Heterosexual women of color and HIV risk: sexual risk factors for HIV among Latina and African American women

This paper examines sexual risk for HIV among 2,318 Latina (60%) and African American (40%) women with a steady male partner who were attending an urban outpatient clinic. We compared ethnic groups on demographic characteristics (including being born in the U.S.) and sexual HIV risk factors (number of partners, history of sexually transmitted infection, condom use, and reported knowledge and perception of partner risk) while controlling for other demographic characteristics. African American women were about 1.5 times more likely than Latinas to report five or more sexual partners in their lifetime, to report two or more partners in the past year, and to perceive their partners as being risky. African American women were about 2.5 times more likely than Latinas to have had a history of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). They were also nearly twice as likely as Latinas to report having used condoms with their main partner in the past 90 days. Intervention strategies for HIV prevention must address ethnic/racial differences in sexual risk factors for HIV among Latina and African American women.     

Safer and unsafe injection drug use and sex practices among injection drug users in Halifax,Nova Scotia. An exploratory look at community and interpersonal influences

OBJECTIVE: This qualitative study sought to explore the community and interpersonal (e.g., peer) influences affecting safer and unsafe injection drug use and sexual practices among injection drug users (IDUs) living in and around Halifax, Nova Scotia. METHODS: Sixty semi-structured interviews were conducted with IDUs, and key themes were identified. Two focus groups were also conducted to obtain feedback on the findings. RESULTS: There are key community and peer influences on drug use and sex practices. Needle exchange provides community access to clean needles, but when the needle exchange is closed, accessibility is an issue. Peers at times assist in reducing sharing by providing clean needles to friends who are without a needle or cannot access needles because of their circumstances (e.g., in prison). Peers also sometimes encourage condom use, but in certain contexts (e.g., with an intimate partner) condom use is often not supported. INTERPRETATION: Expanded and new prevention strategies--especially those utilizing peers--are urgently needed to discourage unsafe practices, and encourage safer practices among this population.     

新注射吸毒者及长期注射吸毒者共用针具的影响因素分析

目的 了解新注射吸毒者和长期注射吸毒者共用针具的影响因素.方法 对四川省注射吸毒者进行社区横断面调查.结果 3852名被调查者中,注射吸毒史<1年、1～3年和>3年者最近6个月共用针具比例依次为19.9%、29.1%和36.3%.注射吸毒<1年的被调查者共用针具的独市影响因素包括女性、少数民族、注射吸毒频率高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非同定性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未自愿做过艾滋病检测、招募年、招募地区;注射吸毒1～3年的被凋查者共用针具的独立影响因素包括文化程度低、注射频率高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非固定性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未使用安全套、未参与技能培训、招募年、招募地区;注射吸毒>3年的被调奋者共用针具的独立影响因素包括文化程度低、注射频牢高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非同定性伴、有商业性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未使用安全套、未参与针具交换、招募年、招募地区.结论 新注射吸毒者和长期注射吸毒者共用针具及无保护性行为比例均较高,长期注射吸毒者较新注射吸毒者有更多共用针具行为和无保护性行为,针对两类人群的干预应有不同侧重.     

新注射吸毒者及长期注射吸毒者共用针具的影响因素分析

目的 了解新注射吸毒者和长期注射吸毒者共用针具的影响因素.方法 对四川省注射吸毒者进行社区横断面调查.结果 3852名被调查者中,注射吸毒史<1年、1～3年和>3年者最近6个月共用针具比例依次为19.9%、29.1%和36.3%.注射吸毒<1年的被调查者共用针具的独市影响因素包括女性、少数民族、注射吸毒频率高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非同定性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未自愿做过艾滋病检测、招募年、招募地区;注射吸毒1～3年的被凋查者共用针具的独立影响因素包括文化程度低、注射频率高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非固定性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未使用安全套、未参与技能培训、招募年、招募地区;注射吸毒>3年的被调奋者共用针具的独立影响因素包括文化程度低、注射频牢高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非同定性伴、有商业性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未使用安全套、未参与针具交换、招募年、招募地区.结论 新注射吸毒者和长期注射吸毒者共用针具及无保护性行为比例均较高,长期注射吸毒者较新注射吸毒者有更多共用针具行为和无保护性行为,针对两类人群的干预应有不同侧重.     

