鼻科学

96 1760大鼠鼻粘膜及三叉神经节生长抑素分布的初步研究/赵长青…//中华耳鼻咽喉科杂志一1996.31(2)一89一91 为探讨鼻粘膜神经肤释放的调控机制,用免疫组化结合原位杂交组化法观察大鼠鼻粘膜及三叉神经节冰冻切片生长抑素(SOM)及生长抑素信使核糖核酸(s()MmRNA)的分布。用重组     

大鼠鼻粘膜SP及CGRP逆向释放的免疫细胞化学研究

为了探讨调节肽在鼻粘膜炎症中的作用，我们用４％福尔马林滴鼻（双侧），观察大鼠鼻粘膜Ｐ物质（ｓｕｂｅｔａｎｃｅＰ，ＳＰ）及降钙素基因相关肽（ｃａｌｃｉｔｏｎｉｎｇｅｎｅｒｅｌａｔｅｄｐｅｐｔｉｄｅ，ＣＧＲＰ）免疫反应纤维的动态变化。发现每日一次、连续滴鼻５天后，鼻粘膜ＳＰ及ＣＧＲＰ纤维明显增多，以小血管壁为著；三叉神经节（ＴＧ）部分神经原胞体ＳＰ及ＣＧＲＰ免疫反应减弱。以上结果提示鼻粘膜单纯非特异性刺激可致局部ＳＰ及ＣＧＲＰ逆向释放增多。讨论了鼻粘膜ＳＰ及ＣＧＲＰ增多的临床意义。     

大鼠鼻粘膜降钙素基因相关肽能神经末梢的分布

用免疫细胞化学技术（ＡＢＣ法）观察大鼠鼻粘膜降钙素基因相关肽（ｃａｌｃｉｔｏｎｉｎｇｅｎｅ－ｒｅ－ｌａｔｅｄｐｅｐｔｉｄｅ，ＣＧＲＰ能神经末梢的分布。结果表明，ＣＧＲＰ能神经末梢广泛分布于小动脉壁、小静脉壁、腺泡周围及上皮细胞间，其中以小动脉壁密度最大。ＣＧＲＰ能神经末梢的典型形态为多级分枝的串珠样纤维。三叉神经节中也可见ＣＧＲＰ免疫反应阳性神经元胞体。基于上述观察，认为鼻粘膜中ＣＧＲＰ能末梢属于三叉神经节细胞伸向鼻粘膜的外周纤维，它们参与感受鼻粘膜局部刺激，及向中枢性末梢传递神经冲动，并在脑干释放ＣＧＲＰ。ＣＧＲＰ也可能在外周鼻粘膜局部释放并影响粘膜功能。     

变应性鼻炎鼻粘膜嗜酸粒细胞脱颗粒透射电镜观察

为研究变应性鼻炎鼻粘膜嗜酸粒细胞（ＥＯＳ）超微结构，从临床确诊为常年性变应性鼻炎（ＰＡＲ，ｎ＝１３）、花粉症（ＰＳ，ｎ＝９）和健康对照（ｎ＝３）鼻粘膜取活组织检查标本，除常规组织病理学检查外，重点观察ＥＯＳ脱颗粒的超微结构改变。ＰＡＲ和ＰＳ患者的鼻粘膜除不同程度的炎性反应外，均有明显的ＥＯＳ浸润。缓解期鼻粘膜ＥＯＳ胞膜完整、无突起，胞浆颗粒密度一致、中心键（ｃｒｙｓｔａｌｏｉｄ）清晰，胞浆无空泡化，为静息期ＥＯＳ。发作期鼻粘膜ＥＯＳ胞膜多不完整，伸出较多伪足，伪足中含有颗粒，胞浆空泡化明显，颗粒密度不一，中心键常脱失，为活化期ＥＯＳ。此外，尚可见大量的肥大细胞（ＭＣ）及Ｔ淋巴细胞浸润。ＥＯＳ与ＭＣ及Ｔ淋巴细胞的相互作用在变应性鼻炎的发生、发展中起重要作用。     

