食管癌术后病人两种营养支持治疗的比较

目的:观察食管癌术后病人两种营养支持疗法的效果。方法:将80例食管癌术后病人随机分为肠外营养(PN)组和肠内营养(EN)组,所有病人在手术前1 d和术后第8天检测血红蛋白(Hb)、血清清蛋白(ALB)、前清蛋白(PA)、转铁蛋白(TF)、体质指数(BMI)以及肛门排气时间、住院时间和营养费用等指标。结果:两组病人术后血清ALB,住院时间、BMI、Hb比较无显著性差异(P>0.05)。EN组病人血清PA,TF明显高于PN组(P<0.05),术后肛门排气时间明显早于PN组(P<0.05),所用营养费用低于PN组。结论:两种营养支持治疗均可改善食管癌病人的营养状况,但EN与PN比,更具有符合生理、安全、价廉的优点。     

老年人胃癌术后早期营养支持的临床研究

目的研究老年人胃癌术后早期肠内+肠外营养支持的安全性和合理性。方法选择年龄60岁以上胃癌手术的68例病人,随机分为早期肠内+肠外营养(EN+PN)组(36例)和早期肠外营养(PN)组(32例)。检测营养支持前后营养指标、氮平衡,观察胃肠功能恢复情况、住院天数、营养支持费用及各种不良反应,术后并发症。结果术后两组病人之间的人体测量学指标差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),但营养支持前后差异明显(P<0.05);术后第8d病人均由负氮平衡转为正氮平衡;肛门排气时间、住院天数、营养支持费用两组病人差异明显(P<0.05);观察期间均无严重并发症。结论老年人胃癌术后给予早期肠内+肠外联合营养支持,应为首选,可促进病人胃肠功能的恢复、减少住院天数、改善营养代谢,较为经济。     

肠内肠外营养在胃癌病人术后临床价值的分析

目的:探讨胃癌病人术后给予肠内营养(EN)与肠外营养(PN)在临床应用价值方面的差异. 方法:回顾性分析200例胃癌病人术后经EN和PN支持治疗的效果.将胃癌术后病人根据营养支持治疗方式的不同分为EN组(130例)和PN组(70例).比较两组病人营养支持前、后血红蛋白、红细胞计数、淋巴细胞计数、血清总蛋白、清蛋白、血肌酐、总胆固醇、三酰甘油、血钙、IgA、IgG、IgM水平的变化以及各种并发症发生率、营养支持时间、营养支持平均每天费用及平均住院时间的差异. 结果:术后第7天,EN组病人的血红蛋白和红细胞计数明显升高,与PN组比差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).血清总蛋白、清蛋白和IgA、IgG、IgM水平升高显著,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);与PN相比,EN组在经7d营养支持后,白细胞计数、肌酐、总胆固醇、三酰甘油、血钙水平比较均无显著性差异(P ＞0.05);EN组术后切口感染和肠梗阻发生率均低于PN组,肛门排气时间和术后平均住院时间,平均住院费用均少于PN组. 结论:与PN支持比,EN可有效地改善胃癌术后病人的营养状态,提高机体免疫功能.     

早期肠内营养对胃癌术后近期免疫和营养状况的影响

目的:比较早期肠内(EN)与肠外营养(PN)对胃癌术后免疫和营养状况的影响.方法:将72例胃癌病人随机分为EN组26例、PN组26例及常规输液(对照)组20例.术后24 h开始给予EN或PN,分别检测术前和术后第9天营养和免疫指标,并观察术后严重并发症及肠功能的恢复.结果:EN组和PN组术后体质量、前清蛋白、清蛋白、IgG、IgM及IgA均显著高于对照组(P＜0.05).而EN组与PN组间差异无显著性意义;EN组、PN组术后CD3 、CD4 、CD4 /CD8 均显著高于对照组(P＜0.01),并且EN组术后CD4 、CD4 /CD8 亦显著高于PN组(P＜0.05);EN组胃肠功能恢复时间明显短于PN组和对照组(P＜0.001).结论:早期肠内营养可明显改善胃癌术后近期的营养和免疫状况,在术后细胞免疫和肠功能恢复方面明显优于肠外营养.     

不同营养支持方法在胃癌病人术后的应用

目的:探讨不同营养支持方法在胃癌术后病人中的应用价?方法:将60例胃癌根治术后病人随机分为三组,分别进行肠外营养支持(PN组)、肠内营养支持(EN组)和肠外联合肠内营养支持(PN-EN组).观察在治疗过程中三组病人并发症的发生率、术后肠功能恢复时间、术后平均住院天数、肝功能、血糖及营养评定等各项指标,进行对比分析.结果:三组病人术后并发症的发生率、平均住院天数、肝功能、血糖无明显差异;EN组病人术后胃肠道功能恢复时间明显早于PN组和PN-EN组(P＜0.05).各组术后血清清蛋白、前清蛋白和转铁蛋白在营养支持后均明显升高(P＜0.05),负氮平衡均得到有效纠正.结论:三种营养支持方法均能明显改善胃癌术后病人机体营养状况,肠外联合肠内营养尤其适用于不能耐受术后早期肠内营养的病人.     

