Factors affecting the quality of life of patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease--a cross-sectional study in an outpatient clinic attendees

PURPOSE: To determine the factors associated with poor quality of life (QoL) in patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) in a clinic-based sample. SCOPE: One hundred patients were included in this study. To assess the quality of life the Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39) was used. A structured questionnaire interview and a complete neurological examination, including the Hoehn and Yahr scale (H-Y), the Schwab and England disability scale, II, III, IV parts of the unified Parkinson's disease rating scale (UPDRS part II, III, IV), Montgomery-Asberg depression rating scale (MADRS) and the Mini-Mental state examination (MMSE) were performed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The most important predictive factor was MADRS score, followed by clinical fluctuations as measured by UPDRS part IVB and the H-Y stage of disease, which account for 79% of the variance of QoL scores. Therefore, recognition of depression should become an important part of treatment of PD.     

帕金森病患者冻结步态的危险因素及对生活质量的影响

目的：调查帕金森病(PD)患者冻结步态(FOG)的相关危险因素及对生活质量的影响.方法于2014年1月~2016年1月,对我院神经科门诊就诊的 PD 患者,以问卷的方式,调查患者的一般情况、运动症状、非运动症状和治疗情况,分析 PD 患者 FOG 的相关影响因素及其对生活质量的影响.结果共纳入107例符合条件的 PD 患者,平均发病年龄(59．07±10．46)岁,平均年龄(64．29±9.77)岁,病程2．00~8．00年,中位值4．00年.64例(59．8％)患者出现 FOG,其中男37例(57．8％).与未出现 FOG 的 PD 患者比较,FOG 患者病程长、UPDRS－Ⅱ评分高、“开”期 UPDRS－Ⅲ评分高、“开”期改良 Hoehn& Yahr 分级(H－Y 分级)高、症状波动和剂峰异动症多见、Epworth 嗜睡评分量表(ESS)评分高、快速动眼睡眠行为异常问卷(香港版)(RBDQ－HK)评分高、Beck 抑郁量表(BDI)评分高,差异均有统计学意义(P ＜0．05).调整性别和调查时年龄后,多因素 Logistic 回归分析发现病程长[1．12(1．01~1．25),P ＝0．034]、H － Y 分级高[4．13(1．90~8．98),P ＜0．001]、统一 PD 评分量表(UPDRS)－Ⅱ评分高[1．23(1.12~1．35),P ＜0．001]、UPDRS－Ⅲ评分高[1．06(1．03~1．09),P ＜0.001]、症状波动[3．98(1．68~9．43),P ＝0．002]、剂峰异动症[10．71(1．35~85．23),P ＝0．025]、RBDQ－HK评分高[1．03(1．00~1.60),P ＝0．023]和 BDI 评分高[1．08(1．03~1．14),P ＝0．004]等因素与 FOG 显著相关.同时,合并 FOG 患者 PDQ－39总分更高,除社会支持外,FOG 对其他维度均存在显著影响(P ＜0．05).结论 FOG在 PD 患者中十分常见,病程、疾病严重程度、症状波动、剂峰异动症、RBD 和抑郁状态可能是 PD 患者发生 FOG 的独立危险因素,FOG 可显著降低 PD 患者的生活质量.     

The UPDRS-8: a brief clinical assessment scale for Parkinson's disease

We evaluated a brief, 8-item version of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) using two existing patient databases. One database included 1,445 PD patients. Spearman correlation between UPDRS-8 motor scores and full UPDRS motor scores was .765 (p < .001). Correlation between total UPDRS-8 scores and full UPDRS total scores (parts I-III) was .798 (p < .001). Correlation between total UPDRS-8 scores and total 39-item PD questionnaire (PDQ-39) scores was .629 (p < .001). In 177 patients undergoing deep brain stimulation (DBS), UPDRS-8 motor scores were similarly significantly sensitive to change as full UPDRS motor scores in assessing change from the medication OFF state to the medication ON state at baseline and from the medication OFF state at baseline to the medication OFF/stimulation ON state 1 year post-DBS. The UPDRS-8 focuses on items that are most relevant for clinical decision making. In this study, the UPDRS-8 exhibited good correlation with the full UPDRS and the PDQ-39. We therefore believe that it can provide a useful, rapid assessment of PD patients in clinical practice. Whether it might be useful in clinical trials depends on demonstrating that it is also sensitive to relatively small changes in clinical status.     

