Artificial Intelligence in Cardiovascular Medicine: Historical Overview,Current Status,and Future Directions

Artificial intelligence and machine learning are rapidly gaining popularity in every aspect of our daily lives, and cardiovascular medicine is no exception. Here, we provide physicians with an overview of the past, present, and future of artificial intelligence applications in cardiovascular medicine. We describe essential and powerful examples of machine-learning applications in industry and elsewhere. Finally, we discuss the latest technologic advances, as well as the benefits and limitations of artificial intelligence and machine learning in cardiovascular medicine.     

Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Interventional Cardiology: From Decision-Making Aid to Advanced Interventional Procedure Assistance

Access to big data analyzed by supercomputers using advanced mathematical algorithms (i.e., deep machine learning) has allowed for enhancement of cognitive output (i.e., visual imaging interpretation) to previously unseen levels and promises to fundamentally change the practice of medicine. This field, known as “artificial intelligence” (AI), is making significant progress in areas such as automated clinical decision making, medical imaging analysis, and interventional procedures, and has the potential to dramatically influence the practice of interventional cardiology. The unique nature of interventional cardiology makes it an ideal target for the development of AI-based technologies designed to improve real-time clinical decision making, streamline workflow in the catheterization laboratory, and standardize catheter-based procedures through advanced robotics. This review provides an introduction to AI by highlighting its scope, potential applications, and limitations in interventional cardiology.     

Application of artificial intelligence in screening for adverse perinatal outcomes: A protocol for systematic review

The article presents a systematic review protocol. The aim of the study is an assessment of current studies regarding the application of artificial intelligence and neural networks in the screening for adverse perinatal outcomes. We intend to compare the reported efficacy of these methods to improve pregnancy care and outcomes. There are more and more studies that describe the role of machine learning in facilitating the diagnosis of adverse perinatal outcomes, like gestational diabetes or pregnancy hypertension. A systematic review of available literature seems to be crucial to compare the known efficacy and application. Publication of a systematic review in this category would improve the value of future studies. The studies reporting on artificial intelligence application will have a major impact on future prenatal practice.     

血浆微小 RNA-223(miR-223)及叉头框蛋白3a水平与冠心病病人心脏结构变化的相关性研究

人工智能在心电图中的应用是心血管领域正在发生变革的一个重要方向。近年来,先进的人工智能技术,如深度学习,卷积神经网络等,已经实现了对心电图的快速、类似于人类的判读,而多层神经网络可以精确地检测到人类判读者基本无法识别的信号和模式,使心电图成为一个强大的“生物标志物”。大量的数字化心电图已经被用于开发人工智能模型,可检测阵发性心房颤动、左心室功能障碍、心肌病以及高钾血症、瓣膜疾病等异常情况。在这篇综述中,我们总结了人工智能辅助的心电图诊断在心血管疾病中的应用现状,讨论并评估了其临床意义、局限性和发展前景。     

Potentials of AI in medical image analysis in Gastroenterology and Hepatology

With the advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) technology, it comes in a big wave carrying possibly huge impact in the field of medicine. Gastroenterology and hepatology, being a specialty relying much on diagnostic imaging, endoscopy, and histopathology, AI technology has promised improving the quality and consistency of care to the patients. In this review, we will elucidate the development of machine learning methods, especially the visual representation mechanism in deep learning on recognition tasks. Various AI‐image analysis applications in endoscopy, radiology, and pathology are covered in gastroenterology and hepatology and reveal the enormous potentials for AI in assisting diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. We also discuss the promises as well as pitfalls for AI in medical image analysis and pointing out future research directions.     

Automation,machine learning,and artificial intelligence in echocardiography: A brave new world

Automation, machine learning, and artificial intelligence (AI) are changing the landscape of echocardiography providing complimentary tools to physicians to enhance patient care. Multiple vendor software programs have incorporated automation to improve accuracy and efficiency of manual tracings. Automation with longitudinal strain and 3D echocardiography has shown great accuracy and reproducibility allowing the incorporation of these techniques into daily workflow. This will give further experience to nonexpert readers and allow the integration of these essential tools into more echocardiography laboratories. The potential for machine learning in cardiovascular imaging is still being discovered as algorithms are being created, with training on large data sets beyond what traditional statistical reasoning can handle. Deep learning when applied to large image repositories will recognize complex relationships and patterns integrating all properties of the image, which will unlock further connections about the natural history and prognosis of cardiac disease states. The purpose of this review article was to describe the role and current use of automation, machine learning, and AI in echocardiography and discuss potential limitations and challenges of in the future.     

