胰腺癌的微创治疗现状

微创疗法已成为胰腺癌治疗的研究方向之一.高强度聚焦超声、射频消融、微波消融、经皮酒精注射、光动力疗法、冷冻消融等手段均可以使胰腺癌组织发生不同程度的变性和(或)坏死,可有效止痛,提高生活质量,延长生存期,给胰腺癌患者提供了新的治疗选择.     

Efficacy of Transarterial Chemoembolization Combined with Radiofrequency Ablation in Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Purpose: To evaluate efficacy of transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) combined with radiofrequencyablation (RFA) in treatment of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Materials and Methods: During January2009 to March 2012, 80 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma underwent TACE, with or without RFA. Alfafetoprotein(AFP) was checked before and after procedure. CT scans were obtained one month after TACE or RFAfor all patients to evaluate tumor changes. Complete response+partial response+stable disease (CR+PR+SD)/nwere used to assess the disease control rate (DCR). Survival at 3, 6 and 12 months was compared in both groups.Results: AFP levels in TACE + RFA group dropped rapidly, becoming obviously lower than that of the TACEgroup. In the TACE + RFA group DCR was 93.8%, while only 76.8% in the TACE group. The treatment effectbetween the two groups was statistically significant (P<0.05) by Ridit analysis. 1 year survival rate in the TACE+ RFA group was 92.5%, significantly higher than that of the TACE group at 77.5% (P<0.05). Conclusions:TACE and RFA as combined therapy method for patients with middle and terminal stage HCC gives full playto synergy between the two and improves the therapeutic effect.     

Radiofrequency ablation of small breast cancer followed by surgical resection

BACKGROUND: With the growing demand from patients for less-invasive procedures, the shift from surgical extirpation to ablative local control of breast tumors is an emerging focus in breast cancer care. This study was performed to determine the feasibility and safety of treating small breast cancer with radiofrequency (RF) ablation. METHODS: Patients with biopsy-proven invasive or non-invasive breast cancer underwent RF ablation under general anesthesia. Before RF ablation, all patients were confirmed to have a localized lesion using imaging modalities. Wide excision or total mastectomy with sentinel lymph node biopsy or axillary lymph node dissection was performed. The resected tumor was examined histologically with hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-diaphorase (NADH) staining. RESULTS: Ten patients completed the treatment without RF ablation-related complications. The mean tumor size was 1.1 cm (range: 0.5-2.0 cm). Histological evaluation of the ablated tissue using H&E staining revealed a spectrum of changes ranging from complete coagulation necrosis of tumor cells to normal-appearing tumor cells. However, NADH-diaphorase showed no staining of viable tumor cells in the RF-ablated region in all of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: RF ablation is promising as a minimally invasive ablation technique in the local treatment of invasive or non-invasive breast cancer. However, further study is necessary before RF ablation can replace conventional breast conservation therapy for patients with small breast cancer.     

Sorafenib continuation or discontinuation in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma after a complete response

Aims

To assess the efficacy of continued administration of sorafenib for patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treated with local regional therapy (LRT) after a complete response (CR), also, the adverse events of sorafenib after discontinuation of administration were observed.

Methods

Between April 2008 and May 2012, 956 consecutive patients with unresectable HCC treated with LRT (transarterial chemoembolization, radiofrequency ablation) combined with sorafenib were retrospectively investigated. Of these, 157 patients with a CR were enrolled: 102 of them continued to receive sorafenib (test group) and the other 55 stopped receiving sorafenib (control group).

Results

The median recurrence-free survival (RFS), post-complete response overall survival (pOS) and overall survival (OS) in the test and control groups were 11 months (95% CI: 6.1, 15.9), 25 months (95% CI: 20.7, 29.3) and 33 months (95% CI: 29.2, 36.8) and 12 months (95% CI: 10.4, 13.6), 28 months (95% CI 24.2, 31.8) and 34 months (95% CI: 30.8, 37.2) respectively. The differences in RFS, pOS and OS between the groups were not significant (P = 0.768, 0.797 and 0.730, respectively). The adverse events related to sorafenib resolved after discontinuation of administration and the quality of life (QoL) scores improved.

