日本血吸虫保护性抗原模拟表位的筛选及其免疫保护作用的研究

目的在前期已建立日本血吸虫感染兔新模型的基础上,用该血清从噬菌体随机12肽库中筛选阳性单克隆噬菌体,并鉴定其诱导小鼠的免疫保护效果。方法通过给感染日本血吸虫家兔注射酚氧化酶抑制剂,抑制其体内日本血吸虫雌虫产卵,建立无虫卵肉芽肿的日本血吸虫感染动物新模型,用其血清筛选出阳性多克隆噬菌体,经与可溶性虫卵抗原(SEA)免疫兔血清充分吸附后,从中随机挑取14个单克隆分别纯化、扩增,用常规ELISA法检测阳性单克隆噬菌体的抗原性;挑选出与新模型兔血清呈强阳性反应,但与SEA免疫兔血清呈阴性或弱阳性反应的单克隆噬菌体,按1×1015pfu/次剂量,0-2-4周方案,皮下多点注射免疫小鼠。末次免疫4周后,每鼠经腹部皮肤攻击感染(40±1)条日本血吸虫尾蚴,感染42d后观察减虫率及减卵率。结果所选14个单克隆噬菌体均能与新模型兔血清和常规感染模型兔血清反应,尤其是第8号和第13号2个克隆与新模型兔血清呈强阳性反应,但与SEA免疫兔血清呈阴性反应;8号、13号单克隆噬菌体及原始噬菌体肽库免疫小鼠后诱导抗攻击感染的减虫率及每克肝脏减卵率分别为35.81%和63.32%、32.09%和52.02%、14.90%和30.64%。结论阳性多克隆噬菌体与SEA免疫兔血清免疫吸附后能去除大部分表达SEA抗原模拟表位的克隆,所选14个单克隆噬菌体均表达     

日本血吸虫抗原模拟表位免疫学活性的初步研究

目的　研究从噬菌体 12肽库中筛选得到的日本血吸虫抗原模拟表位的免疫学活性。　方法　以日本血吸虫急感患者血清免疫球蛋白 (Ig)作为靶分子 ,筛选噬菌体 12肽库。经过 3轮吸附 -洗脱 -扩增的淘筛过程 ,在筛选得到的阳性噬菌斑中随机挑取 42个扩增 ,用ELISA检测不同寄生虫病患者和正常人血清 ,以分析其敏感性和特异性。并进一步免疫昆明株小鼠 ,经日本血吸虫尾蚴攻击感染后剖检 ,计算减虫率和减卵率 ,以分析其在小鼠体内诱导的免疫保护性。　结果　在挑取的 42个阳性克隆中 ,有 9个与日本血吸虫急感患者血清有不同程度的结合 (6.2 5 %～ 10 0 % )。除其中 1个灵敏性较低的克隆与其它寄生虫病患者血清有一定的交叉反应外 ,其余均未发现。而经其免疫后的小鼠也分别获得了 2 9.3 %减虫率和 3 5 .9%减卵率。　结论　从噬菌体 12肽库中筛选到的日本血吸虫抗原模拟表位具有较高的特异性和敏感性 ,并能够在小鼠体内诱导一定的免疫保护力。     

日本血吸虫模拟短肽诱导小鼠的免疫保护性研究

目的　研究日本血吸虫模拟短肽对小鼠的免疫保护效果,预测其在抗血吸虫感染中的作用。　方法　用粗提纯大鼠血清IgG为配基对噬菌体肽库进行3轮免疫学筛选。随机挑取噬菌体克隆,检测其特异性并进行序列分析;用阳性克隆免疫小鼠,以40条日本血吸虫尾蚴攻击感染,感染后42d剖杀取虫,计算减虫率和减卵率;用ELISA测定免疫鼠抗体反应。　结果　经过3轮筛选,特异性噬菌体得到有效富集;自动测序仪测序获得2个模拟肽分子;将其用于免疫小鼠后,各免疫组与对照组相比,2个模拟肽混合免疫组的减虫率为34.9%P<0.05,肝内减卵率为67.6%(P<0.001)。 2个模拟肽分子分别免疫小鼠 ,各组的减虫率为31.0%(P<0.05)和14.5%(P>0.05)及肝内减卵率为61.2%(P<0.001)和35.7%(P<0.05)。ELISA检测其免疫组鼠血清特异性IgG抗体滴度均大于1∶6 400以上。　结论　利用噬菌体表面呈现技术获得的2个模拟肽分子均可诱导部分抗日本血吸虫感染的免疫保护力     

