, being present in 70% of the cases included. Additional cases diagnosed on biopsy (over those diagnosed with aspiration smears) included lymphoma, tuberculosis, fungal infection, sarcoidosis and hypocellular marrow.

Conclusion: Bone marrow trephine biopsy is an important adjunct to aspiration in arriving at an aetiological diagnosis of patient with long-duration febrile illness, and should be routinely performed in such cases. The presence of granulomas in trephine biopsy increases the likelihood of an etiologic diagnosis in these patients.     

Revisited indications for bone marrow examinations in HIV-infected patients

Abstract: We reviewed the indications for and the results of bone marrow examination (BME) from HIV-infected patients as an attempt to improve its diagnostic yield. One-hundred-and-eight bone marrow specimens from 90 patients during a 3-year period were examined. A cytological, histological and microbiological study was carried out on the specimens. Forty-three evaluable examinations (40% of total) performed for cytopenia showed normo- or hypercellularity in 33 (77%). Fifty bone marrow specimens were cultured for mycobacteria with a yield of 42% when the indication was persistent fever. Positive cultures yielded Mycobacterium avium complex in 8 out of 12 patients. Twenty-seven patients had both culture and biopsy; granulomas were associated with all the positive (10/10) and with 1 out of 17 negative cultures (chi-square test: p <0.001). A bone marrow involvement with lymphoma was found in 2 out of 6 patients with previously diagnosed lymphoma, and biopsy revealed a lymphoma in 2 patients. Morphological bone marrow examination should be associated with other techniques in order to appreciate bone marrow production. Bone marrow biopsy is useful for the investigation of persistent fever since granulomas suggestive of disseminated mycobacteria are frequent and allow a treatment to be initiated before microbiological confirmation and antibiotic susceptibility test.     

病毒性肝炎血小板减少症影响因素的研究

目的探讨病毒性肝炎血小板减少症的发病机制.方法 84例病毒性肝炎患者和20名健康志愿者分为3组,A组(48例病毒性肝炎并血小板减少症患者)、B组(36例病毒性肝炎血小板正常患者)和C组(20名健康志愿者),分别采用酶联免疫吸附法、流式细胞术、腹部彩色B超检测3组血清血小板生成素(TPO)水平、血小板相关免疫球蛋白(PAIg)及其类别PAIgG、PAIgA、PAIgM水平、脾脏大小,采用骨髓穿刺术对其中74例行骨髓细胞学检查.结果血清TPO水平A组低于C组(P<0.01)和B组(P<0.05),严重肝病血清TPO水平与血小板数相关(r=0.374,P<00.01).PAIg、PAIgG水平A组明显高于B组(P<0.001)和C组(P<0.01),血小板数与PAIg水平呈负相关(r=0.446,P<0.01),血小板数与PAIgG水平亦呈负相关(r=-0.462,P<0.01).脾脏肿大发生率A组(77.1%)明显高于B组(47.2%,P<0.01),C组无脾脏肿大发生,血小板数与脾脏大小呈负相关(r=-0.5 81,P<0.01).74例骨髓象显示A组有4例呈骨髓抑制象改变,B组和C组无一例有上述改变.结论严重肝功能受损时血清TPO水平下降,与血小板数减少直接相关.PAIg介导的自身免疫机制在病毒性肝炎血小板减少症中可能起重要作用.脾脏肿大是引起病毒性肝炎血小板减少的因素.初步发现慢性肝病有骨髓抑制现象,可能成为引起病毒性肝炎血小板减少的因素之一.     

Significance of granulomas in bone marrow: a study of 40 cases

Granulomas in bone marrow are an infrequent finding related to diverse disease. We reviewed 8057 bone marrow studies made over a period of 10.5 years, confirming the presence of granulomas in 40 patients. Global incidence was 0.50% and annual incidence 3.80 cases/yr. Because of the non-specificity of the morphological data, the diagnostic significance of the finding is limited, but it does serve to narrow the field of etiological possibilities. Associated disease was demonstrated in 82.5%, infectious diseases being the most common (tuberculosis, brucellosis, typhoid fever and kala-azar). Two previously unpublished entities are introduced: refractory anemia with excess blast cells (dysmyelopoietic syndrome) and malignant histiocytosis. 3 patients presented human immunodeficiency virus infection, the etiopathogenic role of this retrovirus in the generation of granulomas being unknown. The efficacy of bone marrow study in demonstrating granulomas increases if both the aspirate clot and bone cylinder are examined.     

Granulomatous hepatitis and myelitis: an unusual manifestation of extrapulmonary sarcoidosis

Sarcoidosis is a chronic multisystem disorder of unknown cause characterized by the presence of noncaseating epitheloid granulomas and derangement of the normal skin architecture. Though an array of organs may be affected by the disease the most common site of affection is the lung. An extrathoratic manifestation is rare. We describe a 66-year-old patient who was admitted to our hospital because of weight loss and hepatomegaly. A thorough examination revealed the diagnosis of a granulomatous hepatitis characterized by a markedly elevated alkaline phosphatase concentration of 1,490 U/I. A drug-induced hepatitis could be excluded and no evidence was found for the existence of a bacterial or viral infection or an autoimmune disorder. An ERCP revealed a normal common bile duct and normally branching small intrahepatic ducts. The patient was discharged with the diagnosis of a biliary cirrhosis. Half a year later the patient was readmitted to the hospital because of severe intestinal bleeding due to pancytopenia. A bone marrow biopsy showed infiltration of the marrow by granulomas. A histiocytosis X could be ruled out. The diagnosis of an extrathoracic sarcoidosis was assumed and a therapy with prednisone was started. Within six weeks the blood count normalized. After 18 months the serum alkaline phospatase concentration also normalized and no granulomas were found in the bone marrow. The case demonstrates that pancytopenia in sarcoidosis is not due to bone marrow failure.     

