1.5T磁共振导向下射频消融治疗肝转移癌的可行性

目的探讨1．5TMR引导下射频消融（RFA）治疗肝转移癌的可行性。方法收集34例肝转移癌患者,采用MR兼容多极射频针,于1．5TMR引导下行RFA。术后1个月行1．5T或3．0T肝脏MR平扫＋动态增强扫描,之后每2-3个月复查1次;随访3-37个月,平均（14．33±9．81）个月。结果34例患者共消融98个病灶,其中完全消融86个（86／98,87．76％）,不完全消融12个（12／98,12．24％）。MRI上射频电极针呈低信号。T2WI中消融灶呈低信号,周围可见薄层高信号环绕;T1WI中消融灶呈环样高信号,中央瘤灶呈相对低信号。结论1．5TMR引导下RFA治疗肝转移癌安全、有效,具有一定临床应用价值。     

建立兔靠近腹主动脉VX2肝癌模型

目的建立兔邻近腹主动脉VX2肝癌模型,为高强度聚焦超声（HIFU）消融肝脏大血管旁肿瘤研究选择最佳建模时间点提供实验依据。方法采用手术直视下组织块包埋法对45只新西兰大白兔于肝门处接种VX2瘤块,接种后第14、21、28天行MRI,观察成瘤率、肿瘤体积和肿瘤一腹主动脉间距。结果接种后动物存活率为92．11％（41／45）,成瘤率为95．12％（39／41）。MRI示接种后第14天T2WI呈高信号,增强后VIBEFST1WI示肿瘤明显强化;第21天肿瘤T2WI呈高信号,肿瘤不均匀强化;第28天肿瘤边缘环形强化,中心无强化,肿瘤出现继发性坏死;肿瘤体积随时间逐渐增大,肿瘤一腹主动脉间距逐渐减小,差异均有统计学意义（P均〈0．05）。结论直视下组织块包埋法建立兔邻近腹主动脉VX2肝癌模型操作简单、重复性好、成功率高,肿瘤接种后21天为研究HIFU消融肝脏大血管旁肿瘤作用的最佳时间点。     

兔VX2肝癌模型制作的完善及综合影像学评价

目的进一步完善兔VX2肝癌模型的制作,比较兔VX2肝癌的CT、MRI、DWI及DSA影像表现,评价各影像检查对瘤体显示的优越性。方法实验动物为新西兰大白兔。模型制作前期实验采用开腹VX2瘤粒包埋法接种,后期采用开腹VX2瘤粒悬浮液针头注入法,均接种于兔肝左叶。接种两周后行CT、MRI及DWI成像,随后行经股动脉肝动脉超选择DSA。结果前期实验瘤块种植成功率66.7%(8/12),后期实验种植成功率100%(24/24)。CT平扫肿瘤为略低密度病灶,强化不明显,境界清晰;MR T1WI呈较低信号影,EPI序列T2WI呈略高信号影;DWI成像见高亮信号影,显示清晰;DSA造影可见肝左叶孤立的瘤体由增粗的动脉供血,肿瘤血管较丰富。结论兔VX2肝癌模型是介入治疗实验研究极为理想的动物模型。VX2瘤粒悬浮液针头注入法较瘤粒包埋法成功率更高。CT、MR平扫、EPI序列及DWI成像对于肿瘤的影像评价互有优势,EPI及DWI成像可更敏感地显示肿瘤,DSA可清晰地显示肿瘤的供血。     

稀硫酸和无水乙醇注射治疗兔肝脏移植性VX2肿瘤

目的　探讨稀硫酸和无水乙醇兔VX2肝肿瘤内注射的临床价值。方法　移植性VX2肿瘤兔 16只 ,随机分为稀硫酸和无水乙醇组 ,分别于肿瘤内注射 10 %稀硫酸和无水乙醇各 0 .5ml。结果　兔移植性VX2肿瘤内分别注射 10 %稀硫酸和无水乙醇各 0 .5ml,2 4h后 ,稀硫酸组肿瘤坏死率大于乙醇组 (P <0 .0 5 )。电镜观察肿瘤细胞表现为变性 ,坏死及凋亡改变。MRI扫描肿瘤术前T1WI、T2WI和T2DWI分别表现为均匀低信号、高信号和高信号 ,边界清楚 ;术后表现为混杂不均匀信号。肿瘤凝固性坏死在T1WI和T2WI上表现为高信号和稍低信号 ,增强时病灶无明显强化。结论　稀硫酸是一种新型肿瘤细胞灭活物质 ,经皮硫酸注射疗法创伤小 ,无明显副作用 ,可成为肝癌治疗的一种新方法。     