大鼠变应性鼻炎模型鼻粘膜三种肽能神经末梢免疫组化研究

为研究变应性鼻炎（ＡＲ）时鼻粘膜速激肽类神经纤维末梢的密度变化，用二异氰酸甲苯酯（ＴＤＩ）滴鼻建立ＷＳ系列大鼠的ＡＲ实验模型，取鼻粘膜作免疫组化染色并测定三种束激肽类即Ｐ物质（ＳＰ），神经激肽Ａ（ＮＫＡ）及神经激肽Ｂ（ＮＫＢ）神经纤维的密度。结果证实实验组动物鼻粘膜ＳＰ，ＮＫＡ及ＮＫＢ神经纤维的密度显著高对照组（Ｐ〈０．０１）；实验组鼻粘膜三种肽能神经纤维染色加重，纤维变粗，曲张体增大，由于大鼠Ａ     

大鼠变应性鼻炎模型鼻粘膜三种肽能神经末梢免疫组化研究

为研究变应性鼻炎（ＡＲ）时鼻粘膜速激肽类神经纤维末梢的密度变化，用二异氰酸甲苯酯（ＴＤＩ）滴鼻建立ＷＳ系大鼠的ＡＲ实验模型，取鼻粘膜作免疫组化染色并测定三种速激肽类即Ｐ物质（ＳＰ）、神经激肽Ａ（ＮＫＡ）及神经激肽Ｂ（ＮＫＢ）神经纤维的密度。结果证实实验组动物鼻粘膜ＳＰ、ＮＫＡ及ＮＫＢ神经纤维的密度显著高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）；实验组鼻粘膜三种肽能神经纤维染色加重、纤维变粗、曲张体增大。由于大鼠ＡＲ模型鼻粘膜ＳＰ、ＮＫＡ及ＮＫＢ神经纤维的密度明显增加，提示速激肽在ＡＲ的发病中起重要作用。     

P物质对变应性鼻炎动物模型鼻粘膜上皮短路电流的影响

目的观察Ｐ物质（ＳＰ）作用于变应性鼻炎动物模型鼻粘膜引起的离子分泌改变导致的上皮表面短路电流（Ｓｈｏｒｔ－ｃｉｒｃｕｉｔｃｕｒｒｅｎｔ，Ｉｓｃ）的变化。方法以鸡蛋清蛋白致敏大鼠后，用Ｕｓｓ－ｉｎｇ室技术测定鼻粘膜上皮表面短路电流。并观察神经激肽受体（ＮＫ１）拮抗剂ＣＰ９６３４５、组胺Ｈ１受体拮抗剂吡拉明、Ｈ２受体拮抗剂雷尼替丁和河豚毒素对ＳＰ的阻断作用。结果经ＳＰ刺激，致敏大鼠鼻粘膜表面Ｉｓｃ显著增高。经四种物质预处理均能显著阻断ＳＰ引起的Ｉｓｃ变化。结论ＳＰ经感觉神经末梢释放后，可引起上皮表面离子电位变化、上皮通透性增高等一系列鼻粘膜病理变化。     

螺旋神经节神经元原代培养及其免疫细胞化学鉴定

目的 建立成体哺乳动物耳蜗螺旋神经节神经元（ＳＧＮ）体外培养的细胞模型。方法 对出生后７ｄ的Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠的螺旋神经节细胞进行解离与分散培养。用荧光显微镜与倒置相差显微镜观察原代培养ＳＧＮ细胞的活力以及生长与分化过程。应用链霉卵白素过氧化物酶（ＳＰ）方法和抗神经丝蛋白单克隆抗体（ＮＦＰ－ＭｃＡｂ）对ＳＧＮ进行免疫细胞化学染色鉴定。结果 幼龄Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠的ＳＧＮ在体外条件下，可良好存活并有正常     