Hepatic granulomas: a 6-year experience in a single center in Greece

BACKGROUND: Hepatic granulomas have been reported in 2-15% of unselected liver biopsies, with a wide clinical profile responsible for their presence. To date, no series concerning the prevalence and the etiology of granulomas from Greece has been reported. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the prevalence and the etiology of hepatic granulomas and to investigate whether there has been an alteration in distribution of diagnoses in our series compared with those published so far in the literature. STUDY: The results of liver biopsy specimens performed in a Department of Medicine, between 1999 and 2004, were retrospectively reviewed and the cases revealing hepatic granulomas had their medical notes and the liver biopsies recorded. RESULTS: Over the study period, 1768 liver biopsies were performed. Hepatic granulomas were identified in 66 (3.7%). Of those, 51 were female with a mean age of 57 years (range 34-74 years) and 15 were male with a mean age of 42 years (range 18-78 years). Autoimmune liver diseases including primary biliary cirrhosis, overlap syndrome and autoimmune hepatitis accounted for the majority of cases (68%), followed by sarcoidosis (7.5%), chronic hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infection (7.5%), idiopathic (6%), drugs (3%) and other miscellaneous causes (7.5%). CONCLUSIONS: Our series showed that autoimmune liver diseases, mainly primary biliary cirrhosis was the most common cause of granuloma formation, a finding rather similar to that stated in the studies from Western countries. A rather small number of idiopathic cases were recorded. Chronic viral hepatitis and sarcoidosis rates were equal, a finding possibly reflecting a fairly high proportion of viral hepatitis in our sample.     

Amiodarone-associated bone marrow granulomas: a report of 2 cases and review of the literature

Amiodarone therapy is associated with several adverse effects, including hematologic ones such as pancytopenia, hemolytic anemia, and aplastic anemia. Very few cases of amiodarone-associated bone marrow granulomas have been reported. We report 2 cases of amiodarone-associated bone marrow granulomas. Patient 1 was an 81-year-old man who presented with leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and hepatosplenomegaly after 2 years of amiodarone therapy. Patient 2 was an 80-year-old man who presented with pancytopenia 2 1/2 years after starting amiodarone treatment. Both patients had normal blood counts before amiodarone therapy. Bone marrow biopsies showed noncaseating granulomas in both patients. We reviewed the literature available on Medline for amiodarone-associated bone marrow granulomas and found 8 reported cases of amiodarone-associated bone marrow granulomas. One case also featured amiodarone-associated hepatic granulomas. Amiodarone therapy was stopped in 5 cases, with improvement of the granulomas occurring in 3 cases. We conclude that bone marrow granulomas, although rare, should be considered as a differential diagnosis for patients undergoing amiodarone therapy and presenting with cytopenias.     

A multicenter retrospective study defining the clinical and hematological manifestations of brucellosis and pancytopenia in a large series: Hematological malignancies, the unusual cause of pancytopenia in patients with brucellosis

The aim of the study is to review the clinical manifestations and the hematological findings of brucellosis and pancytopenia, with or without hematological malignancies. The records of 202 patients with brucellosis were evaluated retrospectively. Among these cases of brucellosis seen in a 6 year period between April 1999 and June 2005, 30 patients with pancytopenia were identified. The most common manifestation was fever, followed by weight loss, anorexia, malaise, arthralgia, and hepatosplenomegaly. Bone marrow biopsies revealed hypercellularity or normocellularity. The most common findings in the bone marrow evaluation were histiocytic hemophagocytosis and granulomas. Among all cases, we diagnosed 5 hematological malignancies (1 acute myelogenous leukemia, 2 acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and 2 multiple myeloma) concurrently with brucellosis. The clinical symptoms and findings were similar in patients with and without malignancies. In cases with malignancies, the bone marrow biopsy revealed predominant primary disease involvement. Significant increases in ESR and CRP, severe anemia and thrombocytopenia were observed in patients with malignancies. Peripheral blood counts in patients without malignancies returned to normal after antibiotic treatment for brucellosis. However, pancytopenia in two patients with malignancies did not recover because of primary resistant disease. We conclude that while histiocytic hemophagocytosis may be considered as a major cause of pancytopenia, leukemic infiltration can also be an extreme and unusual cause of pancytopenia in patients in whom brucellosis was concurrently diagnosed with hematological malignancies.     

骨髓检查在全血细胞减少中的诊断价值及320例病因分析

目的:对比分析骨髓涂片与组织活检在全血细胞减少中的诊断价值以及引起全血细胞减少的常见病因。方法:选常规骨髓穿刺部位,用骨髓穿刺针先抽吸骨髓液行涂片,在隔2mm远处用骨髓活检针进针取骨髓组织活检;对比分析320例全血细胞减少患者的骨髓涂片与组织切片的结果。结果:骨髓活检切片与骨髓涂片增生程度一致者118例(36.9%),增生程度切片>涂片者41例(12.8%)。增生程度减低及重度减低者切片组152例(47.5%),骨髓涂片组193例(60.3%)。比较两者的骨髓增生程度,其差异存在统计学意义(P<0.01),骨髓活检对骨髓增生程度的判断优于涂片。两者结合起来更能反映骨髓细胞造血,提高诊断率。造血系统疾病是全血细胞减少的常见病因,也不能忽视非造血系统疾病所致的全血细胞减少。