Artificial intelligence as the next step towards precision pathology

Pathology is the cornerstone of cancer care. The need for accuracy in histopathologic diagnosis of cancer is increasing as personalized cancer therapy requires accurate biomarker assessment. The appearance of digital image analysis holds promise to improve both the volume and precision of histomorphological evaluation. Recently, machine learning, and particularly deep learning, has enabled rapid advances in computational pathology. The integration of machine learning into routine care will be a milestone for the healthcare sector in the next decade, and histopathology is right at the centre of this revolution. Examples of potential high‐value machine learning applications include both model‐based assessment of routine diagnostic features in pathology, and the ability to extract and identify novel features that provide insights into a disease. Recent groundbreaking results have demonstrated that applications of machine learning methods in pathology significantly improves metastases detection in lymph nodes, Ki67 scoring in breast cancer, Gleason grading in prostate cancer and tumour‐infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) scoring in melanoma. Furthermore, deep learning models have also been demonstrated to be able to predict status of some molecular markers in lung, prostate, gastric and colorectal cancer based on standard HE slides. Moreover, prognostic (survival outcomes) deep neural network models based on digitized HE slides have been demonstrated in several diseases, including lung cancer, melanoma and glioma. In this review, we aim to present and summarize the latest developments in digital image analysis and in the application of artificial intelligence in diagnostic pathology.     

Successfully implemented artificial intelligence and machine learning applications in cardiology: State-of-the-art review

The omnipresence and deep impact of artificial intelligence (AI) in today's society are undeniable. While the technology has already established itself as a powerful tool in several industries, more recently it has also started to change the practice of medicine. The aim of this review is to provide healthcare providers working in the field of cardiovascular medicine with an overview of AI and machine learning (ML) algorithms that have passed the initial tests and made it into contemporary clinical practice. The following domains where AI/ML could revolutionize cardiology are covered: (i) signal processing, (ii) image processing, (iii) clinical risk stratification, (iv) natural language processing, and (v) fundamental clinical discoveries.     

机器学习在超声心动图中的应用进展

超声心动图在心血管疾病的诊断和治疗中起着至关重要的作用。然而,超声心动图的解读需相关医生长时间专业经验的积累,因操作者之间经验的不同可能导致错误的诊断。近年来,人工智能和机器学习的发展为超声心动图的解读提供了新的可能性。机器学习是人工智能的一个子集,机器学习模型通过从大型数据库中提取模式来快速获取信息,具有快速、精确及一致等特性。研究表明机器学习应用于超声心动图评估可行,可降低人为错误的风险,但在超声心动图领域的应用仍处于起步阶段。     

A review of machine learning in obesity

Rich sources of obesity‐related data arising from sensors, smartphone apps, electronic medical health records and insurance data can bring new insights for understanding, preventing and treating obesity. For such large datasets, machine learning provides sophisticated and elegant tools to describe, classify and predict obesity‐related risks and outcomes. Here, we review machine learning methods that predict and/or classify such as linear and logistic regression, artificial neural networks, deep learning and decision tree analysis. We also review methods that describe and characterize data such as cluster analysis, principal component analysis, network science and topological data analysis. We introduce each method with a high‐level overview followed by examples of successful applications. The algorithms were then applied to National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey to demonstrate methodology, utility and outcomes. The strengths and limitations of each method were also evaluated. This summary of machine learning algorithms provides a unique overview of the state of data analysis applied specifically to obesity.     

Applied machine learning in hematopathology

An increasing number of machine learning applications are being developed and applied to digital pathology, including hematopathology. The goal of these modern computerized tools is often to support diagnostic workflows by extracting and summarizing information from multiple data sources, including digital images of human tissue. Hematopathology is inherently multimodal and can serve as an ideal case study for machine learning applications. However, hematopathology also poses unique challenges compared to other pathology subspecialities when applying machine learning approaches. By modeling the pathologist workflow and thinking process, machine learning algorithms may be designed to address practical and tangible problems in hematopathology. In this article, we discuss the current trends in machine learning in hematopathology. We review currently available machine learning enabled medical devices supporting hematopathology workflows. We then explore current machine learning research trends of the field with a focus on bone marrow cytology and histopathology, and how adoption of new machine learning tools may be enabled through the transition to digital pathology.     

Artificial intelligence in cardiology

This review examines the current state and application of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in cardiovascular medicine. AI is changing the clinical practice of medicine in other specialties. With progress continuing in this emerging technology, the impact for cardiovascular medicine is highlighted to provide insight for the practicing clinician and to identify potential patient benefits.     

AI,visual imagery,and a case study on the challenges posed by human intelligence tests

Observations abound about the power of visual imagery in human intelligence, from how Nobel prize-winning physicists make their discoveries to how children understand bedtime stories. These observations raise an important question for cognitive science, which is, what are the computations taking place in someone’s mind when they use visual imagery? Answering this question is not easy and will require much continued research across the multiple disciplines of cognitive science. Here, we focus on a related and more circumscribed question from the perspective of artificial intelligence (AI): If you have an intelligent agent that uses visual imagery-based knowledge representations and reasoning operations, then what kinds of problem solving might be possible, and how would such problem solving work? We highlight recent progress in AI toward answering these questions in the domain of visuospatial reasoning, looking at a case study of how imagery-based artificial agents can solve visuospatial intelligence tests. In particular, we first examine several variations of imagery-based knowledge representations and problem-solving strategies that are sufficient for solving problems from the Raven’s Progressive Matrices intelligence test. We then look at how artificial agents, instead of being designed manually by AI researchers, might learn portions of their own knowledge and reasoning procedures from experience, including learning visuospatial domain knowledge, learning and generalizing problem-solving strategies, and learning the actual definition of the task in the first place.     