大鼠变应性鼻炎模型鼻粘膜P物质受体mRNA的表达

目的 探讨大鼠鼻粘膜Ｐ物质受体（ｓｕｂｓｔａｎｃｅ Ｐ ｒｅｃｅｐｔｏｒ,ＳＰ－Ｒ）ｍＲＮＡ的表达水平及其与变应性鼻炎的关系。方法 选健康Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠２０只,雌雄不限,随机分为实验组和对照组各１０只。实验组用卵清蛋白行腹腔注射基础致敏,继之鼻局部激发建立大鼠变应性鼻炎模型,以β－肌动蛋白（β－ａｃｔｉｎ）作内标准,利用逆转录－多聚酶链反应（ｒｅｖｅｒｓｅ ｔｒａｎｓｃｒｉｐｔｉｖｅ ｐｏｌｙｍ     

鼻粘膜心钠素基因表达及调控研究

以￣（３２）Ｐ标记的大鼠心钠素互补脱氧核糖核酸（ＡＮＦｃＤＮＡ）为探针．应用斑点印渍和Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ印渍杂交的方法，检测了正常大鼠、给予雌激素及糖皮质激素大鼠的鼻粘膜心钠素基因转录水平及其变化。并检测了７例鼻疾病患者粘膜组织心钠素基因表达状态。结果表明鼻粘膜存在心钠素ｍＲＮＡ（信使核糖核酸），可合成心钠素，雌激素与糖皮质激素可明显促进鼻粘膜心钠素基因表达，并呈剂量依赖性，鼻息肉患者的息肉组织及其下甲粘膜较其它病变鼻粘膜心钠素基因表达明显。并探讨了心钠的素存在于鼻粘膜的临床意义。     

Relationship between the discrimination of (w-r) and (t-d) continua and the identification of distorted (r)

The purpose of this study was to assess the extent to which listeners can perceive intraphonemic differences. In Experiment 1, subjects identified synthesized acoustic tokens of child-like speech that varied in second and third formant (F2 and F3) onset frequencies as (w), (r), or distorted (r) in two conditions: (a) with and without feedback of the group response choices, and (b) before and after training to identify the best examples of (w), (r), and distorted (r) based on their identification in the first condition. The results were: (a) some subjects consistently identified distorted (r) above criterion, and (b) feedback was more effective in increasing distorted (r) identification than was training. In Experiment 2, the same subjects participated in discrimination tasks using stimuli from a synthesized child (w-r) continuum that varied in F2 and F3 onsets and from a synthesized adult (t-d) continuum that varied in preconsonantal vowel duration. The results were: (a) perception was not categorical for both continua, (b) little relation was found between distorted-(r) identification and measures of (w-r) discrimination, and (c) a high and significant correlation was found between identification of distorted (r) and within-(d) discrimination. In Experiment 3, different subjects identified the child manifold stimuli and discriminated stimuli in a synthesized child (w-r) continuum and in a synthesized adult (t-d) continuum. The results were: (a) neither (w-r) or (t-d) perception was categorical although the former came closer than the latter in terms of individual subject performance, (b) there was a high and significant correlation between distorted-(r) identification and within-(r) discrimination of (w-r) stimuli, and (c) there were high and significant correlations between distorted-(r) identification and mean, cross-category boundary, and within-(t) discrimination of (t-d) stimuli.     

Multiple combination-sensitive neurons in the auditory cortex of the mustached bat

The mustached bat, Pteronotus parnellii, emits biosonar pulses consisting of four constant-frequency (CF(1-4)) and four frequency-modulated (FM(1-4)) components. The FM-FM area of its auditory cortex consists of three subdivisions, containing either FM(1)-FM(2), FM(1)-FM(3) or FM(1)-FM(4) combination-sensitive neurons. The FM-FM area also contains 'multiple combination-sensitive' neurons: FM(1)-FM(2,3), FM(1)-FM(3,4), FM(1)-FM(2,4), and FM(1)-FM(2,3,4) neurons. All FM-FM neurons are tuned to a time delay (echo delay) of FM(n) (n=2-4) from FM(1). In the present study, we made the following four major findings. (1) Multiple combination-sensitive neurons show the strongest response to a combination of more than two signal elements. (2) Multiple combination-sensitive neurons are located in about 100 microm wide bands at the boundaries between two adjacent subdivisions of the FM-FM area. (3) Iso-best-delay contour lines across the three single combination-sensitive subdivisions are not interrupted by multiple combination-sensitive bands. (4) Each subdivision of the FM-FM area has frequency-vs.-frequency coordinates in terms of best FM(1) and best FM(n) frequencies for facilitation, although such coordinates were not obtained with single tone bursts.     

