A recent increase in AIDS at Lyon University Hospitals: patient characteristics and comparisons with previous years

BACKGROUND: A 36% increase in the incidence of AIDS was observed in 2002/2003 compared with 2000/2001 at Lyon University Hospitals. OBJECTIVES: We compared the characteristics of these patients with the characteristics of those diagnosed previously with AIDS. METHODS: Data for all patients with AIDS diagnosed at Lyon University Hospitals were analyzed. The data were collected prospectively. Multiple logistic regression was used for analysis. RESULTS: The variables independently associated with an AIDS diagnosis in 2002/2003 compared with the 1985-1989 period were: homosexual exposure [odds ratio (OR) 0.4; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.2-0.8]; heterosexual exposure in an endemic area (OR 22.5; 95% CI 6.8-74.8), compared with other exposure to HIV; lymphoma as initial AIDS event (OR 10.3; 95% CI 2.7-39.1) compared with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia; and age at first AIDS event aged 34-38 years (OR 2.5; 95% CI 1.0-6.4), aged 39-46 years (OR 5.1; 95% CI 2.2-11.8), and aged 47-84 years (OR 10.6; 95% CI 4.5-25.1) compared with aged <30 years. The variables independently associated with an AIDS diagnosis in 2002/2003 compared with the 1997/2001 period were age at first AIDS event aged 34-38 years (OR 0.4; 95% CI 0.2-0.9) compared with aged <30 years. CONCLUSION: Recently diagnosed AIDS patients differed from those diagnosed previously, showing an epidemic switch in different populations. The characteristics of the AIDS population in 2002/2003 might reflect public health messages disseminated around 10 years ago or more for the prevention of HIV transmission. Anticipation of populations affected by the AIDS epidemic is difficult.     

High AIDS awareness may cause tuberculosis patient delay: results from an HIV epidemic area, Thailand

OBJECTIVE: To elicit community perceptions about tuberculosis (TB) and the behaviour of TB patients in an area where significant public health attention has been focused on AIDS. SETTING: Chiang Rai, Thailand, the epicentre of HIV/AIDS in this country. DESIGN: Eleven focus group sessions with a cross-section of the population. PARTICIPANTS: Health centre staff, community members, persons having HIV, TB patients (with and without HIV infection), and male injecting drug users; five female groups and six male groups. RESULT: People had good knowledge of AIDS but they knew little about TB. Only a few female patients, whose husbands had died of TB and AIDS, recognized their symptoms as TB and immediately sought care. People defined persons losing weight, having fever and cough as AIDS rather than TB. This resulted in delay in seeking care and non-adherence to TB treatment in some patients who suspected they had AIDS, and feared AIDS detection. Most HIV-negative TB patients were also suspected by their relatives and neighbours of having AIDS. Most participants, except HIV-positive females, believed TB to be curable. Although less than AIDS, the community stigmatized TB patients because of it being contagious and easily transmitted through exhalations, foods and drinks and closeness to TB patients. CONCLUSION: In HIV/AIDS high endemic situation, increased awareness and stigmatization of AIDS and inadequate knowledge of TB can result in delay in seeking TB care and in treatment non-adherence.     

第五轮中国全球基金结核病项目随州市Mtb与HIV双重感染防治效果评价

目的 对第五轮中国全球基金结核病项目随州市Mtb与HIV双重感染防治项目效果进行评价研究。方法 收集随州市CDC结核病防治所（简称“结防所”）2006年第4季度至2010年第4季度的季报表、年报表、专题调查等资料,建立数据库,进行统计分析。结果 项目期间,共登记活动性TB患者4077例（其中HIV感染者与AIDS患者开展TB筛查发现活动性TB患者21例）,TB患者开展HIV抗体检测4056例,检测率达100.00%（4056/4056）;HIV阳性检出率为0.15%（6/4056）。可随访的HIV感染者及AIDS患者1521例,接受TB筛查率达92.64%（1409/1521）;TB患者发现率为1.49%（21/1409）,是TB患者检出HIV阳性率（0.15%）的9.93倍。共登记Mtb与HIV双重感染者27例,抗结核治疗27例,治愈或完成疗程81.48%（22/27）,失败3.70%（1/27）,死亡11.11% (3/27)。HIV感染者及AIDS患者中TB检出率5年中由5.17%（12/232）下降到0.67%（2/300）,差异有统计学意义（χ²=13.267, P=0.000）。结论 Mtb与HIV双重感染防治工作重点在于及时发现和治疗HIV感染者及AIDS人群中的TB患者。TB和AIDS双向筛查,以及对Mtb 与HIV感染或患者进行抗结核治疗对于控制TB和AIDS的流行有重要意义,应长期开展。     