新注射吸毒者及长期注射吸毒者共用针具的影响因素分析

目的 了解新注射吸毒者和长期注射吸毒者共用针具的影响因素.方法 对四川省注射吸毒者进行社区横断面调查.结果 3852名被调查者中,注射吸毒史<1年、1～3年和>3年者最近6个月共用针具比例依次为19.9%、29.1%和36.3%.注射吸毒<1年的被调查者共用针具的独市影响因素包括女性、少数民族、注射吸毒频率高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非同定性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未自愿做过艾滋病检测、招募年、招募地区;注射吸毒1～3年的被凋查者共用针具的独立影响因素包括文化程度低、注射频率高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非固定性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未使用安全套、未参与技能培训、招募年、招募地区;注射吸毒>3年的被调奋者共用针具的独立影响因素包括文化程度低、注射频牢高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非同定性伴、有商业性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未使用安全套、未参与针具交换、招募年、招募地区.结论 新注射吸毒者和长期注射吸毒者共用针具及无保护性行为比例均较高,长期注射吸毒者较新注射吸毒者有更多共用针具行为和无保护性行为,针对两类人群的干预应有不同侧重.     

新注射吸毒者及长期注射吸毒者共用针具的影响因素分析

目的 了解新注射吸毒者和长期注射吸毒者共用针具的影响因素.方法 对四川省注射吸毒者进行社区横断面调查.结果 3852名被调查者中,注射吸毒史<1年、1～3年和>3年者最近6个月共用针具比例依次为19.9%、29.1%和36.3%.注射吸毒<1年的被调查者共用针具的独市影响因素包括女性、少数民族、注射吸毒频率高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非同定性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未自愿做过艾滋病检测、招募年、招募地区;注射吸毒1～3年的被凋查者共用针具的独立影响因素包括文化程度低、注射频率高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非固定性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未使用安全套、未参与技能培训、招募年、招募地区;注射吸毒>3年的被调奋者共用针具的独立影响因素包括文化程度低、注射频牢高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非同定性伴、有商业性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未使用安全套、未参与针具交换、招募年、招募地区.结论 新注射吸毒者和长期注射吸毒者共用针具及无保护性行为比例均较高,长期注射吸毒者较新注射吸毒者有更多共用针具行为和无保护性行为,针对两类人群的干预应有不同侧重.     

新注射吸毒者及长期注射吸毒者共用针具的影响因素分析

目的 了解新注射吸毒者和长期注射吸毒者共用针具的影响因素.方法 对四川省注射吸毒者进行社区横断面调查.结果 3852名被调查者中,注射吸毒史<1年、1～3年和>3年者最近6个月共用针具比例依次为19.9%、29.1%和36.3%.注射吸毒<1年的被调查者共用针具的独市影响因素包括女性、少数民族、注射吸毒频率高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非同定性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未自愿做过艾滋病检测、招募年、招募地区;注射吸毒1～3年的被凋查者共用针具的独立影响因素包括文化程度低、注射频率高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非固定性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未使用安全套、未参与技能培训、招募年、招募地区;注射吸毒>3年的被调奋者共用针具的独立影响因素包括文化程度低、注射频牢高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非同定性伴、有商业性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未使用安全套、未参与针具交换、招募年、招募地区.结论 新注射吸毒者和长期注射吸毒者共用针具及无保护性行为比例均较高,长期注射吸毒者较新注射吸毒者有更多共用针具行为和无保护性行为,针对两类人群的干预应有不同侧重.     

新注射吸毒者及长期注射吸毒者共用针具的影响因素分析

目的 了解新注射吸毒者和长期注射吸毒者共用针具的影响因素.方法 对四川省注射吸毒者进行社区横断面调查.结果 3852名被调查者中,注射吸毒史<1年、1～3年和>3年者最近6个月共用针具比例依次为19.9%、29.1%和36.3%.注射吸毒<1年的被调查者共用针具的独市影响因素包括女性、少数民族、注射吸毒频率高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非同定性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未自愿做过艾滋病检测、招募年、招募地区;注射吸毒1～3年的被凋查者共用针具的独立影响因素包括文化程度低、注射频率高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非固定性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未使用安全套、未参与技能培训、招募年、招募地区;注射吸毒>3年的被调奋者共用针具的独立影响因素包括文化程度低、注射频牢高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非同定性伴、有商业性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未使用安全套、未参与针具交换、招募年、招募地区.结论 新注射吸毒者和长期注射吸毒者共用针具及无保护性行为比例均较高,长期注射吸毒者较新注射吸毒者有更多共用针具行为和无保护性行为,针对两类人群的干预应有不同侧重.     

