罗哌卡因用于术后硬膜外镇痛的临床观察

目的 比较三种不同浓度罗哌卡因伍用吗啡及格拉司琼用于术后硬膜外镇痛的效果。方法90例择期妇科手术患者，随机分为三组，Ⅰ组为0．25％罗哌卡因组，Ⅱ组为0．20％罗哌卡因组．Ⅲ组为0．125％罗哌卡因组，三组均复合吗啡（6μg／ml）和格拉司琼（0．03mg／ml），硬膜外自控镇痛（PCEA），2ml／h。以VAS评分比较三组术后PCEA的镇痛效果，Bromage评分评定运动阻滞情况。结果术后6、12、24和48hVAS评分，Ⅲ组显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ组；Bromage评分Ⅰ组显著高于Ⅱ、Ⅲ组。无麻醉并发症。结论0．20％罗哌卡因复合吗啡和格拉司琼用于妇科手术患者术后镇痛效果确切，无明显运动阻滞作用．适合临床应用。     

罗哌卡因复合用药在硬膜外术后镇痛的疗效观察

目的探讨硬膜外自控镇痛泵输注罗哌卡因配伍小剂量芬太尼和吗啡用于术后镇痛的疗效和安全性。方法选择40例腰硬联合麻醉术后镇痛的患者，随机法将其分为RFM（罗哌卡因、芬太尼、吗啡）和RM（罗哌卡因、吗啡）两组，每组20例；RFM组用0．15％罗哌卡因联合芬太尼0．2mg联合吗啡0．5mg配制镇痛液100ml；RM组用0．15％罗哌卡因联合吗啡3mg配制镇痛液100ml；两组进行临床观察对比。结果两组镇痛效果，RFM组：优良13例，一般6例，无效1例，其优良率为65％，有效率为95％；RM组：优良11例，一般6例，无效3例，其优良率为55％，有效率为85％；RFM组镇痛效果明显优于RM组，且不良反应少。结论罗哌卡因复合芬太尼、吗啡用于腰硬联合麻醉术后硬膜外自控镇痛是一种安全有效的镇痛方法。     

0．2％罗哌卡因复合芬太尼镇痛液持续硬膜外给药临床观察

目的观察0．2％罗哌卡因复合芬太尼2、3、4ml／h用于硬膜外术后镇痛（PCEA）对运动神经阻滞后恢复和镇痛效果。方法选择250例择期脊柱手术病例,均采用硬膜外麻醉。以0．2％罗哌卡因复合芬太尼镇痛液（0．2％罗哌卡因150ml＋芬太尼0．3mg）持续硬膜外给药。按给药速度分为3组,A组：2ml／h;B组：3ml／h;C组：4ml／h。全部病例无按压PCEA泵,采用视觉模拟评分对疼痛进行评分。结果术后48h不同阶段VAS评分,B组、C组低于A组（P〈0．05）;B组和C组差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论0．2％罗哌卡因复合芬太尼（含罗哌卡因6mg/h,芬太尼6μg/h）背景剂量3ml／h是国人PCEA镇痛最佳选择。     

腰麻-硬膜外联合阻滞用于分娩镇痛的研究

目的观察罗哌卡因腰麻-硬膜外联合阻滞（CSEA）和产妇自控硬膜外镇痛（PCEA）在分娩镇痛中的效果和安全性以及对产妇和胎儿的影响。方法ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级拟行自然分娩的单胎足月初产妇40例，随机分为2组，宫口开至3～4cm时，R1组经蛛网膜下腔注入0．75％罗哌卡因0．50ml（3．75mg）＋5％葡萄糖溶液至2．5ml，R2组单独硬膜外镇痛。R1组当腰麻作用消失后，连接PCA泵，经硬膜外给予0．175％罗哌卡因，输注背景速率为6ml／h，锁定时间15min，单次剂量2ml。R2组在孕妇宫口开至3～4cm时行硬膜外穿刺置管连接PCA泵给予0．175％罗哌卡因，方法同R1组，监测VAS评分；新生儿Apger评分及NACS评分；观察产程、镇痛时间及PCA泵用药量及按压次数。结果镇痛起效时间：R1组显著短于R2组，有显著性差异（P〈0．01）；R：组罗哌卡因用药量高于R1组，有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论罗哌卡因腰麻-硬膜外联合阻滞用于分娩镇痛效果满意，母婴安全。     

地塞米松复合罗哌卡因用于剖宫产术后镇痛

目的:探讨地塞米松和罗哌卡因配伍用于剖宫产术后持续硬膜外自控镇痛的效果。方法:将200例ASAⅠ-Ⅱ级行子宫下段剖宫产的产妇,随机分为两组。所有产妇术毕均单次硬膜外腔注入负荷量5ml(含吗啡3 mg+甲氧氯普胺10mg+罗哌卡因15mg)。接泵维持剂量:I组(100例),0．2％罗哌卡因+地塞米松(0．2mg·ml-1)持续硬膜外给药,Ⅱ组(100例),0．2％罗哌卡因+芬太尼(2．5μg·ml-1)持续硬膜外给药(两组全部2ml·h-1),观察并记录48h内的镇痛效果及不良反应发生情况。结果:两组镇痛效果差异不显著,但I组不良反应明显减少。结论:在单次吗啡硬膜外推注作负荷量的情况下,地塞米松和罗哌卡因配伍持续硬膜外给药可获得良好的术后镇痛效果,不良反应少。     