Preferential recruitment of phagocytes into the lung of patients with advanced acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and tuberculosis

Limited data are available on the cellular and immunocytological characteristics of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid in individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). The immune host response against tuberculosis in early HIV-infection may differ from that in later stages of HIV disease, as is strongly suggested by different clinical and radiographic patterns. We studied the cellular elements in the lungs of 15 HIV-infected patients with advanced immunosuppression and pulmonary tuberculosis (TB/AIDS). The findings were compared with data from four other groups: 1) 15 HIV-seronegative patients with pulmonary TB; 2) 12 HIV-seropositive TB patients without previous AIDS-defining illnesses and with CD4+ >200 cells mm(-3); 3) five AIDS patients without pulmonary lesions; and 4) five healthy controls. BAL fluid and differential cell counts, as well as lymphocyte subsets, were determined. Despite a low CD4/CD8 ratio, the TB/AIDS group had a higher absolute number of CD8+ lymphocytes in the BAL fluid than the other groups. Alveolar macrophages and neutrophils were significantly increased in TB/AIDS patients compared to control groups. The number of eosinophils was increased in TB/HIV--patients but not in TB/AIDS patients. We conclude that tuberculosis in late stage HIV-infected patients has a distinct inflammatory cell profile, suggesting an enhanced compensatory mechanism that amplifies the unspecific inflammatory reaction.     

Scale‐up of TB and HIV programme collaborative activities in Zambia – a 10‐year review

Objective To review the activities, progress, achievements and challenges of the Zambia Ministry of Health tuberculosis (TB)/HIV collaborative activities over the past decade. Methods Analysis of Zambia Ministry of Health National TB and HIV programme documents and external independent programme review reports pertaining to 2000–2010. Results The number of people testing for HIV increased from 37 557 persons in 2003 to 1 327 995 persons in 2010 nationally. Those receiving anti‐retroviral therapy (ART) increased from 143 in 2003 to 344 304 in 2010. The national HIV prevalence estimates declined from 14.3% in 2001 to 13.5% in 2009. The proportion of TB patients being tested for HIV increased from 22.6% in 2006 to 84% in 2010 and approximately 70% were HIV positive. The proportion of the HIV‐infected TB patients who: (i) started on ART increased from 38% in 2006 to 50% in 2010; (ii) commenced co‐trimoxazole preventive therapy (CPT) increased from 31% in 2006 to 70% in 2010; and (iii) were successfully treated increased to an average of 80% resulting in decline of deaths from 13% in 2006 to 9% in 2010. Conclusions The scale‐up of TB/HIV collaborative programme activities in Zambia has steadily increased over the past decade resulting in increased testing for TB and HIV, and anti‐retroviral (ARV) rollout with improved treatment outcomes among TB patients co‐infected with HIV. Getting service delivery points to adhere to WHO guidelines for collaborative TB/HIV activities remains problematic, especially those meant to reduce the burden of TB in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA).     

The impact of the HIV epidemic on tuberculosis control programmes in developing countries.

Worldwide, approximately 1.7 billion persons are infected with M. tuberculosis, and 5 million with HIV. In developing countries, a strong association exists between the 2 pathogens, with 14-30% of AIDS patients having tuberculosis (TB), and 12-60% of TB patients HIV-seropositive (HIV+). TB is one of the most frequent opportunistic infection in AIDS, and is a common way for AIDS to present. Evidence suggests that most TB cases in HIV+ patients are due to the endogenous reactivation of past TB infection instead of from new exogenous infection. Particular cause for concern exists in developing countries where approximately 1/2 of the population aged 20-40 years is infected with TB. While 10% of HIV-individuals may develop TB over their lifetimes, HIV+ individuals are at far greater risk of developing the disease. The paper discusses diagnosis, chemoprophylaxis, and treatment of TB. To help stymie major increases in TB patients as HIV spreads across populations with high prevalence of TB, the authors recommend offering HIV testing and counseling to all patients, including TB in the differential diagnoses of all pulmonary diseases in HIV+ patients, offering BCG vaccination to every nonsymptomatic AIDS newborn in countries with high levels of TB infection, routinely obtaining mycobacterial stains and cultures on specimens from HIV+ patients with respiratory symptoms, making clinicians aware of the many false negative tuberculin tests and atypical radiographic patterns in advanced HIV infection, offering 12 months of isoniazid chemoprophylaxis to those HIV+, treating HIV patients with TB with isoniazid, rifampicin, and 1 or 2 of pyrazinamide, ethambutol, or streptomycin during the 1st 2 months, and making health workers aware of infection risks from doing tuberculin tests and injecting streptomycin.     