胰十二指肠切除术后不同营养支持方式的疗效比较

目的:比较胰十二指肠切除术(PD)后病人肠内营养(EN)和肠外营养(PN)支持的临床疗效.方法:将71例在我院接受PD的病人随机分为EN组(n=36)和PN组(n=35).比较两组病人手术前后血肝功能相关指标、营养指标以及术后并发症的发生率、肛门排气时间、住院时间和营养支持费用的差异. 结果:两组病人术后血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、总胆红素(TBil)、直接胆红素(DBil)等均较术前明显降低(P＜0.05),术后第12天降低更加明显(P＜0.01).而在术后第8和12天,EN组病人ALT、AST、TBil、DBil较PN组明显降低(P＜0.05),总蛋白(TP)、清蛋白(ALB)、前清蛋白(PA)均升高(P＜0.05);术后第12天EN组的血淋巴细胞计数(LY)明显高于PN组(P＜0.05).EN组病人较PN组术后平均住院时间缩短、肛门排气时间早、并发症发生率低、营养支持费用少(P＜0.05). 结论:PD术后EN支持能明显改善病人的营养状态,促进术后恢复,降低住院费用.     

免疫肠内营养在高龄胃癌病人术后免疫调节作用的观察

目的:观察免疫肠内营养对高龄胃癌病人术后恢复、免疫功能、营养状况的影响。方法:将68例高龄胃癌病人(70岁)手术后随机分为免疫肠内+肠外营养(EN+PN)组和肠外营养(PN)组。于术前1 d、术后第1和第7天检测相关的营养和免疫血清指标,观察术后恢复情况,并比较和分析。结果:两组病人术后第1天血清总蛋白(TP)、清蛋白(ALB)、前清蛋白(PA)、Ig G、Ig A水平以及CD3、CD4、CD4/CD8较术前1 d有显著下降。术后7天EN+PN组血清TP、ALB、PA、Ig G、Ig A以及CD3、CD4、CD4/CD8与PN组比有显著性差异(P0.01)。术后EN+PN组和PN组发生术后并发症无显著性差异。结论:早期使用肠内免疫营养制剂,可改善高龄胃癌病人手术后的免疫功能和营养状态。     

老年胃肿瘤病人术后早期肠内营养的应用

目的:探讨早期肠内营养对改善老年胃肿瘤病人术后的营养免疫状况及减少并发症的作用.方法:将84例老年胃肿瘤病人随机分为肠内营养(EN)组及肠外营养(PN)组,于术后24 h开始予以相同热量及氮量营养支持,分别观察营养支持前后的营养和免疫指标及术后并发症.结果:两组的营养及免疫指标于营养支持后明显改善(P＜0.05),免疫指标EN组较PN组明显提高(P＜0.05);EN组与PN组相比,明显促进病人术后胃肠道功能恢复,减少并发症的发生及住院费用.结论:老年胃肿瘤病人术后早期肠内营养是一种安全、有效、简便、经济和理想的营养治疗方法.     

早期肠内营养支持在危重症病人中的应用

目的:探讨早期肠内营养(EEN)支持在危重症病人中的应用效果. 方法:将ICU中65例危重症病人随机分为EEN组(35例)和肠外营养(PN)组(30例),并将营养支持情况进行对比分析. 结果:经EEN支持后血清清蛋白(ALB)和血红蛋白(Hb)较治疗前升高(P＜0.05),而经PN支持后各指标差异无显著性意义.两组对比EEN组病人ALB高于PN组(P＜0.05).EEN组在肱三头肌皮皱厚度(TSF)和上臂肌围(AMC)与PN组无显著性差异(P＞0.05),在Hb及氮平衡方面则明显优于PN组(P＜0.05). 结论:对于危重症病人,EEN较PN有更好的营养效果和代谢效应.     