The importance of educational and psychological factors in Parkinson''s disease quality of life

OBJECTIVE: To define the factors correlated with quality of life (QoL) in patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD). BACKGROUND: PD has a substantial impact on QoL. Although several clinical factors have been associated with QoL in PD, the influence of patient's education still remains controversial. METHODOLOGY: A consecutive series of patients with PD were examined using the unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS part I, II, III), Schwab and England (SE), and Hoehn and Yahr stage (H&Y). QoL was rated with the PDQ-39, cognition with the Mini-Mental State examination (MMSE), and the presence of depressive symptoms with the geriatric depression scale (GDS). Patient's characteristics, estimated cumulative levodopa dose (CLD), UPDRS, H&Y, MMSE and GDS were correlated with the PDQ-39 using univariate and multiple regression analysis. RESULTS: A total of one hundred 58 patients (68 men, 90 women) with a mean age of 65.6 +/- 9.3 years, PD duration of 8.1 +/- 10.6 years, and education of 6.6 +/- 3.9 years were included. The mean PDQ-39 was 48.8 +/- 27.8, mean MMSE was 25.7 +/- 4, and mean GDS was 11.7 +/- 6.8. Using stepwise multiple regression analysis, the most important predictive factors were depression, UPDRS part I, UPDRS part II, and educational background, which accounted for a 61% of the variability of the PDQ-39 scores. CONCLUSIONS: In our PD sample, educational, behavioural, and psychological factors influenced life satisfaction more than physical ones.     

Influence of motor symptoms upon the quality of life of patients with Parkinson's disease

We studied the impact of various motor and nonmotor symptoms upon quality of life in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). The study comprised 110 patients with PD (age: 68.6 years, course of the disease: 7.6 years). The Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS; I-IV) and Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39) were recorded. We recorded the correlations between years of disease and UPDRS IV, as well as PDQ-39 and UPDRS I, II, III and IV. Introduction of all variables into a linear regression model showed that 3 variables accounted for 51% of the variance in PDQ-39. Mental condition, gait disorders and complications of dopaminergic drugs are the variables that most affect the quality of life of patients with PD.     

Application of depression criteria (DSM-IV) in patients with Parkinson's disease

Introduction

The aim of this study is to analyze the clinical differences between Parkinson's disease patients with major (MD) and minor depression (md) and to see how both affect the quality of life.

Material and methods

118 patients diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. The mean age of onset was 60.4 ± 11.2 years with a mean duration of 8.5 ± 6.2 years. Depression was diagnosed according to DSM-IV-TR criteria. Scores on the Hamilton depression inventory, MMSE, PDQ-39, NPI-10, UPDRS III, and UPDRS IV were recorded.

Results

Twenty-one patients (17.8%) met the criteria of major depression (MD) and 33 (28.0%) those of minor depression (md). The scores on the PDQ-39 and NPI-10 of patients with MD were higher than in patients with md, and control group. The MMSE scores were lower in patients with MD. In 52.2% of the patients with MD, the diagnosis of depression was made prior to that of PD, this occurred only in 24.2% of the patients with md (p < 0.001). The presence of anhedonia was related to cognitive impairment and the presence of neuropsychiatric symptoms.

Discussion

MD is probably a part of the disease process of PD; it is associated with cognitive impairment and may precede motor symptoms.     

The impact of and the factors associated with drooling in Parkinson's disease

We administered a 7-question survey on drooling to PD patients and age-matched controls. Each subject was assigned a drooling severity score and categorized as a “drooler” or a “non-drooler”. The age, disease duration, motor scores, quality of life (PDQ-39), and levodopa equivalent daily dosage (LEDD) were compared between PD droolers vs. PD non-droolers.58 PD patients and 51 age-matched controls participated. In PD patients, the mean: disease duration was 10.96 years (SD 8.66) and UPDRS on motor score was 30.76 (SD 10.57). The drooling severity score was significantly different between patients vs. controls (3.41 vs. .58; p < .01). 14% of controls vs. 59% of patients were droolers (p < .01). PD droolers scored worse on the ADL subscale of the PDQ-39 (p = .031). Furthermore, PD droolers had significant difficulty speaking (7.27% vs. 0%; p < .01); eating (3.64% vs. 0%; p = .01); and socially interacting (12.73% vs. 0%; p < .01) compared to PD non-droolers. Interestingly, the hallucination component of the UPDRS Part I was significantly correlated with being a drooler (p = .016). None of the other variables have significant effect on drooling severity scores. There is a high prevalence of drooling among PD patients compared to controls.PD droolers had worse quality of life and had more difficulty speaking, eating and socially interacting compared to PD non-droolers. Experiencing hallucinations was the only factor that correlated with being a drooler and it may be confounded by medications.     

Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in Parkinson's disease

BackgroundRecent studies reported a high prevalence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) in Parkinson's disease (PD), and a possible association with gastrointestinal symptoms and worse motor function. We aimed to study the prevalence and the potential impact of SIBO on gastrointestinal symptoms, motor function, and quality of life in a large cohort of PD patients.Methods103 Consecutive PD patients were assessed using the lactulose-hydrogen breath test; questionnaires of gastrointestinal symptoms and quality of life (PDQ-39); the Unified PD Rating Scale (UPDRS) including “on”-medication Part III (motor severity) score; and objective and quantitative measures of bradykinesia (Purdue Pegboard and timed test of gait). Patients and evaluating investigators were blind to SIBO status.Results25.3% of PD patients were SIBO-positive. SIBO-positive patients had a shorter mean duration of PD (5.2 ± 4.1 vs. 8.1 ± 5.5 years, P = 0.007). After adjusting for disease duration, SIBO was significantly associated with lower constipation and tenesmus severity scores, but worse scores across a range of “on”-medication motor assessments (accounting for 4.2–9.0% of the variance in motor scores). There was no association between SIBO and motor fluctuations or PDQ-39 Summary Index scores.ConclusionsThis is the largest study to date on SIBO in PD. SIBO was detected in one quarter of patients, including patients recently diagnosed with the disease. SIBO was not associated with worse gastrointestinal symptoms, but independently predicted worse motor function. Properly designed treatment trials are needed to confirm a causal link between SIBO and worse motor function in PD.     

Impact of psychiatric symptoms and sleep disorders on the quality of life of patients with Parkinson’s disease

The objective of this study is to assess how the non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD), such as depression, cognitive deterioration, neuropsychiatric and sleep disorders, affect the quality of life, and to compare them with the motor symptoms in order to determine their real impact. A cross-sectional study was designed including 99 patients (mean age 68.5 ± 9.9 years, duration of disease 8.7 ± 6.2 years). Demographic data, onset of PD, years on treatment with levodopa (LD), class of dopaminergic drug prescribed, and dosages were obtained. The following scales were used: quality of life (PDQ-39), Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS I–IV), Parkinson Disease Sleep Scale (PDSS) and daytime sleepiness (Epworth), Mini-Mental State Examination, depression (HAM-D), and the neuropsychiatric inventory (NPI-10). The PDQ-39 summary index (PDQ-39 SI) was 24.7 ± 13.2. A linear regression model including all variables showed that four independent variables accounted for 67.2% of the variance in the PDQ-39 SI (F = 33,277; p < 0.001): NPI, PDSS, UPDRS IV, and UPDRS I. When sub-items of the NPI, PDSS and UPDRS IV scales are analyzed, significant correlations (p < 0.001) are found between the PDQ-39 SI and depression, agitation, apathy, anxiety, hallucinations, delusions, incontinence of urine, morning painful posturing, restlessness in bed, morning fatigue, duration of off periods, unpredictable and predictable off periods, early morning dystonia, and sudden off periods. Neuropsychiatric symptoms, especially depression, nighttime sleep disorders such as urinary incontinence, nighttime restlessness, morning fatigue and somnolence, off-period dystonia and motor fluctuations are the variables that most affect the quality of life of patients with PD.     

Depression and care-dependency in Parkinson's disease: results from a nationwide study of 1449 outpatients

Parkinson's disease (PD) is frequently compounded by neuropsychiatric complications, increasing disability. The combined effect of motor and mental status on care-dependency in PD outpatients is not well characterized. We conducted a cross-sectional study of 1449 PD outpatients. The assessment comprised the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and the diagnostic criteria for dementia. PD severity and treatment complications were rated using Hoehn and Yahr staging and the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) IV. The acknowledged level of care-dependency was documented. Care-dependency was present in 18.3% of all patients. A total of 13.9% had dementia, 18.8% had depression, and 14.3% had both. Regression analyses revealed increasing effects of age, PD duration, and PD severity on care-dependency in all three mental-disorder subgroups with the strongest effects in patients with depression only. Depressed patients with antidepressive treatment still had significantly higher PD severity, higher MADRS and UPDRS-IV scores but were not more likely to be care-dependent than non-depressed patients. Older age, longer duration and increased severity of PD contribute to care-dependency in patients with untreated depression. Treatment of depression is associated with lower rates of care-dependency.     