结核病合并HIV/AIDS发病情况分析

目的 了解结核病患者合并HIV /AIDS感染的发病情况和特征.方法 对成都市结防院14054例新入院结核病患者进行HIV抗体检测并按年度统计分析.结果 ①结核病合并HIV /AIDS患者的比例逐年上升;②发病群体以青壮年为主,男性多于女性;③肺结核合并HIV/AIDS患者痰涂片抗酸杆菌阳性率低;④肺结核合并HIV/AIDS患者胸部X线表现多不典型.结论 结核病合并HIV /AIDS患者发病率日益增高,以青壮年为主,男性多于女性,多器官、组织受累较多.     

HIV感染者和AIDS患者结核分枝杆菌液体培养效果研究

目的 探讨液体培养在我国HIV感染者与AIDS患者结核病早期诊断中应用的可行性,为Mtb与HIV双重感染的防治提供参考。 方法 实验组选取安徽、河南、新疆、广西、云南5个省、自治区中开展中国全球基金结核病项目Mtb与HIV双重感染防治工作的10个地市（实际纳入8个地市）,在新发现和既往可随访的15 199例HIV感染者与AIDS患者中选取符合条件的2162例进行液体培养,记录相关结果信息,并与同期收集的同地区全部15 199例和全国67 186例HIV感染者与AIDS患者（对照组）通过常规结核病检查方法获得的结核病诊断率进行比较。 结果 实验组样本阳性率14.2%(306/2162),明显高于同地区同期总体结核病诊断率5.2%（793/15 199）,差异有统计学意义（χ²=254.9,P<0.0001）;实验组阳性率（14.2%）与同地区总体结核病诊断率（5.2%,793/15 199）也都分别高于全国同期HIV感染者与AIDS患者的结核病诊断率（2.3%,1525/67 186）,差异均有统计学意义（χ²=1150.7、393.8,P值均<0.0001）。 结论 液体培养与结核病症状筛查、痰涂片和X线胸片检查等常规结核病检查方法相比,可以显著提高HIV感染者与AIDS患者的结核病检出率,对于HIV感染者与AIDS患者的结核病早期诊断有着重要意义,适合在我国进行推广。     

艾滋病与结核病双重感染的研究

目的 调查HIV感染者和AIDS病人感染结核杆菌情况,了解HIV/AIDS与结核病的相关性。方法对202例健康者及40例经WB确证的HIV感染者和AIDS病人做结核菌素（PPD）试验,CD4、CD8淋巴细胞计数。结果 HIV感染者和 AIDS病人中PPD阳性率12.5％,而健康对照 PPD阳性率28.2％（P<0.05）。CD4细胞计数<200/mm3者PPD均为阴性。CD4/CD8比值<1者达90％。结论 HIV感染者和AIDS病人机体免疫力降低,PPD反应明显下降。对HIV/AIDS病人使用化学药物预防以控制和减少结核病发病及制定相关政策提供依据。     

山东省全球基金TB/HIV双重感染防治项目筛查分析

目的分析山东省TB/HIV双重感染防治项目县新登记结核病患者和艾滋病感染/艾滋病患者双向筛查情况。方法对2006年9月30日-2009年10月1日6个项目县新登记的全部肺结核患者进行HIV抗体检测,在艾滋病感染/艾滋病患者中筛查结核病。结果 6个项目县共登记结核病人11 786例,进行HIV抗体检测11 191例,接受HIV抗体检测率95.0%,阳性结果4例;第1~3项目年6个TB/HIV项目县共登记HIV阳性感染者336例,能随访到的HIV阳性感染者205例,筛查人数200例,检出结核病人6例,阳性检出率为3.0%。结论结核病和艾滋病的双向筛查策略是预防和控制HIV/TB双重感染的流行的有效途径和方法。     

Tuberculosis in HIV infection.