新注射吸毒者及长期注射吸毒者共用针具的影响因素分析

目的 了解新注射吸毒者和长期注射吸毒者共用针具的影响因素.方法 对四川省注射吸毒者进行社区横断面调查.结果 3852名被调查者中,注射吸毒史<1年、1～3年和>3年者最近6个月共用针具比例依次为19.9%、29.1%和36.3%.注射吸毒<1年的被调查者共用针具的独市影响因素包括女性、少数民族、注射吸毒频率高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非同定性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未自愿做过艾滋病检测、招募年、招募地区;注射吸毒1～3年的被凋查者共用针具的独立影响因素包括文化程度低、注射频率高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非固定性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未使用安全套、未参与技能培训、招募年、招募地区;注射吸毒>3年的被调奋者共用针具的独立影响因素包括文化程度低、注射频牢高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非同定性伴、有商业性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未使用安全套、未参与针具交换、招募年、招募地区.结论 新注射吸毒者和长期注射吸毒者共用针具及无保护性行为比例均较高,长期注射吸毒者较新注射吸毒者有更多共用针具行为和无保护性行为,针对两类人群的干预应有不同侧重.     

新注射吸毒者及长期注射吸毒者共用针具的影响因素分析

目的 了解新注射吸毒者和长期注射吸毒者共用针具的影响因素.方法 对四川省注射吸毒者进行社区横断面调查.结果 3852名被调查者中,注射吸毒史<1年、1～3年和>3年者最近6个月共用针具比例依次为19.9%、29.1%和36.3%.注射吸毒<1年的被调查者共用针具的独市影响因素包括女性、少数民族、注射吸毒频率高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非同定性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未自愿做过艾滋病检测、招募年、招募地区;注射吸毒1～3年的被凋查者共用针具的独立影响因素包括文化程度低、注射频率高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非固定性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未使用安全套、未参与技能培训、招募年、招募地区;注射吸毒>3年的被调奋者共用针具的独立影响因素包括文化程度低、注射频牢高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非同定性伴、有商业性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未使用安全套、未参与针具交换、招募年、招募地区.结论 新注射吸毒者和长期注射吸毒者共用针具及无保护性行为比例均较高,长期注射吸毒者较新注射吸毒者有更多共用针具行为和无保护性行为,针对两类人群的干预应有不同侧重.     

新注射吸毒者及长期注射吸毒者共用针具的影响因素分析

目的 了解新注射吸毒者和长期注射吸毒者共用针具的影响因素.方法 对四川省注射吸毒者进行社区横断面调查.结果 3852名被调查者中,注射吸毒史<1年、1～3年和>3年者最近6个月共用针具比例依次为19.9%、29.1%和36.3%.注射吸毒<1年的被调查者共用针具的独市影响因素包括女性、少数民族、注射吸毒频率高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非同定性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未自愿做过艾滋病检测、招募年、招募地区;注射吸毒1～3年的被凋查者共用针具的独立影响因素包括文化程度低、注射频率高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非固定性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未使用安全套、未参与技能培训、招募年、招募地区;注射吸毒>3年的被调奋者共用针具的独立影响因素包括文化程度低、注射频牢高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非同定性伴、有商业性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未使用安全套、未参与针具交换、招募年、招募地区.结论 新注射吸毒者和长期注射吸毒者共用针具及无保护性行为比例均较高,长期注射吸毒者较新注射吸毒者有更多共用针具行为和无保护性行为,针对两类人群的干预应有不同侧重.     