Pramipexole and pergolide in the treatment of depression in Parkinson''s disease: a national multicentre prospective randomized study

An 8-month multicentre prospective randomized study aimed at comparing the effects of dopamine receptor agonists pramipexole (PPX; Mirapexin) and pergolide (PRG; Permax) as add-on to L-dopa therapy on depression [Montgomery and Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS)] in 41 non-demented patients (25 men, 16 women) suffering from both mild or moderate depression and advanced Parkinson's disease (PD). The assessment was performed by a blinded independent observer. Motor symptoms (UPDRS III), motor complications (UPDRS IV), activities of daily living (UPDRS II and VI) and depressive symptoms as measured by Self - Rating Depression Scale by Zung were evaluated in an open-label design. The average value of Zung scores decreased significantly in both groups with no statistical difference between both groups. A significant decrease in the average value of MADRS scores was present only in the PPX group. The average UPDRS scores decreased significantly with no statistical difference between both groups at the comparable average total daily dose of both preparations. In both cases, the total daily dose of L-dopa decreased significantly but the decrease was statistically more pronounced in the PRG group. Our results demonstrate the antidepressant effect of PPX in patients with PD while we can't make any conclusions with regard to antidepressant effect of PRG.     

Determinants of quality of life in Brazilian patients with Parkinson's disease.

Our objective was to identify determinants of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in a cohort of Brazilian patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Patients were evaluated by means of the Hoehn and Yahr staging (H&Y), Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), Schwab and England scale (S&E), Mini-Mental State Exam, Geriatric Depression Scale, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). HRQol was assessed using the MOS-Short-Form 36 (SF-36), the Parkinson's disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39), and the Scales for Outcomes in Parkinson's Disease-Psychosocial Questionnaire (SCOPA-PS). 144 patients were evaluated (mean age 62 years; 53.5% men; mean duration of illness 6.6 years; median H&Y, 2 (range: 1-4). Mean SCOPA-PS and PDQ-39 Summary Index (SI) were 39.2 and 40.7, respectively. Both, PDQ-39 and SCOPA-PS SIs correlated at a moderate level (r = 0.30-0.50) with H&Y, S&E, total UPDRS, HADS subscales, and SF-36 Physical and Mental Components. PDQ-39 and SCOPA-PS were closely associated (r = 0.73). HRQoL significantly deteriorated as H&Y progressed, as a whole. Mood disturbances, disability, motor complications, and education were independent predictors of HRQoL in the multivariate analysis model. In PD Brazilian patients, HRQoL correlated significantly with diverse measures of severity. Depression showed to be the most consistent determinant of HRQoL, followed by disability, motor complications, and education years. There was a close association between the PDQ-39 and SCOPA-PS summary scores.     

Factors associated with depression in Parkinson’s disease: a cross-sectional study in a Polish population

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and factors influencing depression in PD patients in a cross-sectional outpatient clinic - based Polish patients sample. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred consecutive PD patients were included in this study; 35 of them fulfilled DSM-IV criteria for Major Depression and its severity was assessed with Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). A structured interview and a neurological examination, including Hoehn and Yahr scale (H-Y), Schwab-England disability scale, II, III, IV parts of Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) were performed. The parameters obtained were analysed between the depressed and non-depressed PD patients. RESULTS: The prevalence of depression in PD in Polish population was established at the level of 35%. PD patients with depression scored significantly higher in all UPDRS scales (except for the subscale of clinical fluctuation) and in H-Y scale. PD with depression was also associated with longer PD duration, higher doses of L-dopa equivalents, patients' age, general impairment of daily living in Schwab and England disability scale, lower MMSE and higher clinical fluctuations. However, those six differences were insignificant. CONCLUSIONS: Depression prevalence rate among PD patients in Polish population is slightly lower than in most of other published studies. This may result from strict selection criteria, use of specific outcome measures and restricted criteria for depression that were applied.     

帕金森病患者躯体疲劳的临床调查分析

目的:研究帕金森病(PD)患者伴躯体疲劳的分布情况及其相关因素.方法:运用帕金森病疲劳量表对113例原发性PD患者进行疲劳评估,并用统一PD评分量表,Hoehn-Yahr(分期、汉密尔顿焦虑量表、汉密尔顿抑郁量表、简易精神状态量表、帕金森睡眠量表、生活质量评分等量表对PD患者进行测定.结果:PD患者中,疲劳的发生率为41.6%,Logistic回归分析发现生活质量为疲劳的独立相关因素.结论:疲劳在PD患者中很普遍,明显影响患者生活质量.     