日本血吸虫抗原模拟表位免疫学活性的初步研究

目的研究从噬菌体12肽库中筛选得到的日本血吸虫抗原模拟表位的免疫学活性。方法以日本血吸虫急感患者血清免疫球蛋白(Ig)作为靶分子，筛选噬菌体12肽库。经过3轮吸附-洗脱-扩增的淘筛过程．在筛选得到的阳性噬菌斑中随机挑取42个扩增，用ELISA检测不同寄生虫病患者和正常人血清，以分析其敏感性和特异性。并进一步免疫昆明株小鼠，经日本血吸虫尾蚴攻击感染后剖检，计算减虫率和减卵率，以分析其在小鼠体内诱导的免疫保护性。结果在挑取的42个阳性克隆中，有9个与日本血吸虫急感患者血清有不同程度的结合(6．25％～100％)。除其中1个灵敏性较低的克隆与其它寄生虫病患者血清有一定的交叉反应外，其余均未发现。而经其免疫后的小鼠也分别获得了29．3％减虫率和35．9％减卵率。结论从噬菌体12肽库中筛选到的日本血吸虫抗原模拟表位具有较高的特异性和敏感性，并能够在小鼠体内诱导一定的免疫保护力。     

日本血吸虫雌虫抗原模拟表位的筛选及免疫保护性

目的　筛选日本血吸虫雌虫抗原的模拟表位 ,并探讨其抗日本血吸虫的免疫保护效果。　方法　用日本血吸虫雌虫免疫兔血清IgG作配体对噬菌体随机 12肽库进行 3轮亲和筛选 ,随机挑取 18个噬菌体克隆用Dot ELISA检测其特异性 ,并对其中的 4个阳性克隆进行测序。分别在 0、2、4周用混合噬菌体克隆免疫小鼠 3次 ,第 6周每鼠经腹部感染 40条日本血吸虫尾蚴 ,42d后剖杀冲虫 ,计数虫数和每克肝卵数。　结果　经 3轮筛选 ,特异性噬菌体富集了 2 0 0多倍 ,随机挑取的 18个克隆经Dot ELISA鉴定有 17个能与雌虫抗原免疫兔血清呈阳性反应。DNA自动测序的 4个序列与GenBank的已知序列均无同源性。与对照组相比 ,混合噬菌体克隆免疫小鼠的减虫率为 2 6.5 7% ,减卵率为 65 .3 4%。　结论　采用噬菌体随机肽库技术可获得模拟日本血吸虫雌虫特异性抗原表位的短肽分子 ,这些短肽分子能诱导一定程度的保护性免疫。     

日本血吸虫雌虫抗原模拟表位的筛选及免疫保护性

目的筛选日本血吸虫雌虫抗原的模拟表位，并探讨其抗日本血吸虫的免疫保护效果。方法用日本血吸虫雌虫免疫兔血清IgG作配体对噬菌体随机12肽库进行3轮亲和筛选，随机挑取18个噬菌体克隆用Dot-ELISA检测其特异性，并对其中的4个阳性克隆进行测序。分别在0、2、4周用混合噬菌体克隆免疫小鼠3次，第6周每鼠经腹部感染40条日本血吸虫尾蚴，42d后剖杀冲虫，计数虫数和每克肝卵数。结果经3轮筛选，特异性噬菌体富集了200多倍，随机挑取的18个克隆经Dot-ELISA鉴定有17个能与雌虫抗原免疫兔血清呈阳性反应。DNA自动测序的4个序列与GenBank的已知序列均无同源性。与对照组相比，混合噬菌体克隆免疫小鼠的减虫率为26．57％，减卵率为65．34％。结论采用噬菌体随机肽库技术可获得模拟日本血吸虫雌虫特异性抗原表位的短肽分子，这些短肽分子能诱导一定程度的保护性免疫。     

噬菌体表达短肽模拟旋毛虫抗原表位及其抗血吸虫保护性免疫研究

目的　从噬菌体随机肽库中筛选出模拟旋毛虫特异性抗原表位的短肽分子 ,探讨其抗血吸虫的交叉免疫保护效果。　方法　以纯化的旋毛虫感染鼠血清IgG为配基 ,亲合筛选法富集特异性噬菌体 ,随机挑取噬菌体克隆用ELISA检测其特异性 ;混合噬菌体克隆经皮下免疫小鼠 3次 ,攻击感染后第 4 5天剖杀小鼠 ,观察减虫和减卵效果。　结果　经 3轮筛选 ,特异性噬菌体得到了有效的富集 ,第三轮洗脱噬菌体的产量约为第一轮的 15 0倍。随机挑取 2 4个噬菌体克隆经ELISA测定 ,有 2 1个克隆能与旋毛虫感染鼠血清IgG特异性反应。与对照组相比 ,混合噬菌体克隆免疫小鼠的减虫率与减卵率分别为 4 2 8%与 6 6 3% (P <0 0 0 1)。　结论　利用噬菌体随机肽库技术可获得模拟旋毛虫特异性抗原表位的短肽分子 ,这些短肽分子能诱导明显的抗血吸虫的保护性免疫。     

