肾滤过分数评价肾动脉支架植入术对动脉硬化性肾动脉狭窄的治疗效果

目的：探讨肾滤过分数（filtration fraction,FF）评价肾动脉支架植入术对动脉硬化性肾动脉狭窄治疗效果的意义。方法： 对42例肾动脉狭窄患者,共52条肾动脉行肾动脉支架植入术（percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty and stent,PTRAS）, 分析患者健侧肾和患侧肾（分肾）肾小球滤过率（glomerular filtration rate,GFR）、分肾肾有效血浆流量（effective renal plasma flow,ERPF）和分肾肾滤过分数的变化,术前与术后血肌酐（serum creatinine,sCr）变化,观察患者血压（收缩压）和服用降压药种类的变化。结果： 52例肾动脉支架植入手术全部成功,术前患侧GFR明显低于健侧（t=－3.989,P=0.000）,ERPF明显低于健侧（t=－4.926,P=0.000）。两侧总体FF值相当（t=1.273,P=0.207）,术后患侧肾GFR有所增高,但差异无统计学意义（t=－1.411,P=0.164）,术后患侧肾ERPF明显增高（t=－4.954,P=0.000）、FF降低（更趋近于正常值,t=3.274,P=0.002）。术后健侧GFR明显降低（t=2.569,P=0.000）,ERPF明显降低（t=3.889,P=0.001）,FF无明显变化（t=－0.758,P=0.454）。术后患侧GFR低于健侧（t=－3.283,P=0.002）,ERPF低于健侧（t=-3.351,P=0.001）,但两侧FF值相当（t=－0.361,P=0.719）。术前FF相对正常的患肾,术后FF值变化较小（t=0.799,P=0.430）;术前FF明显升高的患肾,术后FF值较术前降低（趋向正常值,t=5.299,P=0.000）。患者术后总体血肌酐较前明显下降（t=2.505,P=0.016）,但对于单侧肾动脉狭窄患者,其血肌酐变化差异无统计学意义（t=1.228,P=0.299）;而对于双侧肾动脉狭窄患者,血肌酐较术前明显下降（t=2.518,P=0.030）,患者术后血压（收缩压）较术前明显下降（t=8.945,P=0.000）,服用降压药物种类较术前明显减少（t=5.280,P=0.000）。结论： 对于肾动脉狭窄患者,分肾FF是了解肾缺血病理生理进程的有益指标,术前FF显著增高或FF相对正常,应视为肾动脉支架植入术的手术指征。     

彩色多普勒超声对小儿肾积水叶间动脉阻力指数比率测定及肾功能评价价值分析

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声对小儿肾积水叶间动脉阻力指数比率测定及肾功能评价的应用价值。 方法选取肾积水患儿58例作为病例组,同期健康儿童70例作为对照组,采用彩色多普勒超声测量2组肾内叶间动脉搏动指数（pulsation index,PI）、阻力指数（resistance index,RI）、收缩期最大血流速度（maxmium systolic blood flow velocity,Vmax）及舒张期最小血流速度（minimum diastolic blood flow velocity,Vmin）。计算动脉阻力指数比率（resistive index ratio,RIR）,RIR=患侧肾脏RI/对侧肾脏RI,采用肾核素动态显像法测定病例组患儿肾小球滤过率（glomerular filtration rate,GFR）,分析病例组肾脏超声指标与GFR的相关性。 结果单侧肾积水患儿健侧肾脏PI和RI值明显低于对照组,肾积水肾脏PI和RI值明显高于对照组和单侧肾积水患儿健侧肾脏,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。病例组与对照组的RIR比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;且RIR随着肾积水程度加重呈升高趋势,但Ⅳ度肾积水患儿的RIR呈现降低趋势,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。48例单侧肾积水患者患侧肾GFR低于健侧,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）。肾积水对应一侧肾脏PI与GFR 无相关性（r=0.071,P=0.574）;RI与GFR呈低度相关性（r=0.506,P=0.041）;RIR与GFR呈中度相关性（r=0.731,P=0.026）。 结论RIR与肾积水程度有一定相关,且其受年龄因素的影响较小,通过彩色多普勒超声测量RIR,可间接评估小儿肾积水时肾功能情况,可作为初步评估小儿肾积水时肾功能的首选检查手段。     