Pharyngoesophageal reconstruction using free jejunal interposition grafts

Forty patients underwent pharyngoesophageal reconstruction with a free jejunal interposition graft (FJIG). Three categories of disease were treated: (1) primary upper aerodigestive tract carcinomas, (2) recurrent carcinomas, and (3) benign pharyngoesophageal stenosis. There were no intraoperative graft failures. Postoperative complications included four perioperative deaths, eight late graft failures, three transient fistulas, eight distal graft strictures, one prolonged ileus, two postoperative hematomas, one abdominal wound dehiscence, one abdominal abscess, and one hypoglossal nerve palsy. Of the eight patients with late graft failures, three underwent successful jejunal reimplantation, yielding an overall success rate of 88% (35/40). The advantages of an FJIG are as follows: (1) a single-stage procedure for large defects, (2) a jejunal segment approximately the size of the pharyngoesophagus, (3) tissue that is able to tolerate radiation therapy, (4) maintenance of near-physiologic swallowing mechanism, (5) denervated small-bowel model, (6) excellent palliative procedure, and (7) shortened hospitalization. Disadvantages include (1) microvascular surgical technique, (2) abdominal procedure, and (3) limited esophageal speech.     

Temporary DPOAE level shifts, ABR threshold shifts and histopathological damage following below-critical-level noise exposures

DPOAE temporary level shift (TLS) at 2f(1)-f(2) and f(2)-f(1), ABR temporary threshold shift (TTS), and detailed histopathological findings were compared in three groups of chinchillas that were exposed for 24 h to an octave band of noise (OBN) centered at 4 kHz with a sound pressure level (SPL) of 80, 86 or 92 dB (n=3,4,6). DPOAE levels at 39 frequencies from f(1)=0.3 to 16 kHz (f(2)/f(1)=1.23; L(2) and L(1)=55, 65 and 75 dB, equal and differing by 10 dB) and ABR thresholds at 13 frequencies from 0.5 to 20 kHz were collected pre- and immediately post-exposure. The functional data were converted to pre- minus post-exposure shift and overlaid upon the cytocochleogram of cochlear damage using the frequency-place map for the chinchilla. The magnitude and frequency place of components in the 2f(1)-f(2) TLS patterns were determined and group averages for each OBN SPL and L(1), L(2) combination were calculated. The f(2)-f(1) TLS was also examined in ears with focal lesions equal to or greater than 0.4 mm. The 2f(1)-f(2) TLS (plotted at f(1)) and TTS aligned with the extent and location of damaged supporting cells. The TLS patterns over frequency had two features which were unexpected: (1) a peak at about a half octave above the center of the OBN with a valley just above and below it and (2) a peak (often showing enhancement) at the apical boundary of the supporting-cell damage. The magnitudes of the TLS and TTS generally increased with increasing SPL of the exposure. The peaks of the TLS and TTS, as well as the peaks and valleys of the TLS pattern moved apically as the SPL of the OBN was increased. However, there was little consistency in the pattern relations with differing L(1), L(2) combinations. In addition, neither the 2f(1)-f(2) nor f(2)-f(1) TLS for any L(1), L(2) combination reliably detected focal lesions (100% OHC loss) from 0.4 to 1.2 mm in size. Often, the TLS went in the opposite direction from what would be expected at focal lesions. Recovery from TLS and TTS was also examined in seven animals. Both TLS and TTS recovered partially or completely, the magnitude depending upon exposure SPL.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征对嗓音质量的影响