肝脏快速容积采集序列增强扫描评估兔VX2肝癌模型血供

目的探讨肝脏快速容积采集（LAVA）序列增强扫描评估兔VX2肝癌模型血供的价值。方法以40只新西兰大白兔建立兔VX2肝癌模型。于建模后2～3周对实验兔行腹部MR平扫及LAVA序列增强扫描,比较平扫T1 WI、T2 WI及LAVA序列增强扫描的病灶检出率,分析肿瘤MRI表现及强化特点;根据LAVA序列增强扫描肿瘤的强化特点,分为均匀明显强化、不均匀强化及环状强化三种强化方式（均匀明显强化组、不均匀强化组及环状强化组）,每组各处死2只实验兔进行病理检查。结果 32只建模成功,共32个病灶。LAVA序列增强扫描的病灶检出率（32/32,100%）高于平扫T1 WI（20/32,62.50%）及T2 WI（23/32,71.88%）的检出率（χ2=12.410、8.275,P均〈0.05）;平扫T1 WI与T2 WI的病灶检出率差异无统计学意义（χ2=0.638,P〉0.05）。MR平扫肿瘤呈类圆形或不规则形,T1 WI低、T2 WI高或混杂信号。LAVA序列增强扫描中,2个病灶表现为均匀明显强化,11个病灶不均匀强化,19个病灶环状强化。病理检查示均匀明显强化组及不均匀强化组肿瘤内毛细血管较多,而环状强化组肿瘤内毛细血管较少。结论 LAVA序列增强扫描对兔肝XV2肿瘤检出率高,且对肿瘤血管显示效果佳,可较为客观、全面地反映VX2肿瘤的生长特性。     

肝肿瘤射频消融术后MRI表现及其临床意义

目的探讨肝肿瘤经皮射频消融(RFA)治疗后的MRI表现,并分析其临床意义。方法收集59例接受经皮RFA的肝肿瘤患者(82个病灶),其中36例术前接受MR检查,回顾性分析其MRI资料,分析病灶大小、信号及强化方式等变化特点。结果 RFA治疗后2个月内病灶完全坏死区呈等或稍短T1短T2信号,偶呈稍长或长T2信号,增强扫描无明显强化;2个月后完全坏死区呈短T2信号,增强扫描无强化。残存病灶呈长T2信号,增强扫描动脉期明显强化;复发病灶消融区范围较前增大,呈长T2信号。富血供病灶动脉期可见厚薄不均、环状或不规则结节状强化,乏血供病灶消融区边缘不光整。结论肝肿瘤RFA术后具有特征性MRI表现,能有效判断肿瘤残存和(或)复发,对于指导临床进一步治疗有重要意义。     

肝脏恶性肿瘤射频消融术后早期FS-T2WI消融区周围水肿环评价消融疗效的应用

目的探讨肝脏恶性肿瘤射频消融(RFA)术后早期FS-T2WI消融区周围水肿环形态用于评价RFA疗效的价值。方法收集接受RFA治疗的18例肝癌及4例肝转移瘤患者,于术后第3天行MR平扫,观察FS-T2WI中消融区周围水肿环的形态特点;随访复查MR平扫、多期增强扫描及肿瘤标志物,评价根据FS-T2WI水肿环连续性判断RFA疗效的价值。结果消融后,22例病灶FS-T2WI消融区周围均出现高信号水肿环。19例水肿环连续,其中11例厚薄均匀,8例厚薄不均匀但形态规整、边界清晰;术后随访均无异常强化,肿瘤标志物稳定,提示消融完全。3例水肿环不连续,局部可见外凸稍高信号结节,术后1个月增强MRI可见结节状动脉期强化,血清甲胎蛋白升高,提示消融区域未完全覆盖肿瘤区域,消融不完全。结论肝脏恶性肿瘤RFA后早期FS-T2WI消融区周围水肿环对评价疗效具有一定价值,尤其对于判断短期疗效意义重大。     

射频消融联合亚砷酸局部治疗对兔肝VX2肿瘤MVD和VEGF表达的影响

目的探讨射频消融(RFA)联合亚砷酸(AA)局部治疗对兔肝VX2肿瘤微血管密度(microvesseldensity,MVD)和血管内皮生长因子(vascularendothelialgrowthfactor,VEGF)表达的影响。方法建立新西兰兔肝VX2肿瘤模型28只,按随机数字表法随机均分为4组,分别给予AA(AA组)、RFA(RFA组)、RFA AA(RFA AA组)和生理盐水(对照组)治疗,于治疗后第14d处死所有实验动物,通过免疫组织化学方法检测肿瘤组织MVD及VEGF的表达,并分析MVD与VEGF表达的相关性。结果对照组、AA组、RFA组及RFA AA组肿瘤组织MVD依次降低,分别为(38.50±0.44)、(23.07±0.47)、(18.65±0.39)和(11.36±0.36)个/HP,4组间两两比较均P<0.05;肿瘤组织VEGF表达阳性例数比也依次降低,分别为7/7、5/7、4/7和2/7,4组间两两比较均P<0.05。VEGF表达强度与MVD成正相关关系(r=0.47,P<0.01)。结论RFA AA联合治疗能减少肿瘤组织的MVD,抑制VEGF的表达。     