胃癌病人术后早期营养支持对营养等状况恢复的比较

目的:探讨胃底贲门癌病人术后早期应用全肠外营养(TPN)和肠内营养(EN)对营养等状况恢复的比较分析.方法:将73例胃底贲门癌病人随机分为EN组(37例)和PN组(36例).于术后48 h内开始给予等氮、等热量营养支持,观察两组病人手术前、后的营养和免疫指标、术后肠鸣音恢复、肛门排气时间和并发症发生的情况.结果:两组病人术后营养支持的营养及免疫指标明显改善(P＜0.05),EN组前清蛋白和免疫指标较PN组明显提高(P＜0.05);EN组较PN组术后胃肠道功能恢复的更早,同时并发症的发生率亦明显减低.结论:胃底贲门癌病人术后早期肠内营养支持,既能促进胃肠道功能尽早恢复,又可改善病人术后营养状况和免疫功能.     

Nutrition knowledge and attitudes of New Zealand registered midwives

Aim: The importance of nutrition for a healthy pregnancy is well established. In New Zealand, the majority of women choose midwives as their maternity provider. Therefore, it is important that midwives have an understanding of nutrition issues related to pregnancy. The purpose of the present study was to determine the nutrition knowledge of New Zealand midwives, and to assess the importance they place on nutrition during pregnancy. Methods: An 18‐question postal survey was sent to all members of the New Zealand College of Midwives (n = 1340). Results: A total of 370 questionnaires were returned (response rate of 27.6%). Less than 40% of midwives reported that they had formal nutrition education; however, nearly 75% of respondents indicated that they had received nutrition information through their midwifery education. Most midwives indicated that nutrition was important or very important during pregnancy (98.4%), and that they had a significant or very significant role in educating pregnant women (94.9%) about nutrition. Midwives generally reported a high level of confidence in dealing with nutrition‐related issues. Midwives answered most of the nutrition knowledge questions correctly. However, 64.6% of midwives (n = 369) incorrectly identified spirulina as a good source of iron for vegetarians, 28.1% (n = 104) incorrectly answered that maternal intake of cabbage and beans are often responsible for colic in breastfed infants, and 40.0% (n = 128) incorrectly answered that to reduce food allergies all lactating women should avoid peanuts and shellfish. Conclusion: Overall, midwives were knowledgeable on nutrition issues related to pregnancy and reported a high level of confidence on educating women about nutrition.     

Practice Analysis of Nutrition Support Professionals

Background: The National Board of Nutrition Support Certification (NBNSC) is an independent credentialing board responsible for administering the multidisciplinary certification examination in nutrition support. For an exam to be legally and practically defensible, it must represent practice. Validation is by practice audit, the highest level of supporting evidence. Objectives: To define the role of the nutrition support professional (NSP) and the current elements (knowledge and functions) required for competent NSP practice. Methods: A survey instrument was constructed using a content validation strategy to establish the link between job tasks and the content of the examination. Internet‐based surveys were made available to 5100 NSPs. NSP duties performed and knowledge required for patient safety and welfare were analyzed for the group as a whole and for each profession separately. Results: A total of 765 surveys were completed (return rate of 15%). The results of the practice audit demonstrate a common core of practice across the nutrition support disciplines as well as a universal core of elements believed to be important for competent nutrition support practice. Conclusion: The results of this survey continue to support a common core of practice across nutrition support disciplines as well as a common core of elements believed to be important for competent nutrition support practice. Accordingly, the NBNSC will continue to offer one examination to all disciplines both nationally and internationally and confer the Certified Nutrition Support Clinician (CNSC) credential to all individuals who successfully pass this validated examination.     

营养环境与人群营养素摄入水平的相关性

完善了营养环境的概念及指标，提出可以用线性规划建立的数学模型计算营养环境的指标，即由该模型得出的营养素的理论达标率和营养素的边际成本。用天津１９８９年的营养素的理论达标率和１９８８年天津人群的营养素实际达标率进行线性回归分析，得出回归方程：实际达标率（％）Ｙ＝１５．１５（％）＋０．７８８Ｘ（Ｘ为理论达标率，％），其相关性显著（Ｒ＝０．９８６，Ｐ＜０．００１）；还发现天津营养环境中脂肪、动物性蛋白质的边际成本大于零。讨论了上述方程的意义，营养环境与营养干预的关系。认为，改善食物的营养素含量、降低价格、增加营养素含量丰富的食物品种的营养干预措施，效果较好。     

The enteral vs parenteral nutrition debate revisited

Many trials and several meta-analyses have been devoted to comparing enteral with parenteral nutrition support. In this review, these studies are subjected to critical analysis with particular emphasis on their methodology and clinical relevance. Evidence is produced to suggest that the heterogeneous patient populations of the studies and the rigid approach taken to comparing different nutrition therapies inter alia render their conclusions highly questionable and of very doubtful clinical significance. An alternative approach to nutrition research is suggested in which strategies of nutrition support rather than fixed menus are compared. It is suggested that objective measures of intestinal function be evaluated more fully in patients requiring nonvolitional nutrition support, and these are briefly reviewed. In addition, a more scientific approach to evaluating the physiological effects of nutrition support, including chemical tagging and evaluation of muscle function, is recommended.     