The unreasonable effectiveness of deep learning in artificial intelligence

Deep learning networks have been trained to recognize speech, caption photographs, and translate text between languages at high levels of performance. Although applications of deep learning networks to real-world problems have become ubiquitous, our understanding of why they are so effective is lacking. These empirical results should not be possible according to sample complexity in statistics and nonconvex optimization theory. However, paradoxes in the training and effectiveness of deep learning networks are being investigated and insights are being found in the geometry of high-dimensional spaces. A mathematical theory of deep learning would illuminate how they function, allow us to assess the strengths and weaknesses of different network architectures, and lead to major improvements. Deep learning has provided natural ways for humans to communicate with digital devices and is foundational for building artificial general intelligence. Deep learning was inspired by the architecture of the cerebral cortex and insights into autonomy and general intelligence may be found in other brain regions that are essential for planning and survival, but major breakthroughs will be needed to achieve these goals.     

人工智能在消化内镜中的临床应用现状

随着人工智能（artificial intelligence,AI）技术的不断发展,以大数据为支撑兼具强大计算能力和学习能力的AI技术已用于解决复杂的医学问题。利用AI分析大量非结构化医学数据,并执行临床任务,开始出现在胃肠镜检查中。即使与专业的内镜医师相比,AI技术也能够表现出优异的灵敏度和准确率,计算机辅助检查和计算机辅助诊断技术有望改变传统的内镜检查模式。本文就AI技术在消化系统内镜中的应用进行探讨。     

人工智能在结直肠息肉性质鉴别中的应用进展

在信息化和智能化浪潮的推动下,计算机辅助内镜下病变的发现和鉴别因具有较高的诊断准确率而日益受到关注,特别是深度学习和卷积神经网络的出现,极大推动了智能化内镜的发展。结直肠息肉的人工智能化检测,是人工智能消化内镜应用领域中发展最快的方向,近年来不断涌现结直肠息肉智能检测和性质鉴别的突破性研究成果。本文就目前国内外关于计算机辅助诊断和人工智能在结直肠息肉性质鉴别中的研究进展进行综述。     

Artificial Intelligence Aided Design of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds Employing Virtual Tomography and 3D Convolutional Neural Networks

Design requirements for different mechanical metamaterials, porous constructions and lattice structures, employed as tissue engineering scaffolds, lead to multi-objective optimizations, due to the complex mechanical features of the biological tissues and structures they should mimic. In some cases, the use of conventional design and simulation methods for designing such tissue engineering scaffolds cannot be applied because of geometrical complexity, manufacturing defects or large aspect ratios leading to numerical mismatches. Artificial intelligence (AI) in general, and machine learning (ML) methods in particular, are already finding applications in tissue engineering and they can prove transformative resources for supporting designers in the field of regenerative medicine. In this study, the use of 3D convolutional neural networks (3D CNNs), trained using digital tomographies obtained from the CAD models, is validated as a powerful resource for predicting the mechanical properties of innovative scaffolds. The presented AI-aided or ML-aided design strategy is believed as an innovative approach in area of tissue engineering scaffolds, and of mechanical metamaterials in general. This strategy may lead to several applications beyond the tissue engineering field, as we analyze in the discussion and future proposals sections of the research study.     

Artificial intelligence and inflammatory bowel disease: Where are we going?

Inflammatory bowel diseases, namely ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, are chronic and relapsing conditions that pose a growing burden on healthcare systems worldwide. Because of their complex and partly unknown etiology and pathogenesis, the management of ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease can prove challenging not only from a clinical point of view but also for resource optimization. Artificial intelligence, an umbrella term that encompasses any cognitive function developed by machines for learning or problem solving, and its subsets machine learning and deep learning are becoming ever more essential tools with a plethora of applications in most medical specialties. In this regard gastroenterology is no exception, and due to the importance of endoscopy and imaging numerous clinical studies have been gradually highlighting the relevant role that artificial intelligence has in inflammatory bowel diseases as well. The aim of this review was to summarize the most recent evidence on the use of artificial intelligence in inflammatory bowel diseases in various contexts such as diagnosis, follow-up, treatment, prognosis, cancer surveillance, data collection, and analysis. Moreover, insights into the potential further developments in this field and their effects on future clinical practice were discussed.     

人工智能在胶囊内镜中的应用现状与前景北大核心CSCD

以深度学习中卷积神经网络模型为代表的人工智能(artificial intelligence,AI)技术为胶囊内镜(capsule endoscopy,CE)提供了一种高效而准确的自动图像识别方法,可辅助临床医生诊断,在多项研究中具有较好的应用效果。同时,人工智能在多病变分类诊断、胶囊内镜定位、内镜质量控制、胶囊内镜教学培训以及多场景应用等方面均具有较大的发展潜力。