硬膜外腔应用罗哌卡因等4种药物术后自控镇痛的临床观察

经硬膜外腔使用阿片类药物的患者行自控麻醉镇痛 ,临床上已取得较为满意的效果。然而因可能发生恶心、呕吐、尿潴留、胃肠蠕动减慢、皮肤瘙痒等并发症 ,影响了这种镇痛方法的实施。我院将罗哌卡因、氟哌利多、新斯的明复合吗啡用于患者术后自控镇痛 ,现报告如下 :1　资料与方法30 0例在硬膜外或全麻 +硬膜外麻醉下择期手术患者 ,ASA ～ 级 ,随机分为两组 ,实验组 180例 ,PCEA的配方为 0 .0 6 %吗啡、0 .15 %罗哌卡因、0 .1%氟哌利多、0 .0 4‰新斯的明的混合液 10 0 ml;对照组12 0例 ,PCEA配方为 0 .0 6 %吗啡和 0 .15 %罗哌卡因的混…     

舒芬太尼联合吗啡、罗哌卡因用于硬膜外术后镇痛效果观察

目的 研究下腹部术后,舒芬太尼与芬太尼联合吗啡、罗哌卡因应用于硬膜外术后自控镇痛(PCEA)的临床效果.方法 360例下腹部手术患者随机分为A、B组,每组180例:A组硬膜外给予0.10 μg/ml舒芬太尼+吗啡0.01 mg/ml+ 0.894％甲磺酸罗哌卡因10 ml;B组硬膜外给予1.00 μg/ml芬太尼+吗啡0.01 mg/ml+0.894％甲磺酸罗哌卡因10 ml.比较术后0.5、1、4、8、16、24、48 h2组血压(BP)、心率(HR)、呼吸频率(RR)、动脉血氧饱和度(Sp02).采用视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评价患者疼痛程度,记录镇痛质量、PCEA情况以及患者恶心、呕吐、皮肤瘙痒、呼吸抑制等不良反应发生情况.结果 2组术后VAS评分、镇痛质量及不良反应的发生率比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 硬膜外给予舒芬太尼联合吗啡、甲磺酸罗哌卡因可用于术后PCEA,其镇痛效果和安全性优于硬膜外给予芬太尼联合吗啡、甲磺酸罗哌卡因.     

不同浓度罗哌卡因术后硬膜外镇痛效果的观察

目的探讨不同浓度罗哌卡因复合芬太尼用于术后硬膜外镇痛效果。方法60例剖宫产手术后患者，随机分为0．25％罗哌卡因组（Ⅰ组）、0．179％罗哌卡因组（Ⅱ组）和0．15％罗哌卡因组（Ⅲ组），均复合芬太尼硬膜外自控镇痛，速率2mL／h，观察其视觉模拟（VAS）评分和Bromage评分情况。结果术后6、12、24和48hVAS评分，Ⅲ组显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ组；Bromage评分Ⅰ组显著高于Ⅱ、Ⅲ组；均无明显不良反应。结论0．179％罗哌卡因复合芬太尼对剖宫产术后镇痛效果确切，无运动阻滞及并发症，适合临床应用。     

老年人上腹部手术硬膜外超前镇痛的疗效与安全性

目的：探讨手术前硬膜外注射氯胺酮、吗啡、布比卡因术后镇痛的疗效和安全性。方法：将45例ASAⅠ-Ⅱ级择期实施上腹部手术的65岁以上老年病人,随机分为三组：Ⅰ组（对照组n=15);Ⅱ组（吗啡加布比卡因M＋B组n=15);Ⅲ组（氯胺酮－吗啡－布比卡因;K＋M＋B组n=15)。Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组术前30min分别经硬膜外导管注入0．9％生理盐水6－7ml,0.5%布比卡因6－7ml加吗啡1mg混合液;0．5％布比卡因6－7ml加氯胺酮20mg和吗啡1mg混合液。三组术后均行病人自控硬膜外镇痛（PCEA）治疗。结果：Ⅲ组术后72h吗啡总用量最少、VAS评分最低,与Ⅰ、Ⅱ组比较P＜0．05－0．01,未见明显的不良反应和呼吸循环抑制。结论：术前硬膜外预先注小剂量氯胺酮、吗啡、布比卡因混合液有良好的术后镇痛作用,不良反应少,而且安全。     

恩丹西酮与吗啡硬膜外超前镇痛用于下肢手术中的临床效果

目的：探讨预先硬膜外注射恩丹西酮与吗啡在下肢手术术后镇痛应用中的效果和安全性。方法：选择ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级，年龄25-50岁，择期在腰硬联合麻醉下行下肢手术的患者80例，随机分成两组，每组各40例。Ⅰ组在术前20min硬膜外腔一次性注入吗啡1．5mg，恩丹西酮2．0mg，Ⅱ组在术毕即硬膜外注入上述药物，术毕接镇痛泵，泵内配方为：吗啡4mg,0．75％盐酸罗哌卡因150mg。恩丹西酮4．0mg，加0．9％生理盐水至100ml，流速为2ml／h，PCA量为2ml，锁定时间为15min，分别记录开启泵后4h、12h、24h、48h的VAS评分，Ramsay评分以及记录总的PCA需要量，舒适评分以及并发症。结果：Ⅰ组VAS评分显著高于Ⅱ组（P〈0．05），Ⅰ组的舒适评分也高于Ⅱ组，Ⅰ组的PCA需要量显著小于Ⅱ组（P〈0．05）。结论：恩丹西酮与吗啡超前镇痛可以增强下肢手术术后镇痛的效果，并且不增加并发症。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.