高强聚焦超声消融兔腹主动脉旁肝肿瘤对腹主动脉的影响

目的观察高强聚焦超声(HIFU)消融兔腹主动脉旁肝肿瘤对腹主动脉的影响。方法对43只实验兔建立腹主动脉旁VX2肝肿瘤模型,于MR引导下行HIFU消融肿瘤,通过彩色多普勒超声观察消融前、消融后即刻、2h和6h腹主动脉充盈情况,测量血流峰值血流速(PSV)、平均血流速度(Vm)、平均血流量、阻力指数(RI)和搏动指数(PI)变化;病理观察消融前及消融后即刻腹主动脉的改变情况。结果共对40只实验兔成功建立腹主动脉旁肝肿瘤模型。消融后即刻腹主动脉血流通畅,未见明显狭窄、塌陷或闭塞。较之消融前,消融后即刻腹主动脉PSV、Vm和平均血流量明显减慢,RI和PI明显上升(P均0.05),之后逐渐恢复,于消融后6h恢复至消融前水平(P均0.05)。病理学检查示消融后即刻腹主动脉无损伤。结论 HIFU消融腹主动脉旁肿瘤可一过性改变腹主动脉血流动力学,而对管壁无明显损伤。     

MRI引导技术在氩氦刀消融治疗肿瘤中的临床应用

目的探讨MRI引导氩氦刀冷冻消融治疗肿瘤的临床价值。方法对90例肿瘤患者行MRI引导氩氦刀冷冻消融治疗,包括肝脏肿瘤52例,肾脏肿瘤10例,胸壁肿瘤6例,盆腔肿瘤12例,四肢骨及软组织肿瘤9例,坐骨肿瘤1例。术中采用SE T1WI、FSE T2WI、SPGR T1WI监测穿刺及消融情况。观察术中MRI表现、并发症情况,术后随访复查增强MRI评价消融效果。结果消融术中MRI均可清晰显示病灶,快速扫描SPGR T1WI可显示冷冻针全长。24例因病灶较大(最大径10.80～15.06 cm),以消融作为减瘤治疗,平均消融(2.96±0.76)次,其中17例末次氩氦刀冷冻消融术后1个月增强MRI示消融时冰球覆盖区域病灶无强化,病灶整体有所减小;7例病灶边缘可见强化,病灶不同程度增大。66例单次消融时冰球完全覆盖病灶,术后1个月增强MRI示47例病灶完全消融,19例病灶部分消融。术中11例穿刺部位出血,未发生严重并发症。结论 MRI引导氩氦刀冷冻消融可用于治疗不同部位肿瘤,多可获得满意疗效。     

2015年乳腺癌辅助化疗进展

【摘要】〓乳腺癌是危害我国女性健康的头号杀手,尽管近年来辅助化疗的研究进展突飞猛进,但临床中仍有不少问题未能明确,如辅助化疗的合适人群、化疗的开始时间、蒽环及紫杉类的地位和用法、强化维持治疗的作用、疗效及预后的生物标志物等。本文结合乳腺癌辅助化疗在临床上的常见问题和2015年各大乳腺癌会议阐述乳腺癌辅助化疗的最新进展。     

Alterations in T-Cell Subset Frequency in Peripheral Blood in Obesity

Background: Obesity affects the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. This study characterizes differences in peripheral blood lymphocyte phenotype in obese humans. Methods: Frequencies of lymphocyte subsets among peripheral blood mononuclear cells were compared between 10 obese (BMI ≥35) and 10 lean subjects, as determined by antibodies directed against cluster differentiation (CD) markers. Results: Obese patients demonstrated an increased frequency of CD3+CD4+ T-cells (mean difference 12%, P=0.004), a decreased frequency of CD3+CD8+ T-cells (mean difference 9.4%, P=0.016) and an increased frequency of CD3+CD8+CD95+ T-cells (mean difference 13.3%, P=0.032). No other differences among T-cell or monocyte subsets were noted. Conclusions: Obesity is associated with alterations in frequencies of peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells and aberrations in the expression of CD95 among CD8+ T-cells. These data suggest both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell compartments, as well as the regulation of CD95 expression on CD8+ T-cells, as targets for further study into obesity's effects on the immune system.     