新注射吸毒者及长期注射吸毒者共用针具的影响因素分析

目的 了解新注射吸毒者和长期注射吸毒者共用针具的影响因素.方法 对四川省注射吸毒者进行社区横断面调查.结果 3852名被调查者中,注射吸毒史<1年、1～3年和>3年者最近6个月共用针具比例依次为19.9%、29.1%和36.3%.注射吸毒<1年的被调查者共用针具的独市影响因素包括女性、少数民族、注射吸毒频率高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非同定性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未自愿做过艾滋病检测、招募年、招募地区;注射吸毒1～3年的被凋查者共用针具的独立影响因素包括文化程度低、注射频率高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非固定性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未使用安全套、未参与技能培训、招募年、招募地区;注射吸毒>3年的被调奋者共用针具的独立影响因素包括文化程度低、注射频牢高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非同定性伴、有商业性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未使用安全套、未参与针具交换、招募年、招募地区.结论 新注射吸毒者和长期注射吸毒者共用针具及无保护性行为比例均较高,长期注射吸毒者较新注射吸毒者有更多共用针具行为和无保护性行为,针对两类人群的干预应有不同侧重.     

新注射吸毒者及长期注射吸毒者共用针具的影响因素分析

目的 了解新注射吸毒者和长期注射吸毒者共用针具的影响因素.方法 对四川省注射吸毒者进行社区横断面调查.结果 3852名被调查者中,注射吸毒史<1年、1～3年和>3年者最近6个月共用针具比例依次为19.9%、29.1%和36.3%.注射吸毒<1年的被调查者共用针具的独市影响因素包括女性、少数民族、注射吸毒频率高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非同定性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未自愿做过艾滋病检测、招募年、招募地区;注射吸毒1～3年的被凋查者共用针具的独立影响因素包括文化程度低、注射频率高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非固定性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未使用安全套、未参与技能培训、招募年、招募地区;注射吸毒>3年的被调奋者共用针具的独立影响因素包括文化程度低、注射频牢高、共用注射器/针头以外其他吸毒用具、有非同定性伴、有商业性伴、固定性伴注射吸毒、未使用安全套、未参与针具交换、招募年、招募地区.结论 新注射吸毒者和长期注射吸毒者共用针具及无保护性行为比例均较高,长期注射吸毒者较新注射吸毒者有更多共用针具行为和无保护性行为,针对两类人群的干预应有不同侧重.     

Correlates of consistent condom use among HIV-positive African American women.

INTRODUCTION: African American women are the fastest growing group at risk of contracting HIV, as over 68% of women diagnosed with HIV are African American. The present study used social-cognitive theory and the theory of gender and power to identify correlates of consistent condom use among African American women living with HIV. METHODS: We recruited 366 women, 18-50 years of age and living with HIV from several HIV/AIDS clinics in the southeastern United States. The majority of women, 84.2% (N = 308), were African American. Women completed a baseline interview assessing sociodemographic, psychosocial, and partner-related factors potentially associated with consistent condom use, defined as reported use of condoms during every vaginal sex episode with a male sexual partner in the past 30 days. RESULTS: Among those HIV-positive African American women reporting use of a condom in the past 30 days (n = 234, 70%), consistent condom use was reported by 67.1% of women. This rate was lower (51.6%) among women having an HIV-positive male sexual partner; the rate was higher (74.1%) among women having an HIV-negative male sexual partner. Compared to women who were inconsistent condom users, women with HIV were more likely to use condoms if they: had high partner communication self-efficacy (OR = 7.77, 95% CI = 3.3-18.6, p = .001), had a HIV-negative male sex partner (OR = 4.62, 95% CI = 1.9-11.5, p = 0.001), had low partner-related barriers to condom use (OR = 4.68, 95% CI = 1.8-12.2, p = 0.001), and had perceived peer norms supportive of condom use (OR = 2.38, 95% CI = 1.0-5.7, p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that HIV interventions may enhance consistent condom use among African American women living with HIV by targeting women's self-efficacy to communicate with their partners and women's perception of personal and partner-related barriers to condom use.     

HIV/STD prevention benefits of living in supportive families: a prospective analysis of high risk African-American female teens.

The relationship between family and sexual activity-related factors were measured among 522 African American adolescent girls recruited from schools and clinics in Birmingham, Alabama. Girls living with a mother in a supportive family were more likely to use condoms when having sex, less likely to have recent emotional abuse from their sex partners, less fear and higher self-efficacy in negotiating use of a condom, and fewer partner-related barriers to safer sex.     