Persons with AIDS (PWAs) are 100 times more likely to develop tuberculosis (TB) than the general population. The TB incidence rates in PWAs in the US range from 4-21%, especially among intravenous drug users and Haitians. In Florida, 60% of Haitian AIDS patients also had TB compared to 2.7% of non-Haitian AIDS patients. At a hospital in London, England, 25% of PWAs also had TB and 42% of all AIDS patients at this hospital were members of racial groups with a high prevalence of TB. In developed countries, reactivation of a latent TB infection is generally what occurs in AIDS patients. The absolute number of AIDS patients with TB in these countries is low and unlikely that it will spread to non-HIV seropositive patients. On the other hand, 30-60% of adults have been infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in central Africa and HIV seroprevalence is also high. So many AIDS patients here can develop TB through reactivation or exogenous primary infection. This situation significantly increases the risk of TB for HIV seronegative persons. In fact, TB is 1 of the most frequent opportunistic infections in PWAs in developing countries, such as central Africa. In patients at an early stage of HIV infection, TB manifests itself classically. The clinical presentation in patients in the late stages includes fever, weight loss, malaise, productive cough accompanied with labored breathing, an atypical chest radiograph, and extrapulmonary TB. This atypical pattern often results in delays of diagnosis and treatment. Many sputum samples do not test positive for M. tuberculosis therefore if a physician suspects TB, treatment should begin immediately. Some studies demonstrate that isoniazid prophylaxis substantially decreases the incidence of TB in HIV seropositive patients in Zambia. There is no conclusive evidence of the harm or effectiveness of the BCG vaccine in HIV children and adults.     

Active tuberculosis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis latent infection in patients with HIV/AIDS

Objectives

Tuberculosis (TB) remains an important disease associated with HIV infection and AIDS in Brazil, even in a setting of free access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and TB treatment. In previous studies, isoniazid therapy (IT) for latent infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (LIMTb) was found to reduce the risk of TB by 62% in patients with a tuberculin test (TT)>5 mm. The objectives of this study were to investigate the occurrence of TB, the prevalence of LIMTb and the coverage of the TT and IT, and to estimate the number of missed opportunities to prevent TB in patients with HIV/AIDS.

Methods

A random sample of patients with HIV/AIDS was selected; data from the medical files were obtained, and a TT was performed in consenting subjects.

Results

In the 203 subjects included in the study, TB occurrence was 13.3%, LIMTb prevalence was 20% and the coverage of the TT and IT was 59.2 and 55%, respectively. Patients with TB had a lower nadir CD4 cell count, but their CD4 recovery was comparable to that of non‐TB patients. Patients with LIMTb always had a higher CD4 cell count.

Conclusions

By expanding the coverage of the TT and IT to nearly 100%, we could more than double the number of prevented cases of TB. TB prevention programmes must be reinforced to reduce the number of missed opportunities for diagnosis, and IT must be improved to reduce TB among patients with HIV/AIDS. Empowering patients with knowledge about TB, the preventive role of IT and the need for an annual TT may be the best way of lowing rates of TB in patients with HIV/AIDS.     

结核病与艾滋病低流行地区MTB/HIV双重感染患者发现模式的效果评价

目的 回顾性分析上海市近10年在结核病患者与HIV/AIDS人群中对HIV抗体和活动性结核病双向筛查的数据,评价MTB/HIV双重感染患者发现模式的效果,为进一步完善相关政策提供依据。 方法 通过《中国结核病信息管理系统》收集2012—2020年结核病患者(68155例)HIV抗体检测结果及结核病诊断、治疗相关资料;通过《结核菌/艾滋病病毒双重感染防治管理工作年度报表》收集2012—2020年HIV/AIDS人群接受结核病相关检查情况。采用线性回归模型评价筛查阳性率随年度的变化趋势,并计算年度变化百分比(APC)和需筛查人数(NNS),评价筛查效果;采用单因素方差分析和多因素logistic回归分析评价2012—2019年上海市长宁区、浦东新区10769例肺结核患者中HIV阳性的影响因素。 结果 2012—2020年上海市累积发现MTB/HIV双重感染患者308例,其中新确诊HIV感染者64例,占全部MTB/HIV双重感染患者的20.78%。2012—2020年间,结核病患者中HIV抗体检测阳性率由2.42%(32/1322)下降到0.50%(20/3995),总体呈下降趋势(APC=-16.64,t=-7.007,P<0.001);HIV/AIDS人群中活动性结核病确诊率由1.02%(50/4912)下降到0.21%(25/11878),同样呈下降趋势(APC=-14.27,t=-4.038,P=0.005)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,男性[OR(95%CI)=5.386(2.306~12.581)],年龄36~75岁[36~45、46~55、56~65、66~75岁OR(95%CI)值分别为26.243(3.230~213.244)、32.736(3.993~268.358)、20.309(2.482~166.144)、13.461(1.692~107.059)],在结核病治疗过程中死亡[OR(95%CI)=14.875(3.192~69.312)],并发肺外结核[OR(95%CI)=3.451(1.607~7.409)]是MTB/HIV双重感染的危险因素。 结论 上海市目前采取的 MTB/HIV双重感染患者发现模式取得了较好的效果,结核病患者的HIV阳性率和HIV/AIDS人群的活动性结核病确诊率均迅速下降。男性、年龄36~75岁、在治疗过程中死亡、并发肺外结核是MTB/HIV双重感染的危险因素。     