核素肾动态显像对单侧梗阻性肾病围手术期肾功能改变的评估

目的：探讨核素肾动态显像在评估单侧梗阻性肾病手术前和术后早期肾功能改变中的价值。方法：确诊为单侧梗阻性肾病患者68例,术前通过99mTc－DTPA核素肾动态显像测定肾小球滤过率（ glomerular filtration rate ,GFR）;并同时检测血肌酐（ Scr ）、尿素氮（ BUN ）、胱抑素C （ CysC ）水平。按患侧肾GFR值下降程度分组：正常组（ A）18例、轻度组（ B）25例、中度组（ C）20例、重度组（ D）5例。所有患者术后第7天复查GFR值及上述指标并与术前进行比较。结果：B、C组患肾术后第7天GFR值比术前升高,差异均具有统计学意义（ P＜0．05）;A、D组患肾术后与术前比较GFR值无明显改变,差异无统计学意义（ P＞0．05）;Scr、BUN、CysC水平术后与术前比较无明显变化,差异无统计学意义（ P＞0．05）。结论：核素肾动态显像优于Scr、BUN、CysC,能准确评估单侧梗阻性肾病术前和术后早期肾功能改变,为指导临床治疗提供重要参考价值。     

支架置入术对肾动脉狭窄患者血压和分肾肾功能的影响

目的评价肾动脉支架置入（PARAS）的安全性及对肾动脉狭窄（RAS）血压和患侧肾肾功能的影响。方法对109例RAS患者行PTRAS。男63例（58%）,女46例（42%）。年龄18～79岁,平均为（61±5）岁。病因分别为肾动脉粥样硬化89例（81.7%）,多发性大动脉炎15例（13.7%）,肌纤维发育不良3例（2.8%）,移植术后狭窄2例（1.8%）。随访12～48个月,平均24±2个月,观察测定患者血压、分肾肾小球滤过率（SKGFR）及降压药的应用情况。结果109例149条肾动脉行PTRAS后管腔直径狭窄从74%～100%（84.2±11.8）%降至0%～25（6.5±5.3）%,管腔最小直径从0～1.6mm（1.2±0.8）mm增至4.8mm～7.5mm（5.8±0.8）mm。技术成功率98%（107/109）。2例肾动脉残留狭窄35%。无肾动脉破裂及夹层发生。收缩压由术前平均165±25mmHg降至随访时平均141±20mmHg（P〈0.01）,舒张压由术前平均95±12mmHg,降至随访时83±10mmHg。（P〈0.01）。高血压治愈13例（12%）,改善61例（56%）,无效37例（34%）,总有效率（68%）。降压药物种类由术前3.2±1.0种降至术后2.3±1.1种（P〈0.05）。SKGFR总体升高,由术前平均31±13ml/min,升至术后平均35±14ml/min,（P〈0.01）。分肾肾功能改善55例（37%）,稳定81（54%）,恶化13（9%）。PTRAS的并发症总计（11/109,10%）,5例术后发生急性肾功能不全,其中2例为可逆性。1例出现股动脉穿刺点假性动脉瘤,5例出现股动脉穿刺点出血。结论PTRAS对RAS安全有效,有助于患者控制血压,减少口服降压药,维持和改善肾功能。     

肾性高血压大鼠模型制备方法的改进

目的：建立一种改良的普遍适用且成活率高的肾性高血压大鼠模型。方法：健康雄性SD大鼠32只,随机分为手术组（n=16）和假手术组（n=16）。采用缝合线和针灸银针对手术组大鼠造成单侧肾动脉狭窄,形成肾性高血压。假手术组仅游离肾动脉,不予缩窄。结果：肾动脉缩窄术后14d,手术组血压较术前明显增高（t=6.366,P〈0.01）,术后28d血压进一步升高,达到稳定的高水平（t=12.806,P〈0.001）;左肾动脉缩窄术后28d手术组血压显著高于假手术组（t=10.41,P〈0.01）,大鼠成活率75%（12/16）,成活的大鼠全部形成高血压模型。结论：该动物模型可模拟人单侧肾动脉狭窄所致的高血压病变,其制作方法简便,可操作性强,成功率高,符合高血压实验研究的需要。     

核素肾动态显像在慢性梗阻性肾病手术前后肾功能评价中的作用

目的探讨核素肾动态显像对慢性梗阻性肾病的肾功能损害程度及术后肾功能恢复评价的意义。方法确诊为慢性梗阻性肾病患者共83例,包括105个患肾。所有患者测定分肾肾小球滤过率(glomerular filtra-tion rate,GFR),按患肾功能损害分轻、中、重3组,轻度组40个患肾,中度组51个患肾,重度组14个患肾。同时行泌尿系B超测量肾脏的大小,手术解除梗阻后1个月复查肾脏B超及GFR,与手术前进行比较。结果 3组的肾脏大小手术前后差异无统计学意义。轻、中度组的GFR手术后有明显升高,差异有统计学意义。而肾功能重度损害组基本无恢复,差异无统计学意义。结论慢性梗阻性肾病术前核素肾动态显像可预测解除梗阻后肾功能的恢复情况。GFR 10 mL/(min.1.73 m2)为是否有手术指征的关键点。     