Intention to use condoms among three low-income,urban african American subgroups: Cocaine users,noncocaine drug users,and non-drug users

Cocaine use, marijuana use, alcohol use, and polysubstance use (e.g., alcohol and cocaine, alcohol and marifuana) are associated with high-risk sexual behavior and higher rates of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The purpose of this study was to examine readiness for using condoms among three groups (cocaine users, noncocaine drug users, and non-drug users) of African Americans living in low-income urban settings. African Americans in this sample differed in sex risk behaviors according to their drug use status. Noncocaine drug users reported higher levels of sex risk behaviors than non-drug users, and cocaine users reported the highest levels of risk. Cocaine users also reported lower levels of condom use with their main and nonmain sexual partners than both other groups. Results of multivariate analyses indicate that, compared to the other two groups, cocaine users are at earlier stages of readiness for condom use with main partners. Cocaine users have accurate perceptions of their HIV risk, but are more likely to factor into their decisions for using condoms cost and the trouble that it takes to get condoms. Different approaches to sexually transmitted disease and human immunodeficiency virus prevention will be necessary to meet the needs of these three different subgroups.     

French intravenous drug users: Knowledge and sexual behavior change

In a population based survey conducted in France in 1988, 41 respondents reported present or past intravenous drug use. Controlling for age and gender, intravenous drug users (IDUs) engage in more high risk sexual behavior than the general population (sex with other IDUs, multiple partners), but they do not use condoms more frequently. They are five times more likely to have had an HIV test.Corresponding author.     

Mobility of Scottish injecting drug users and risk of HIV infection

Nine hundred and nineteen injecting drug users (IDUs) were interviewed in Glasgow, Scotland during 1990 and 1991, as part of a wider study of HIV risk behaviour, about their injecting and sexual behaviour outside the city in the previous two years. Forty-five percent of respondents injected outside Glasgow, 6% shared needles and syringes (n/s) and 20% had sexual intercourse. Much activity occurred outside Scotland but mainly within the UK, particularly London. Predictors of n/s sharing outside Glasgow during the previous two years included current injecting with and passing on of used n/s and sexual intercourse with casual partners. Predictors of sexual behaviour outside Glasgow included passing on used n/s, having sexual intercourse with casual partners and, for females, engaging in prostitution. Glasgow IDUs are a highly mobile group and although HIV prevalence remains low within this population, considerable potential for importation/ exportation of HIV and other bloodborne and sexually transmitted infections exists. Further work is required to establish why IDUs travel to, and engage in high-risk activities in locations outside their home environment, and detailed data about activities such as frequency of condom usage and n/s cleaning practices need to obtained. While there is a widespread network of services for IDUs in the UK, information provided usually relates to local services and may not fully address the needs of this mobile population. Therefore, we recommend that IDUs be provided with details of facilities such as n/s exchange schemes and drug-treatment establishments in centres to where they most commonly travel.     

女性吸毒者HIV相关危险行为特征研究

目的 了解广东省女性吸毒艾滋病相关危险行为特征以及HIV、HCV和梅毒感染情况。方法 自拟调查表以匿名方式对广东省某妇教所143名女性吸毒进行面对面调查，同时采集静脉血5m1进行HIV、HCV和梅毒血清学检测。结果 (1)共收集女性吸毒血液标本143份，其中7例经确认试验证实为HIV阳性，感染率为4．9％，HCV感染率为83．2％(119／143)，梅毒感染率为32．9％(47／143)。其中115名注射吸毒(IDUs)的HIV感染率为6．1％(7／115)，HCV感染率为95．7％(110／115)，梅毒感染率为32．8％(42／115)。(2)115名IDUs有72．2％曾共用注射器，44．5％的人在进妇教所前1个月里曾共用注射器，其中48％的人曾与固定性伴共用注射器。(3)进妇教所前1年里有性交史的128名，其中40．6％的人有多性伴(性伴数＞1)，有57．8％的人有IDU性伴，有27．3％的人有以性换毒品／金钱的情况。在进所前一个月有74．1％的人与固定性伴性交不用安全套。(4)进妇教所前1年里有14％的人自述有性病，50％的人自述有性病相关症状。结论 女性吸毒中已经有较高的HIV感染率和梅毒感染率，并且与艾滋病相关的吸毒行为和不安全性行为普遍存在，应该尽快采取有效干预措施以防止艾滋病在女性吸毒人群流行并通过此人群向一般人群的蔓延。