目的　探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）对嗓音质量的影响。方法　运行Dr.Speech声学参数分析软件,采用电声门图检测方法对82例OSAHS患者及53例健康人电声门图信号的基频微扰、振幅微扰、标准化噪声能量、接触率微扰、接触幂微扰、声带振动及电声门图波形进行测试分析。结果　正常发声时,22例轻度OSAHS患者电声门图信号的基频微扰、振幅微扰、标准化噪声能量、接触率微扰、接触幂微扰分别为（1.037±1.493）%、（5.627±1.872）%、（-16.109±1.719）dB、（2.638±0.633）%、（166.789±30.492）% ;24例中度OSAHS患者各项指标分别为（1.578±0.362）%、（8.478±1.635）%、（-11.517±1.614）dB、（6.043±0.936）%、（255.210±91.224）%;36例重度OSAHS患者各项指标分别为（2.138±1.384）%、（14.888±4.089）%、（-7.677±2.151）dB、（11.749±7.164）%、（431.233±259.266）%,均明显高于53例对照组（0.517±0.303）%、（3.299±2.196）%、（- 2 1 . 9 3 3±5 . 4 7 7）d B、（1 . 3 2 2±0 . 9 4 2）%、（58.834±131.849）%,差异均有统计学意义。全部OSAHS患者的声带振动规律性均严重失常,电声门图波形不规律。结论　OSAHS患者上呼吸道结构改变,引起非生理性呼吸,声带黏膜干燥,弹性减弱,电声门图声学指标升高,振动严重失常,应对OSAHS患者的嗓音质量予以关注,尽早治疗。     

Amplitude of distortion product otoacoustic emissions in the guinea pig in f(1)- and f(2)-sweep paradigms

The amplitude versus frequency relations of distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) were studied in the guinea pig, using both the f(1)- and the f(2)-sweep paradigms to vary the primary frequency separation. The amplitude of the DPOAEs 2f(1)-f(2), 3f(1)-2f(2), 4f(1)-3f(2), and 2f(2)-f(1), plotted as a function of DP frequency, exhibited a bandpass structure. The separation of the primaries for which the DPOAE level is maximum is referred to as the optimum ratio f(2)/f(1). For the lower sideband DPOAEs (f(dp)相似文献   

成年功能性构音障碍患者辅音错误类型及方式分析

目的 探讨成年功能性构音障碍患者辅音发音错误的特点,为制定语音训练方案提供依据.方法以42例成年功能性构音障碍患者为研究对象,借助计算机语音工作站对患者进行语音评估,对其辅音的发音错误类型及方式进行分析.结果42例成年功能性构音障碍患者主要的辅音发音错误类型为置换、扭曲,其次为脱落.按发音部位,错误辅音依次为舌尖后音(39例,92.86%)、舌尖前音(31例,73.81%)、舌面音(22例,52.38%)、舌根音(19例,45.24%)、舌尖中音(18例,42.86%)、唇齿音(6例,14.29%)及双唇音(6例,14.29%);辅音错误频率由高至低依次为/sh/、/zh/、/ch/、/r/、/z/、/c/、/s/、/q/、/x/、/j/、/g/、/k/、/h/、/t/、/l/、/d/、/f/、/p/.辅音错误方式有:舌前音化(22例,52.38%)、非送气化(12例,28.57%)、侧化构音(12例,28.57%)、辅音脱落(9例21.42%)、舌后音化(8例,19.05%)、舌面音化(4例,9.52%)、双唇音化(4例,9.52%)、唇齿音化(3例,7.14%).结论成年功能性构音障碍患者的辅音发音错误类型主要是置换和扭曲;错误辅音主要为舌尖后音、舌尖前音、舌面音、舌根音、舌尖中音;辅音发音错误方式主要为舌前音化、非送气化、侧化构音、辅音脱落.     