西宁地区烧伤病人动脉血气分析观察

对高海拔地区的27例烧伤病人动脉血气变化进行了分析和观察。结果证明:无论是存活病人还是死亡病人伤后均存在有低氧血症问题。并且在死亡病人和烧伤合并吸入性损伤病人其低氧血症的发生早于单纯烧伤病人。提示:吸入性损伤病人应立即行气管切开术以保障氧气供给,单纯烧伤病人可常规吸氧以维持正常血 PaO_2,ARDS 均发生在合并吸入性损伤的病人,高频喷射通气技术对纠正低氧血症有一定效果。     

Controversies in Fistula in Ano

Managing a complex fistula in ano can be a daunting task for most surgeons; largely due to the two major dreaded complications—recurrence & fecal incontinence. It is important to understand the anatomy of the anal sphincters & the aetiopathological process of the disease to provide better patient care. There are quite a few controversies associated with fistula in ano & its management, which compound the difficulty in treating fistula in ano. This article attempts to clear some of those major controversies.     

β-半乳糖苷酶在体内外成骨细胞中的表达

目的 研究β—半乳糖苷酶(β—gal)在成骨细胞中的表达状况，为阐明MorquioB综合征的发病机制提供依据。方法 裸鼠各器官和骨组织标本行X-gal染色检测。抽取羊和人骨髓行骨髓基质细胞(BMSCs)培养，分为4组：I：Adv-hBMP-2转染组；Ⅱ：Adv—β—gal转染组；Ⅲ：未转染组；Ⅳ：地塞米松诱导组。分别行X-gal染色和RT-PCR检测β—gal的表达。结果 裸鼠骺板两侧、骨膜内面及松质骨的成骨细胞和破骨细胞可见多量β—gal的表达。未转染BMSCs组有少量β—gal的表达，其他3组细胞的β—gal表达增高。结论成骨细胞和破骨细胞可表达多量β—gal，该两种细胞的β—gal缺乏可能是MorquioB综合征骨骼异常的直接原因。     

Smoking-Attributable mortality in Spain in 2016

IntroductionSmoking-attributable mortality (SAM) is a valuable indicator that can be used to characterize the course and health burden of the smoking epidemic. The aim of this paper was to estimate SAM in Spain in 2016 in the population aged 35 and over, using the best available evidence.MethodsA smoking prevalence-dependent analysis based on the estimation of population-attributable fractions was performed. Smoking prevalence (never, former, and current smokers) was calculated from a combination of the Spanish Health Survey (2016) and the European Health Survey (2014); the relative risk of death among current and former smokers was taken from the follow-up of various cohorts; and mortality rates were obtained from National Center for Statistics data. SAM estimates are presented globally, and by sex, age groups, and major disease categories: cancer, cardiometabolic diseases and respiratory diseases.ResultsIn 2016, 56,124 deaths were attributed to tobacco consumption, 84% in men (47,000), and 50% in the population aged over 74 (27,795). Overall, 50% of SAM was due to cancer (28,281), 65% of which was lung cancer. One in 4 attributable deaths (13,849) occurred before the age of 65.ConclusionsOne in 7 deaths in Spain in 2016 were attributable to smoking. This estimation of SAM clearly highlights the great impact of smoking on mortality in Spain, mainly due to lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.     

MicroRNAs in hepatic pathophysiology in diabetes

MicroRNAs(miRNAs or miRs) are small approximately 22 nucleotide RNA species that are believed to regulate diverse metabolic and physiological processes.In the recent past,several reports have surfaced that demonstrate the role of miRNAs in various biological processes and numerous disease states.For a disease as complex as diabetes,the emergence of miRNAs as key regulators leading to the disease phenotype has added a novel dimension to the area of diabetes research.On the other hand,the liver,a metabolic hub,contributes in a major way towards maintaining normal glucose levels in the body as it can both stimulate and inhibit hepatic glucose output.This equilibrium is frequently disturbed in diabetes and hence,the liver assumes special significance considering the correlation between altered hepatic physiology and diabetes.While the understanding of the mechanisms behind this altered hepatic behavior is not yet completely understood,recent reports on the status and role of miRNAs in the diabetic liver have further added to the complexities of the knowledge of hepatic pathophysiology in diabetes.Here,we bring together the various miRNAs that play a role in the altered hepatic behavior during diabetes.     

Fluid-phase transcytosis in the primate epididymis in vitro and in vivo

Ligated tubules from the corpus epididymidis of men and monkeys were incubated in medium containing horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a marker for fluid-phase endocytosis. HRP was localized by light and electron microscopy after 0, 15, 30 and 60 min of incubation. Movement between the cells was prevented by tight junctions, but bypass of this barrier was apparently achieved by an intracellular vesicular mechanism leading to a time-dependent appearance of HRP in the lumen. Uptake of HRP into basal cells and capture by the lysosomal apparatus of principal cells were also observed. HRP-filled vesicles also appeared in the basal, mid and apical cytoplasm of epithelial cells in the caput 1 h after injection of the tracer into the epididymal circulation of the monkey, suggesting that this pathway also operates in vivo.