HIV infection in patients with tuberculosis in Kinshasa, Zaire

To better define the interrelationship of infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB), we conducted three HIV serosurveys of inpatients and outpatients with confirmed or suspected TB in Kinshasa, Zaire. HIV seroprevalence in hospitalized sanatorium patients did not change significantly in serosurveys conducted in 1985 and 1987 (92/231 [40%] versus 85/234 [36%]). These proportions were significantly higher than the 17% HIV seroprevalence observed in a 1987 serosurvey of 509 consecutive patients with an initial diagnosis of pulmonary TB seen at an outpatient TB diagnostic center in Kinshasa (p less than 0.001). HIV seroprevalence was higher in sanatorium patients with extrapulmonary TB (22/46 [48%]) and suspected pulmonary TB (60/132 [45%]) than in patients with bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary TB (94/287 [33%]) (p less than 0.02). Mycobacterium sputum isolation rates were similar in HIV-seropositive (28/34 [82%]) and HIV-seronegative patients (135/159 [85%]). All isolates were Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Eighteen (21%) of 84 HIV-seropositive sanatorium patients in 1987, who were followed for two months after admission, had died, compared with 11 (9%) of 128 HIV-seronegative patients (p less than 0.01). However, clearance rates of acid-fast bacilli from sputum after standard therapy were equally good in HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative survivors. With the growing AIDS problem, the serious TB burden in sub-Saharan Africa may become even more onerous and may critically overload the stressed African health care systems.     

Tuberculosis and HIV seroprevalence in Lambeth,Southwark and Lewisham,an area of South London

Since the mid-1980s the number of cases of TB notified within the U.K. has continued to rise although the contribution of HIV to this rise remains unclear. A 12-month prospective cohort study was conducted at chest and HIV clinics in four hospitals in Lambeth, Southwark and Lewisham (LSL), an area of South London, to determine the proportion of patients with culture-proven TB infected with HIV. Secondary aims were to determine the proportion of patients with TB and undiagnosed HIV at first presentation to chest clinics, to determine the proportion of patients presenting with TB as an AIDS defining illness (ADI) and to identify risk factors for co-infection with TB and HIV. In chest clinics, demographic data and left-over blood from patients aged 16 or over with culture-proven TB was collected, anonymised and HIV tested. In HIV clinics, demographic data on patients with TB already known to be HIV seropositive were also obtained. Twenty-one patients (13%, 95% CI-8-19%) of 159 with culture-proven TB were infected with HIV Four (3%) of 133 patients at first presentation to chest clinics had undiagnosed HIV; two were subsequently diagnosed. Of the 21 patients withTB and HIV, nine (43%) presented with TB as an ADI. Patients with TB and HIV were significantly more likely to be aged between 35 and 55 years compared to HIV seronegative patients [12/21 (57%) vs. 38/138 (28%), P=0.006]. None of the patients from the Indian Subcontinent were HIV seropositive [0/21 vs. 25/138 (18%), P=0.047]. At the present time, universal HIV testing of patients with culture-provenTB in chest clinics within the U.K. is unlikely to significantly reduce the number of patients with undiagnosed HIV.     