彩色多普勒超声对移植肾肾动脉中度以上狭窄的研究

目的利用彩色多普勒血流显像（CDFI）探讨移植肾患者肾动脉中度以上狭窄的规律。方法应用彩色多普勒超声监测43例肾移植术后的患者,对8例并发肾动脉狭窄患者的彩色多普勒血流特征进行分析,以肾动脉流速／叶间动脉流速（PSV／PSV’）作为判断移植肾肾动脉狭窄的指标,指标范围设定为：8〈PSV／PSV’〈13（中度狭窄）,PSV／PSV’〉13（重度狭窄）。诊断结果与磁共振（MRA）肾血管成像检查结果进行对照。结果8例中6例为重度狭窄,1例为中度狭窄,1例CDFI诊为中度狭窄,MRA诊为轻度狭窄。结论PSV／PSV’〉13可以很好地诊断移植肾重度肾动脉狭窄,9〈Psv／PSV’〈13可估测中度肾动脉狭窄。     

彩色多普勒超声对肾积水患儿肾脏功能的评估

①目的探讨彩色多普勒超声在肾积水患儿肾脏功能评估的应用价值。②方法对103例单侧肾积水的患儿进行肾皮质厚度及肾脏血流动力学检测,计算肾皮质厚度比值和肾动脉阻力指数比值,并与肾功能检查结果相对照。③结果主肾动脉Vmax、Vmin及RI在积水侧肾脏与正常肾脏、对侧肾脏与正常肾脏间有显著性差异（P〈0.001）。单侧肾积水肾功能异常组与肾功能正常组、肾功能异常组与正常对照组间RCT、RCTR（P〈0.01）有显著性差异;肾功能异常组与肾功能正常组、肾功能异常组与正常对照组间RIR有显著性差异（P〈0.05）。以RCTR≤0.85、RIR≥1.10评估积水侧肾脏功能异常,其敏感性为88%、特异性为93%。④结论利用肾动脉阻力指数比值以及肾皮质厚度比值判断单侧肾积水患儿肾脏功能异常具有较高的敏感性。     

小儿先天性重度肾积水的外科治疗分析

目的：探讨外科治疗小儿先天性重度肾积水的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析36例小儿先天性重度肾积水患者的临床资料,分析手术后患肾形态和功能及临床疗效。结果随访时患儿患侧肾实质平均厚度以及肾实质平均面积较术前显著增加（P〈0.01）。随访时患侧肾实质平均厚度低于健侧肾（P〈0.01）,而患侧和健侧肾实质平均面积比较没有差异（P〉0.05）。对12例患儿术前术后肾脏功能进行比较,随访时健侧患侧肾滤过分数均显著增加（P〈0.01）,但患侧肾仍显著低于健侧肾（P〈0.01）。随访时肾实质平均面积无尿路感染组显著高于尿路感染组患儿（P〈0.01）。结论外科治疗小儿先天性重度肾积水具有较好的临床疗效。     

选择性肾动脉分支阻断与肾动脉全阻断下腹腔镜肾部分切除术治疗肾肿瘤的疗效比较

目的比较选择性肾动脉分支阻断与肾动脉全阻断下腹腔镜肾部分切除术治疗肾肿瘤的疗效。方法回顾性分析行肾部分切除术的56例肾肿瘤患者的临床资料,根据检查结果选择是否完全阻断肾动脉,其中选择性肾动脉分支阻断25例（A组）,肾动脉全阻断31例（B组）。比较两组患者手术时间、肾动脉阻断时间、术中出血量、肾小球滤过率（eGFR）变化率、手术切缘阳性情况、Clavien分级等,术后3个月复查CT观察肿瘤有无复发及肾积水情况。结果所有患者顺利完成手术,由同一组医师操作,均无手术切缘阳性;A组术中无一例中转为全阻断下手术。A、B组ClavienⅡ级各有1例。两组患者手术时间、肾动脉阻断时间、术中出血量等方面比较,差异均无统计学意义（均P＞0.05）;术后1d、1周和1个月时eGFR变化率比较差异有统计学意义,B组均高于A组（均P＜0.01）。B组患者术后1d肾动脉阻断时间与eGFR呈负相关（r=-0.65,P＜0.01）,A组患者术后1d肾动脉阻断时间与eGFR未见相关（P＞0.05）。术后3个月复查CT,两组患者均无肿瘤复发及远处转移,无肾积水及肾萎缩等。结论与肾动脉全阻断比较,选择性肾动脉分支阻断下腹腔镜肾部分切除术相对安全,保护正常肾单位功能的效果更优。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.