静息态fMRI评估酒精注射急性期恒河猴脑功能改变

目的 采用静息态fMRI基于分数低频振荡幅度（fALFF）算法评价酒精急性期恒河猴脑功能改变。方法 分别对7只雄性健康恒河猴于给予酒精前（对照组）及10 min后（酒精组）行静息态fMRI扫描,采用fALFF算法获得两组fALFF值存在差异的脑区。结果 静息态下,酒精组fALFF值低于对照组的脑区为右枕叶、右侧颞中回、左侧中央后回、右侧楔叶/距状沟、右侧额上回、后扣带回及小脑、丘脑（P<0.01）;酒精组fALFF值高于对照组的脑区包括双侧额上回、双侧颞下回、右侧中央前回、楔前叶、后扣带回、左侧海马、双侧岛叶及脑干、小脑、右侧基底核（P均<0.01）。结论 酒精急性期恒河猴脑功能的改变具有全脑效应。     

静息态fMRI评价神经梅毒脑功能改变

目的 采用静息态fMRI平均低频振幅率(mfALFF)算法评价神经梅毒患者静息态脑功能改变。方法 分别对17例神经梅毒患者(神经梅毒组)和17名健康志愿者(正常对照组)行静息态fMRI,采用mfALFF算法获得并比较两组mfALFF差异的脑区。结果 静息状态下,神经梅毒组左中央后回、左海马、左缘上回及角回、右额上回内侧/右额中回、右楔前叶mfALFF值低于正常对照组(P均<0.01);神经梅毒组右苍白球/岛叶/丘脑、右海马尾部、右后扣带回、右颞下回、右楔叶mfALFF值高于正常对照组(P均<0.01)。结论 静息态fMRI可以检测神经梅毒患者脑功能变化。     

轻微型肝性脑病患者静息态下双侧楔前叶与全脑其他区域功能连接变化

目的 观察轻微型肝性脑病（MHE）患者静息态下双侧楔前叶与全脑其他区域功能连接（FC）变化。方法 对22例肝硬化伴MHE患者（MHE组）、23例肝硬化无MHE患者（NMHE组）和24名健康志愿者（对照组）行静息态fMRI,选择双侧楔前叶为种子点,采用种子体素相关性脑功能网络分析方法计算并比较各组间双侧楔前叶与全脑其他区域的FC。结果 与对照组比较,MHE组左侧楔前叶与右侧额上回、左侧中扣带回的FC及右侧楔前叶与右侧颞极、左侧颞上回、双侧前额叶和内侧扣带回的FC降低,NMHE组左侧楔前叶与右侧额中回的FC及右侧楔前叶与左侧楔前叶、左侧中扣带回的FC降低（P均<0.05）;与NMHE组比校,MHE组左侧楔前叶与右侧额上回的FC及右侧楔前叶与右侧脑岛、右侧额中/上回的FC降低（P均<0.05）。结论 MHE患者静息态下双侧楔前叶与全脑多个脑区FC存在异常,这可能是其大脑内源性神经功能损伤的机制之一。     

敏感编码螺旋填充fMRI的图像质量及其初步应用

目的 评价敏感编码螺旋(Sense-Spiral)成像技术在静息态fMRI中的图像质量及其应用。方法 分别采用EPI和Sense-Spiral序列采集50名健康青年志愿者的静息状态fMRI数据,比较所得数据的相对信号强度和伪影严重程度,及对默认模式网络(DMN)和其功能连接的显示能力。结果 与EPI序列相比,Sense-Spiral序列具有更高的灰白质对比度,显著改善了内侧眶额皮层、腹侧基底核区、颞极、颞下回前部和小脑半球的信号丢失和图像变形。Sense-Spiral序列可准确构建DMN,其内后扣带皮层与内侧眶额皮层、中扣带回/楔前叶前部的功能连接强度高于EPI序列,与内侧枕叶、楔前叶后下部、双侧角回及颞中回后部的功能连接强度低于EPI序列(P<0.05,FWE校正)。结论 Sense-Spiral序列可明显改善静息态fMRI的图像质量,尤其适用于EPI图像伪影严重脑区的功能连接分析。     

吸烟者静息态fMRI脑功能连接研究

目的 采用静息态fMRI分数低频振幅技术（fALFF）及功能连接方法分析吸烟者脑功能活动。方法 收集53名吸烟者（吸烟组）和53名不吸烟者（对照组）的静息态fMRI资料,并将吸烟组分为少量吸烟亚组与大量吸烟亚组、轻度成瘾亚组与重度成瘾亚组,计算受检者fALFF值,观察2组及不同亚组间fALFF值、全脑功能连接差异。结果 与对照组相比,吸烟组左侧边缘叶等脑区fALFF值增加,右侧颞上回等脑区fALFF值下降;与少量吸烟亚组相比,大量吸烟亚组右侧颞上回等脑区fALFF值升高,双侧边缘叶等脑区fALFF值下降;与轻度成瘾亚组相比,重度成瘾亚组双侧额中回等脑区fALFF值增加,左侧边缘叶等脑区fALFF值下降。吸烟组较对照组可见多发功能连接增强和减低的脑区。结论 吸烟者与成瘾相关脑区活动增强、情绪控制脑区活动减弱,且部分脑区活动改变与吸烟量及烟瘾程度有关。     