Conclusions

Patients with unresectable HCC who achieved a CR did not benefit from continued sorafenib in terms of RFS, pOS or OS. The adverse events of sorafenib were reversible, and discontinuation of sorafenib may improve the QoL of patients who have achieved a CR.     

微创手术治疗前列腺癌的疗效研究

目的：探讨经腹腔入路腹腔镜微创手术治疗前列腺癌患者的临床效果。方法选取经腹腔入路腹腔镜微创手术治疗的53例患者作为微创组,及采用开放经耻骨前列腺癌根治术治疗的47例患者作为对照组,比较两组患者手术相关指标及并发症的发生率。结果两组患者术后淋巴结阳性率、精囊阳性率、切缘阳性率差异均无统计学意义（P﹥0.05）;微创组患者的手术时间长于对照组患者,差异有统计学意义（P﹤0.05）;微创组患者术中出血量、导尿管留置时间、胃肠道功能恢复时间、术后下床时间、住院时间均低于对照组患者,差异有统计学意义（P﹤0.05）;术后3个月、6个月,两组患者尿控率、生化复发率差异均无统计学意义（P﹥0.05）。结论经腹腔入路腹腔镜微创手术治疗前列腺癌与传统开腹手术效果相当,但是具有手术创伤小、恢复快的优势。     

Application of minimally invasive treatment for early gastric cancer

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Although various types of minimally invasive treatment have emerged as the best front-line therapies for early gastric cancer (EGC), there have been no established indications that these attempts are applicable. The purpose of this study was to propose indications for the application of minimally invasive therapy for EGC. METHODS: A total of 566 patients with EGC who had undergone gastrectomy with D2 or more extended lymphadenectomy, from July 1993 to December 1997 were retrospectively analyzed. The risk factors that determine lymph node metastasis were investigated by univariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: The rate of lymph node metastasis was 11.8% for all EGC, 3.4% for mucosal cancer, and 21.0% for submucosal cancer. Lymph node metastasis was associated with submucosal invasion, larger tumor size, undifferentiated histology, and the presence of lymphatic or blood vessel invasion (LBVI) by univariate and multivariate analyses. When LBVI was absent, there was no lymph node metastasis if the tumor was smaller than 2.5 cm with differentiated histology, and smaller than 1.5 cm with undifferentiated histology, regardless of depth of invasion. Extra-perigastric lymph node metastases were noted in patients with submucosal tumors that have LBVI while none of mucosal cancer showed extra-perigastric lymph node metastases. CONCLUSIONS: Minimally invasive treatment can be possibly applied for patients with EGC using these four independent risk factors for lymph node metastasis in EGC. For mucosal cancers, EMR is indicated for EGCs without lymph node involvement based on tumor size and histology. When we found LBVI by pathologic examination after EMR, gastrectomy with D1 lymph node dissection is mandatory. For submucosal cancers, patients with small tumors could be treated with laparoscopic wedge resection without lymph node dissection. However, patients with larger sized tumors or tumors with LBVI should be treated with extended (D2) lymph node dissection.     

微创切除术联合低剂量放疗对早期喉癌治疗效果的研究

目的 探究微创切除术联合低剂量放疗对早期喉癌治疗效果的影响.方法 选取早期喉癌患者60例,依据抽签法将患者分为治疗组及对照组,每组各30例.治疗组患者给予支撑喉镜下微创手术联合低剂量放疗进行治疗;对照组患者给予支撑喉镜下微创手术治疗;观察比较两组患者治疗后出现咽部干燥、呼吸困难、咯血、嗅觉减退情况及发音功能、复发转移情况、平均生存时间及累积生存率.结果 术后两组患者咽部干燥、呼吸困难、咯血、嗅觉减退发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P﹥0.05),治疗组患者发音功能差于对照组(P﹤0.05);随访截至2016年8月,治疗组患者疾病无进展时间优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05),两组患者的平均生存时间及累积生存率比较,差异无统计学意义(P﹥0.05).结论 微创切除术联合低剂量放疗相对于单纯微创切除术可减少早期喉癌患者的复发转移情况,但对患者的平均生存时间及累积生存率无明显影响.     