Transition Phase Nutrition Recommendations: A Missing Link in the Nutrition Management of Preterm Infants

Background: Despite the availability of international nutrition recommendations, preterm infants remain vulnerable to suboptimal nutrition. The standard approach of assessing nutrient intakes chronologically may make it difficult to identify the origin of nutrient deficits and/or excesses. Objective: To develop a “nutrition phase” approach to evaluating nutrition support, enabling analysis of nutrient intakes during the period of weaning from parenteral nutrition (PN) to enteral nutrition (EN), called the transition (TN) phase, and compare the data with those analyzed using the standard “chronological age” approach to assess whether the identification of nutrient deficits and/or excesses can be improved. Methods: Analysis of a comprehensive nutrition database developed using actual nutrient intake data collected on an hourly basis in 59 preterm infants (birth weight ≤1500 g, gestation <34 weeks) over the period of PN delivery (range, 2–21 days). Results: The nutrition phase analysis approach revealed substantial macronutrient and energy deficits during the TN phase. In particular, deficits were identified as maximal during the EN‐dominant TN phase (enteral feeds ≥80 mL/kg/d) of the infant’s nutrition course. In contrast, the chronological age analysis approach did not reveal a corresponding pattern of deficit occurrence but rather intakes that approximated or exceeded recommendations. Conclusion: Actual intakes of nutrients, analyzed using a nutrition phase approach to evaluating nutrition support, enabled a more infant‐driven rather than age‐driven application of nutrition recommendations. This approach unmasked nutrient deficits occurring during the transition phase. Overcoming nutrient deficits in this nutrition phase should be prioritized to improve the nutrition management of preterm infants.     

Parenteral Nutrition Utilization After Implementation of Multidisciplinary Nutrition Support Team Oversight

Background: Multidisciplinary nutrition teams can help guide the use of parenteral nutrition (PN), thereby reducing infectious risk, morbidity, and associated costs. Starting in 2007 at Harborview Medical Center, weekly multidisciplinary meetings were established to review all patients receiving PN. This study reports on observed changes in utilization from 2005–2010. Materials and Methods: All patients who received PN from 2005–2010 were followed prospectively. Clinical data and PN utilization data were recorded. Patients were grouped into cohorts based on exposure to weekly multidisciplinary nutrition team meetings (from 2005–2007 and from 2008–2010). Patients were also stratified by location, primary service, and ultimate disposition. Results: In total, 794 patients were included. After initiation of multidisciplinary nutrition meetings, the rate of patients who started PN decreased by 27% (relative risk [RR], 0.73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.63–0.84). A reduction in the number of patients receiving PN was observed in both the intensive care unit (ICU) and on the acute care floor (RR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.53–0.77 and RR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.64–0.99, respectively). The rate of patients with short‐duration PN use (PN duration of <5 days) declined by 30% in the ICU (RR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.51–0.97) and by 27% on acute care floors (RR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.51–1.03). Conclusions: Weekly multidisciplinary review of patients receiving PN was associated with reductions in the number of patients started on PN, total days that patients received PN, and number of patients who had short‐duration (<5 days) PN use.     

肠内营养与肠外营养支持的代谢效应

对比术后病人应用肠外(parenteral　nutrition,PN)与肠内(enteral　nutrition,EN)营养支持的代谢效应。20例病人,随机分为肠外营养组(对照组)及肠内营养组(研究组)。于手术后第5～11天给病人以传统的标准肠外营养或肠内营养剂爱伦多(Elental)支持。结果:(1)对照组病人的体重下降2.8±0.2kg,研究组病人的体重下降2.1±0.3kg,两组之间有差异(P=0.09)。(2)对照组的累积氮平衡 105.2±9.2mg·kg~(-1)/7d,研究组的累积氮平衡 184.8±33.2mg·kg~(-1)/7d。研究组明显优于对照组(p=0.03)。(3)血清谷氨酰胺(glutamine)的变化,对照组术前为630±20mmol/L,术后为594±26mmol/L,术后无显著性差异(P=0.55)。(4)血清亚油酸(linolicacid)的变化,对照组术前为101.4±37.7ug/ml,术后116.1±11.2ug/ml,术后血清亚油酸无显著性差异(P=0.65)。研究组术前为151.9±31.2ug/ml,术后101.2±16.5ug/ml,术后有降低,但没有显著性差异(P=0.11)。本研究结果表明,手术后肠功能恢复时,给予肠内营养爱伦多支持比传统的标准肠外营养支持有较好的代谢效应,但必需脂肪酸的补充量尚嫌不足。