南宁市西乡塘区第五轮全球基金Mtb与HIV双重感染项目实施效果评价

目的 对南宁市西乡塘区第五轮全球基金Mtb与HIV双重感染项目2006至2010年间的执行效果进行评价。 方法 对南宁市第四人民医院2006年10月至2010年9月上报的Mtb与HIV双重感染防治项目季报表进行描述性统计分析。对到南宁市第四人民医院就诊的西乡塘区3821例结核病患者进行了HIV抗体筛查, 对可随访的4085例HIV感染和（或）AIDS患者开展结核病筛查。 结果 进行HIV抗体筛查率为72.5%（3821/5272）;检测出HIV阳性70例,HIV阳性检出率1.8%（70/3821）。可随访HIV感染和（或）AIDS患者筛查率92.2%（4085/4431）;发现结核病686例,检出率为16.8%（686/4085）。2006年10月至2009年9月南宁市西乡塘区HIV感染合并肺结核患者265例,治愈率为7.6%（20/265）,完成疗程率为44.5%（118/265）,治疗成功率为52.1%（138/265）,死亡率为24.5%(65/265),丢失率为23.4%(62/265)。 结论 要加强对HIV感染与AIDS患者的随访,以及双重感染患者的治疗管理和健康教育工作,提高双重感染患者的治疗成功率、减少丢失率。     

社区居民对TB/HIV双重感染知识知晓情况调查

目的 掌握社区居民对TB/HIV双重感染相关知识的认知情况和存在问题,为进一步的干预措施和深入研究提供基线信息和科学依据。 方法 2010年6月-7月,采用多阶段随机抽样,将669名15岁以上深圳市社区居民纳为调查对象,采用自填问卷的方式获取研究相关信息。 结果89.4%（598/669）既听说过艾滋病也有听说过结核病,但仅38.7%调查对象听说过TB/HIV双重感染,13.0%调查对象接受过TB/HIV双重感染的相关知识。相当大一部分居民不了解艾滋病与结核病相互影响的相关知识,缺乏对艾滋病、结核病筛查意识。仅69.2%调查对象认为可以预防TB/HIV双重感染,除对一些艾滋病非传播途径认识相对较差外,对艾滋病和结核病的传播途径知晓情况较好。 结论 目前社区居民缺乏对TB/HIV双重感染相关知识的认识,对社区居民的TB/HIV双重感染的健康教育势在必行。     

不同机构来源HIV阳性结核病患者抗结核治疗效果分析

目的 比较来自艾滋病防治机构（简称“艾防机构”）和结核病防治机构（简称“结防机构”）的HIV阳性结核病患者的特征及抗结核治疗效果。方法 从结核病信息管理系统中导出6省14个县2年时间结核病患者患病和治疗的相关信息,从艾滋病防治机构收集HIV阳性患者的相关信息。从2007年9月1日至2009年8月31日期间共登记报告HIV检测阳性的肺结核患者925例。673例（72.8%）为艾防机构转诊的已知HIV阳性患者,252例（27.2%）为结防机构新检出HIV阳性患者。结果 在HIV主要由采供血传播的地区,艾防机构转诊的HIV阳性结核病患者和结防机构新发现的HIV阳性结核病患者治疗成功率分别为90.6%（328/362）和82.4%（70/85）（χ²=4.806,P=0.034）,病死率分别为7.5%（27/362）和16.5%（14/85）（χ²=6.711,P=0.010）。在HIV主要通过吸毒和性传播的地区,艾防机构和结防机构发现的患者治疗成功率分别为60.1%（187/311）和68.9%（115/167）（χ²=3.563,P=0.059）,不良反应率分别为24.1%（75/311）和13.8%（23/167）（χ²=7.132,P=0.009）。结论 应继续加强在HIV感染者与AIDS患者中筛查结核病的工作,同时在结核病患者中筛查HIV感染也是一项很重要的挽救措施。     

A Controlled Study of an HIV/AIDS/STI/TB Intervention with Traditional Healers in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Traditional healers play an important role in southern Africa culture and health care including the HIV epidemic. Here we report among the first controlled studies of an HIV/AIDS, sexually transmitted infections (STI) and tuberculosis (TB) intervention for traditional healers in South Africa. At baseline 233 traditional healers were assessed in four selected communities in the KwaZulu-Natal province and received either an experimental intervention or a no intervention control condition. The intervention group received training in HIV/AIDS, STI, and TB prevention over 3.5 days as well as a supervisory follow-up visit. At 7–9 months follow-up intervention effects were significant for HIV knowledge and HIV and STI management strategies including conducting risk behavior assessments and counseling, condom distribution, community HIV/AIDS and STI education, and record keeping. The study found a high level of preparedness among traditional healers to work with and refer patients to biomedical health practitioners, yet no higher levels of referral to biomedical practitioners were found after the training.