High operative risk of cool-tip radiofrequency ablation for unresectable pancreatic head cancer

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To report and discuss the effect, complications and mortality of cool-tip radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for unresectable pancreatic cancer. METHODS: During October 2003 to July 2004, sixteen patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer were treated by open cool-tip RFA. One-half of the 16 patients had tumors located in the pancreatic head. A 5-mm minimum safe distance between RFA site and major peripancreatic vessels was kept to avoid injury to the vessels. RESULTS: Six of twelve patients with back pain got pain relief postoperatively. Pancreatic fistula occurred in three patients (18.8%) and healed smoothly in 7-10 days with routine abdominal drainage. The mortality was 25% (4/16). In the four death cases, tumors were all located in the pancreatic head; three patients with tumor close to portal vein died suddenly of massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage on the 4th, 30th, 40th postoperative day respectively and a 79-year-old patient died of acute renal failure on the 2nd postoperative day. CONCLUSIONS: Standard use of cool-tip RFA was dangerous for pancreatic head cancer close to portal vein, in which a 5-mm minimum safe distance between RFA site and major peripancreatic vessels might not be enough to avoid injury to the vessels.     

Novel therapies targeting hypoxia mechanism to treat pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the deadliest malignancies. The high mortality rate of PC largely results from delayed diagnosis and early metastasis. Therefore, identifying novel treatment targets for patients with PC is urgently required to improve survival rates. A major barrier to successful treatment of PC is the presence of a hypoxic tumor microenvironment, which is associated with poor prognosis, treatment resistance, increased invasion and metastasis. Recent studies have identified a number of novel molecules and pathways in PC cells that promote cancer cells progression under hypoxic conditions, which may provide new therapy strategies to inhibit the development and metastasis of PC. This review summarizes the latest research of hypoxia in PC and provides an overview of how the current therapies have the capacity to overcome hypoxia and improve PC patient treatment. These findings will eventually provide guidance for future PC management and clinical trials and hopefully improve the survival of patients with PC.     

直肠癌患者微创保肛手术效果研究

目的：探讨直肠癌患者微创保肛手术效果。方法分别采取微创保肛手术和传统手术患者,将100例直肠癌患者随机分为微创保肛组和对照组各50例,对比两组患者的手术效果和手术并发症等情况。结果与对照组相比,微创保肛组患者术中出血量较少[（63.5±9.6）ml vs（89.2±12.7）ml]、手术切口较短[（4.1±0.4）cm vs（6.2±0.8）cm]、手术持续时间较短[（174.5±30.1）min vs（208.4±14.8）min]、住院时间较短[（7.8±0.9）天 vs（9.5±1.2天）]、切口拆线时间较早[（6.6±0.5）天 vs（8.2±1.1）天]、开始排气时间较早[（4.1±0.4）天vs （5.2±0.6）天]、导尿管拔除时间明显较短[（4.0±0.5）天vs（5.4±0.8）天],两组差异均具有统计学意义（均P＜0.001）。微创保肛组患者与对照组患者相比,其总的并发症发生率较低（12%vs 30%,P＝0.027）,大便次数增多的并发症发生率较低（6%vs 20%,P＝0.037）。结论微创保肛术能够提高患者的手术效果,降低术后并发症发生率,值得在临床上广泛应用。     

Biomarker-driven and molecularly targeted therapies for pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains a deadly disease with few effective treatment options. Our knowledge of molecular alterations in PDAC has significantly grown and helped identify new therapeutic targets. The success of immune checkpoint inhibition in mismatch repair deficient tumors, PARP inhibitors for tumors with DNA repair defects, and targeting hyaluronan with PEGPH20 in patients with high expressing (hyaluronan-high) tumors are examples of promising biomarker-driven therapies. We review the major biological mechanisms in PDAC and discuss current and future directions for molecularly targeted therapies in this disease.     