噬菌体表达短肽模拟血吸虫致弱尾蚴特异性抗原表位的研究

目的　从噬菌体随机肽库中筛选模拟血吸虫致弱尾蚴特异性抗原表位的噬菌体克隆 ,并探讨其免疫保护效果。方法　用紫外线致弱尾蚴免疫兔血清IgG筛选以融合蛋白形式在丝状噬菌体外壳蛋白Ⅲ表达的随机 7肽库 ,三轮免疫筛选后获得的噬菌体克隆经皮下免疫小鼠 3次 ,攻击感染 45d后剖杀 ,观察减虫和减卵效果。结果　经三轮筛选 ,特异性结合的噬菌体富集增加了 10 0多倍 ,随机挑取 2 4个噬菌体克隆经ELISA测定 ,有 2 2个克隆能与致弱尾蚴免疫兔血清IgG特异性反应。混合噬菌体克隆免疫小鼠试验的减虫率与减卵率分别为 33.5 7%和 5 6 .0 7% (P均 <0 .0 0 1)。结论　采用噬菌体随机肽库技术可获得模拟致弱尾蚴特异性抗原表位的短肽分子 ,这些短肽分子能诱导一定程度的保护性免疫     

日本血吸虫特异性IgE抗体相关肽表位的筛选与免疫学鉴定

目的　从噬菌体表面显示肽库筛选并鉴定日本血吸虫特异性IgE抗体相关表位。 方法用ABC 酶联免疫吸附 (ELISA)法检测日本血吸虫病流行区居民血清 15 0份 ,选择其中 15份具高滴度血吸虫特异性IgE抗体的血清 ,混合后经蛋白G柱亲和层析祛除IgG抗体 ,用于对 12肽的噬菌体表面显示肽库进行 5轮免疫亲和淘筛。从所获噬菌体克隆中挑取 35个克隆 ,经DNA序列测定 ,对各独立肽表位进行免疫学鉴定。结果　经 5轮筛选 ,DNA序列测定显示共有 4个独立噬菌体克隆 ,其中 phage 3和 phage 6有较多重复克隆存在 ,为优势克隆 ;Westernblot分析显示 ,筛库血清中特异性IgE抗体能有效识别各噬菌体克隆。分别用各克隆噬菌体免疫小鼠 ,均能诱导特异性IgE抗体产生。结论　从 12肽噬菌体表面显示肽库中成功筛选到日本血吸虫特异性IgE抗体相关肽表位。     

日本血吸虫重组铁蛋白的粘膜免疫效果研究

目的　构建日本血吸虫铁蛋白(SjFer)原核表达质粒。以壳聚糖作佐剂,探讨重组日本血吸虫铁蛋白(rSjFer)粘膜免疫诱导小鼠抗血吸虫感染的保护力。　方法　用PCR扩增SjFer基因,亚克隆入原核表达载体pTWIN1上intein2的N端 ,经PCR、限制性酶切筛选阳性重组子并经测序鉴定。将阳性重组子转化大肠埃希菌,在低温和低浓度的异丙基βD硫代半乳糖苷(IPTG)条件下诱导表达可溶性重组融合蛋白。利用重组融合蛋白的壳聚糖结合功能域(CBD)结合位点,使其与壳聚糖结合,经滴鼻免疫小鼠,于第3次免疫后2周攻击感染,用减虫率和减卵率表示保护力。感染前采血和唾液用ELISA检测抗体。　结果　成功克隆并表达了rSjFer。rSjFer以壳聚糖作佐剂经滴鼻免疫获得了35.51%的减虫率和52.17%的减卵率。免疫后小鼠血清IgG和IgA及唾液SIgA抗体水平与对照组比较均明显升高。　结论　获得了rSjFer,该蛋白以壳聚糖作佐剂经粘膜免疫能诱导小鼠产生部分抗血吸虫感染的保护力。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.