原发性闭角型青光眼患者丘脑-皮层通路的静息态fMRI功能连接

目的 利用静息态fMRI技术,探讨原发性闭角型青光眼（PACG）患者丘脑-皮层通路功能连接的变化。方法 25例PACG患者（PACG组）和22名性别与年龄匹配的健康志愿者（对照组）均接受静息态fMRI。将双侧丘脑的各7个亚区作为ROI,分别为初级运动、感觉、枕叶、前额叶、前运动、后顶叶及颞叶丘脑ROI,与全脑皮层体素作静息态fMRI功能连接分析,并进行组间两独立样本t检验。结果 与对照组比较,PACG组丘脑与视觉传导通路（顶叶/楔前叶、额叶/额下回）及非视觉传导通路（中央旁小叶、中央后回、边缘叶/海马旁回）功能连接减低,丘脑与视觉传导通路（枕叶、顶叶/顶下小叶、颞叶/颞下回）以及非视觉传导通路（小脑前叶/山顶）功能连接增加。结论 PACG患者存在包括丘脑视觉传导通路及非视觉传导通路的连接异常,提示丘脑在PACG患者神经学发病机制中起着重要作用。     

静息态功能磁共振成像低频振幅评价无灶性癫痫患者脑功能

目的 探讨应用静息态功能磁共振成像（rs-fMRI）低频振幅（ALFF）方法评价无灶性癫痫（NLE）患者脑功能改变的价值。方法 对43例NLE患者（病例组）和46名性别、年龄、教育程度及利手与之相匹配的健康志愿者（对照组）,采用3.0T超导MR扫描仪进行静息态功能MR序列扫描,然后将病例组与对照组分别进行ALFF分析,再对ALFF分析结果进行两样本t检验,并分析病例组ALFF统计脑图与患者病程的相关性。结果 与对照组相比,病例组ALFF升高的脑区位于左小脑后叶、右海马、右额中回、右颞上回、右额上回。ALFF降低的脑区位于右楔前叶。病例组患者左颞叶、右楔前叶、右屏状核、右颞上回、左中央后回ALFF与病程呈正相关;左脑岛、左中央前回、右额中回与病程呈负相关。结论 ALFF方法可无创检测NLE患者静息态脑功能变化,并了解其与患者病程的相关性,为癫痫的病理生理机制研究提供理论依据。     

静息态fMRI观察遗忘型轻度认知障碍患者长-短程功能连接

目的 分析遗忘型轻度认知障碍（aMCI）患者长、短程功能连接的变化。方法 采集37例aMCI患者（aMCI组）和40名认知功能正常志愿者（对照组）的静息态fMRI数据,以GRETNA软件自动计算完成全脑长程和短程功能连接,比较2组间差异。结果 与对照组比较,aMCI组长程功能连接减低的脑区主要位于双侧楔前叶/中后扣带回、右侧中央沟盖,长程功能连接增强的脑区主要分布于双侧中央前回、左侧颞极/颞中回、左侧直回、右侧眶内额上回、左侧眶内额下回;其短程功能连接减低脑区位于左侧岛叶,短程功能连接增强脑区主要包括左侧颞极/颞上回、左侧颞中回、左侧直回、左侧眶内额下回、右侧海马、右侧颞上回、右侧额中回、右侧辅助运动区及左侧中央后回/楔前叶。结论 aMCI组患者脑长、短程功能连接模式均有所改变,有助于理解aMCI患者脑网络改变的病理生理机制。     

静息态磁共振功能连接方法的多模态应用

目的 探讨度中心度(DC)、镜像组织功能连接(VMHC)和基于感兴趣区的功能连接(ROI-FC)3种多模态静息态磁共振功能连接类数据处理方法在反映脑功能信息中的价值.方法 采集10名正常志愿者和10例亚急性期脑桥梗死患者的静息态fMRI数据.首先采用DC和VMHC对数据进行预分析,获得梗死患者脑功能显著改变的脑区作为ROI,然后采用ROI-FC分析梗死患者脑功能网络的改变.结果 采用DC未得到有意义的结果,VMHC发现患者左右顶下小叶/角回功能连接显著降低,以此为ROI,ROI-FC发现患者右楔前叶、左顶下小叶、左右颞中回、左右额中回功能连接降低,左额中回/中央前回、左额上回和右扣带回后部/楔前叶的功能连接增强.结论 综合应用DC、VMHC和ROI-FC 3种静息态fMRI功能连接类数据处理方法,可发现脑桥梗死患者相关的脑功能网络紊乱,为脑梗死的临床研究提供有价值的信息.     

维吾尔族终末期肾病患者脑局部一致性及功能连接改变

目的 基于脑区局部一致性（ReHo）及种子点功能连接（FC）方法观察维吾尔族终末期肾病（ESRD）脑局部一致性及FC变化。方法 对26例维吾尔族ESRD患者（试验组）及21名维吾尔族健康志愿者（对照组）采集静息态血氧水平依赖功能MRI（BOLD-fMRI）,对比2组ReHo和全脑FC,获得组间ReHo和FC差异有统计学意义脑区的图像。结果 最终试验组和对照组分别纳入23例ESRD及20名志愿者。相比对照组,试验组右侧小脑CrusⅡ及左侧楔前叶ReHo下降。基于右侧小脑CrusⅡ为种子点FC显示,试验组右侧小脑CrusⅡ种子点与左颞中回和右颞上回的FC下降;基于左侧楔前叶为种子点FC显示,试验组左侧楔前叶种子点与右侧楔前叶、左中扣带回的FC低于对照组。结论 维吾尔族ESRD患者较健康维吾尔族成人右侧小脑CrusⅡ和左侧楔前叶ReHo及其与颞中回、颞上回、右侧楔前叶、中扣带回和后扣带回的FC下降。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.