Clinical experiences with microwave thermal ablation of lung malignancies

Abstract

Approximately 30% of early stage lung cancer patients are not surgical candidates due to medical co-morbidities, poor cardiopulmonary function and advanced age. These patients are traditionally offered chemotherapy and radiation, which have shown relatively modest improvements in mortality. For over a decade, percutaneous image-guided ablation has emerged as a safe, cost-effective, minimally invasive treatment alternative for patients who would otherwise not qualify for surgery. Although radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is currently the most extensively studied and widely utilised technique in the treatment of lung malignancies, there is a growing body of evidence that microwave ablation (MWA) has several unique benefits over RFA and cryoablation in the lung. This article reviews our institution’s clinical experiences in the treatment of lung malignancies with MWA including patient selection, procedural technique, imaging follow-up, treatment outcomes and comparison of ablation techniques.     

Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation: minimally invasive therapy for renal tumors

Currently, up to 60% of renal tumors are detected incidentally by abdominal imaging. Most of these tumors are small and localized to the kidney. Owing to the shift to lower stage at diagnosis, radical nephrectomy has fallen out of favor and has been replaced by nephron-sparing surgery. Currently, partial nephrectomy is the treatment of choice for patients with small renal tumors. As the trend towards less invasive therapy continues, laparoscopic and percutaneous ablation techniques have gained popularity for the treatment of renal tumors in patients who are high-risk surgical candidates, or have a solitary kidney, limited renal function or multifocal disease. Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation is a safe, minimally invasive treatment option for those patients.     

State of the art biological therapies in pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal malignancies with a five-year survival rate of approximately 5%. Several target agents have been tested in PDAC, but almost all have failed to demonstrate efficacy in late phase clinical trials, despite the better understanding of PDAC molecular biology generated by large cancer sequencing initiatives in the past decade. Eroltinib (a small-molecule tyrosine-kinase inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor) plus gemcitabine is the only schedule with a biological agent approved for advanced pancreatic cancer, but it has resulted in a very modest survival benefit in unselected patients. In our work, we report a summary of the main clinical trials (closed and ongoing) that refer to biological therapy evaluation in pancreatic cancer treatment.     

全胸腔镜与辅助小切口胸腔镜肺癌切除术效果比较

目的:比较全胸腔镜与辅助小切口腔镜在肺癌切除的效果。方法:回顾性分析187例外科治疗的肺癌患者临床资料,分为全腔镜组（n=79）及小切口组（n=108）,比较两组手术时间、并发症、炎症反应因子变化以及生存复发情况。结果:全腔镜组手术时间、出血量、住院时间、VAS评分均显著低于小切口组（P<0.05）,两组患者淋巴结清扫数量、引流管留置时间、引流量均无统计学差异（P>0.05）;全腔镜组并发症为13.9%,低于小切口组的26.9%（P<0.05）;两组术后CRP、TNF-α、IL-6、IL-10均显著升高,小切口组CRP、TNF-α、IL-10升高更为显著（P<0.05）,而IL-6升高水平两组无明显差异（P>0.05）;平均随访时间（33.91±7.25）个月,两组1、2、3年复发及生存率无明显差异（P>0.05）。结论:全胸腔镜与小切口开胸肺癌切除均可做到彻底淋巴结清扫,有效控制复发率及死亡率。而腔镜更具微创伤、恢复快、并发症少及更低机体生物学应激反应的特点。