Karzinogene und kokarzinogene Effekte von Metallen und Ethylalkohol in humanen Speicheldrüsenzellen

BACKGROUND: The etiology of malignomas of human salivary glands is examined. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Macroscopic, healthy salivary gland tissue from 46 donors was harvested during surgery. Single cells were isolated by enzymatic digestion. These were then incubated for 60 min with Na(2)Cr(2)O(7), NiSO(4), CdSO(4), ZnCl(2) and ethanol. Additionally, incubation with Na(2)Cr(2)O(7) was combined with NiSO(4), CdSO(4), ZnCl(2) and ethanol. The influence of CdSO(4) was analyzed by altered combinations with Na(2)Cr(2)O(7) during incubation and by the DNA-repair period. Evaluation was performed using fluorescent staining and digital analysis. RESULTS: Of all of the substances tested, only Na(2)Cr(2)O(7) showed genotoxic effects. NiSO(4), ZnCl(2) and ethanol had neither genotoxic nor cofactorial impacts. CdSO(4), however, caused additional genotoxic effects in combination with Na(2)Cr(2)O(7), although it lacked direct genotoxic potential. A reduction of DNA-repair of Na(2)Cr(2)O(7)-induced oxidative damage by CdSO(4) could be demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS: In this investigation, sodium dichromate was identified as genotoxic in association with human salivary gland tissue. These effects could be increased by CdSO(4), reinforcing DNA damage based on oxidative stress.     

Immittance and otoacoustic emissions in rhesus monkeys and humans

The purpose of this study was to compare multifrequency tympanometry and otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) and humans. Tympanometry and OAEs can be recorded efficiently in Macaca mulatta to assess peripheral auditory function with results comparable to those in humans. Differences include (1) greater admittances and conductances in humans from 226 to 630 Hz, the frequency range validly assessed; (2) larger amplitude transient evoked OAEs (TEOAEs) and noise levels in humans; (3) larger amplitude monkey 2f(1)-f(2) distortion product OAEs (DPOAES) (f(2)s>2 kHz); (4) more prominent DPOAEs other than 2f(1)-f(2) in monkeys; (5) more narrowly tuned human f(2)/f(1) X 2f(1)-f(2) amplitude functions at the lower frequencies tested; and (6) lower 2f(1)-f(2) DPOAE thresholds at f(2)=0.5 kHz and > or = 8 kHz in monkeys.     

四相鼻阻力测量法评估健康成人鼻腔通气状况的初步研究

目的 研究四相鼻阻力测量(four-phase rhinomanometry)法对评估健康成人鼻腔通气状况的临床应用价值.方法 健康成人85名,采用四相鼻阻力计测量吸气、呼气及整个呼吸过程中的有效阻力(effective resistance in inspiration,expiration and total breathing process,分别简称为Reffin、Reffex、Refft),以及吸气和呼气过程的顶点阻力(vertex resistance in inspiration and expiration process,分别简称为Vrin、Vrex).同时,应用鼻声反射仪测量鼻腔的最小横截面积(minimum cross-sectional area of nasal cavity,MCA)和0～5 cm的鼻腔容积(nasal volume from 0-5 cm,V5).对四项鼻阻力和鼻声反射测量结果 进行相关性分析.结果 健康成人男性和女性Reffin(x-±s)分别为(1.28±1.02)Pa/(cm3·s)和(1.55±1.03)Pa/(cm3·s);Reffex(x-±s)分别为(1.43±1.07)Pa/(cm3·s)和(1.75±1.14)Pa/(cm3·s);Refft(x-±s)分别为(1.34±0.99)Pa/(cm3·s)和(1.62±1.03)Pa/(cm3·s);Vrin(x-±s)分别为(1.31±1.03)Pa/,(cm3·s)和(1.60±1.03 Pa/(cm3·s);Vrex(x-±s)分别为(1.46±1.04)Pa/(cm3·s)和(1.82±1.17)Pa/(cm3·s),男性和女性的各观察值比较差异均无统计学意义(r值分别为:0.661、-0.397、0.127、0.649、-0.684,P值均>0.05).Reffin,Reffex,Refft,Vrin和Vrex,与年龄、身高、体重、头围、体表面积、体重指数之间均无显著的相关性(P值均>0.05).Reffin,Reffex,Refft,Vrin,Vrex与MCA、V5之间均有显著的相关性(r值为-0.18～-0.20,P值均<0.05).结论 四相鼻阻力测量的结果 与鼻声反射的测量结果 相关性良好,可作为评估成人鼻腔通气功能的临床检测手段.