朝鲜族聚居地区肝吸虫感染现状调查

肝吸虫病是严重危害人民健康的食源性寄生虫病之一,主要由于人体食入含有囊蚴的淡水鱼虾或被囊蚴污染的食品发病[1].为了解辽宁省盘锦市朝鲜族聚居地区人群及淡水鱼的肝吸虫感染现状,分析流行病学特征,于2007年进行了肝吸虫感染现状调查.     

新沂市华支睾吸虫中间宿主和保虫宿主感染情况调查

华支睾吸虫（又称为肝吸虫）的生活史过程中需要有二个中间宿主,第1中间宿主为淡水螺类,第2中间宿主为淡水鱼虾。因此淡水鱼虾的感染率、感染度与人群的感染及肝吸虫病的流行密切相关,控制淡水鱼虾的肝吸虫感染,防止保虫宿主粪便入水,是阻断肝吸虫传播和流行的重要措施。为了解新沂市华支睾吸虫在自然界传播流行情况,作者于2006年对新沂市自然界华支睾吸虫流行情况进行了调查,     

生吃河鲜海鲜 小心虫从口入

正30岁的小李因为不明原因消瘦住院了。住院检查发现他有肝脏肿大,经过进一步血检,发现是肝吸虫感染。医生询问他的饮食情况,原来小李一直喜欢吃半生不熟的水产品,如生鱼、醉虾等。小李正是生吃了这些水产品才感染了肝吸虫。肝吸虫最爱淡水鱼肝吸虫从虫卵到成虫,会经历淡水螺类、淡水鱼和虾等宿主。不过等     

哈尔滨市松花江沿江地区居民肝吸虫感染现状调查

肝吸虫病又称华支睾吸虫病,被卫生部列为重点防治的寄生虫病之一。为了解哈尔滨市松花江沿江地区居民的肝吸虫感染现状,分析其流行病学特征,2008年10～11月对该地区居民肝吸虫感染现状进行调查。     

沈北新区鲜族人群华支睾吸虫病感染检测结果

华支睾吸虫病（简称肝吸虫病）是严重危害人群身体健康的食源性寄生虫病，主要是由于生食鱼、虾而感染。近年来沈阳市对浑河水系进行了治理，水质有很大改善，各种淡水螺蛳大量孳生，随着淡水养殖业的发展，第一、第二中间宿主共同栖息在同一生态环境中，为肝吸虫病传播提供了有利条件。根据目前对沈阳市市场出售的淡水鱼类进行检测，肝吸虫囊蚴感染率在20％左右，     

珠三角水网乡镇肝吸虫病感染现状分析

目的了解珠三角水网乡镇肝吸虫病感染现状及危险因素分析,为当地采取预防控制措施提供科学依据。方法于2011年10月至2012年6月按照中山市阜沙镇地理方位随机抽取4个自然村,对4个自然村采用分层随机整群的抽样方法,调查对象为本地户籍居民,对抽中的居民用改良加藤厚涂片法进行粪检肝吸虫卵并计数,并对居民一对一进行肝吸虫病认知和饮食卫生行为习惯等项内容问卷调查。以感染肝吸虫者视为因变量,将年龄、文化程度、肝吸虫病的认知情况、饮食卫生行为习惯等作为自变量进行单、多因素logistic回归分析。结果共调查1 200人,男性590人、女性610人。肝吸虫病感染人数404例,感染率为33.67%,男性感染率为41.69%(246/590)高于女性感染率25.90%(158/610);不同职业人群感染率不同,以干部(45.33%)和工人(42.15%)最高;随年龄增长,肝吸虫病感染率呈逐渐递增的趋势(P0.01),以50~59岁年龄组感染率(50.52%)最高。多因素logistic回归分析表明经常吃鱼生、年龄越大、缺乏肝吸虫病防治相关知识、加工淡水鱼生和熟食厨具未分开的居民感染肝吸虫病风险越大,其OR值分别为2.438、1.723、1.906、1.825。结论阜沙镇是中山市肝吸虫病感染的高发地区之一,必须针对性采取切实有效的控制措施,改变群众不良生活饮食习惯,提高肝吸虫防护意识。     

华支睾吸虫病

华支睾吸虫病也称肝吸虫病，是由华支睾吸虫寄生在人体肝内胆管所引起的寄生虫病，因进食未经煮熟的淡水鱼（虾）而感染。其临床特征为肝肿大、上腹隐痛、疲乏以及精神不振等。严重感染可导致胆管炎、胆结石以至肝硬化等并发症。传染源主要是已感染华支睾吸虫的人和哺乳类动物。     

286名受检者肝吸虫感染情况调查

本文对南宁市郊区三塘镇２８６名干部职工肝吸虫感染情况进行调查，以了解该镇肝吸虫感染情况，为制定防治措施提供参考依据。１　材料与方法１．１　受检者由三塘卫生院负责采血样，送自治区寄生虫病防治研究所采用肝吸虫抗体酶标凝聚法检查。１．２　调查受检者中有吃“鱼生”史人数和其中的肝吸虫抗体阳性人数，无吃“鱼生”史人数和其中抗体阳性人数。１．３　调查受检者中的男、女性人数及男、女性中的阳性人数和有吃“鱼生”史人数２　结果２．１　２８６名受检者中肝吸虫抗体阳性率为３４．６％。三塘镇各单位职工肝吸虫感染率在２９…     

天津市主要河道中麦穗鱼华支睾吸虫囊蚴感染情况调查

华支睾吸虫（肝吸虫）是一种主要分布于亚洲东部地区的人体寄生虫，感染人体的阶段是囊蚴，寄生于第二中间宿主淡水鱼、虾体内，其中以麦穗鱼为主要宿主。为了解天津地区麦穗鱼感染情况，于2006年10—12月对天津市8条主要河道麦穗鱼感染情况进行了调查。麦穗鱼标本采用鱼肉压片法。分别捕获滦河、潮白河、浑河、州河、于桥水库、西青区王兰庄稻地沟河、子牙河、     

肝吸虫病23例误漏诊分析

华支睾吸虫病（又称肝吸虫病）是华支睾吸虫（肝吸虫）寄生于人体肝内胆管，引起胆汁瘀滞、肝损害的寄生虫病，主要是进食未熟的含有华支睾吸虫囊蚴的淡水鱼虾引起。近年来，本病的患病率有上升趋势。由于其症状和体征缺乏特异性，临床表现不甚典型，故临床上常被误诊或漏诊。为提高临床医生对本病的认识，现将2000年1月-2006年12月收治的23例误诊、漏诊病例报告如下。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.