伴快速眼球运动睡眠行为障碍的帕金森病患者临床特征

目的 评价快速眼球运动睡眠行为障碍(RBD)在帕金森病(PD)患者中的患病率以及伴发RBD的PD患者临床特征.方法 2007年连续入组124例PD患者,采用非运动症状问卷(NMSquest)第25项问答结果调查PD患者中RBD患病率;将入选患者分为RBD组(78例)和非RBD组(13例),采用统一PD评分量表(UPDRS)、Hoehn-Yahr(H-Y)分级比较2组运动症状严重程度和运动并发症发生情况;选用NMSquest量表比较2组非运动症状发生情况,选用MMSE、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)、帕金森病睡眠量表(PDSS)和Epworth嗜睡量表(ESS)比较2组认知功能、焦虑和抑郁、夜间睡眠障碍和日间思睡程度.结果 (1)RBD的患病率为62.9%(78/124);(2)RBD组患者的病程[(3.8±2.8)年]显著短于非RBD组[(5.0±2.5)年,t=-1.972,P=0.048],但在性别、年龄、起病年龄、发病类型、左旋多巴等效剂量(LDE)和用药种类上2组差异没有统计学意义;(3)在运动症状中RBD与非RBD组在H-Y分级、UPDRS-Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ评分以及运动并发症发生率方面差异无统计学意义;(4)在非运动症状中胃肠道功能、自主神经系统功能、精神和睡眠活动等方面的不良症状在RBD组的发生率显著高于非RBD组,但是认知、焦虑和抑郁、夜间睡眠障碍和日间思睡的严重程度在2组间差异没有统计学意义.结论 RBD在PD患者中的患病率较高,伴发RBD的PD患者病程较短且非运动系统受累更加广泛.     

Parkinson's disease motor subtypes and bilateral GPi deep brain stimulation: One-year outcomes

ObjectiveWe aimed to explore the differences in motor symptoms and quality of life (QOL) outcomes following bilateral globus pallidus internus deep brain stimulation (GPi DBS), across well-defined motor subtypes of Parkinson's disease (PD), to improve clinical decision making.MethodsThis single-center retrospective study investigated bilateral GPi DBS outcomes in 65 PD patients. Outcome measures included the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39) before and one year after surgery. Outcomes were compared between the tremor-dominant (TD) and postural instability and gait difficulty (PIGD) subtypes and between the TD and akinetic-rigid (AR) subtypes.ResultsFor the entire cohort, motor function (UPDRS III) in the Off-medication state, motor complications (UPDRS IV), activities of daily living (ADL, UPDRS II), and the ADL and discomfort domains of PDQ-39 significantly improved one year following GPi implantation compared to baseline (effect size = 1.32, 1.15, 0.25, 0.45, and 0.34, respectively). GPi DBS improved the Off-medication UPDRS III scores regardless of the motor subtypes. However, compared to the PIGD and AR patients, the TD patients showed greater improvement in overall UPDRS III postoperatively primarily due to greater tremor improvement in the Off-medication state. The outcomes in akinesia, rigidity, axial symptoms and QOL were similar among all subtypes.ConclusionBilateral GPi DBS was effective for advanced PD patients regardless of motor subtypes. Greater tremor improvement in the TD patients accounted for greater Off-medication motor improvement. Longer-term GPi DBS outcomes across different motor subtypes and brain targets should be further studied.     

帕金森病与疲劳

目的探讨异质性帕金森病(Parkinson’s disease,PD)患者出现疲劳的临床特征及疲劳与运动及非运动症状的关联,明确症状的归属,以期寻找缓解症状的治疗方法。方法连续收集2014-04-2016-06就诊于广州市第一人民医院神经科运动障碍疾病门诊及住院的144例PD患者的病历资料,按帕金森病异质分组原则分组,全部患者采用疲劳严重程度(fatigue severity scale,FSS)和疲劳量表(fatigue scale,FS-14)评价疲劳,同时完成PD运动症状(motor symptoms,MS)、非运动症状(nomotor symptoms,NMS)、日常生活能力及质量相关的量表分析。结果 144例PD患者中,有疲劳症状60例(41.47%),疲劳组中早期PD且无其他NMS症状10例。异质性帕金森病不同组别比较显示强直为主型、女性及中晚期PD患者发生疲劳机会增加。单因素分析示,PD患者年龄、病程、H-Y分级、运动症状评分(UPDRS评分Ⅲ(R)、UPDRS评分Ⅲ总分)及UPDRSⅣ部分得分疲劳组得分均高于非疲劳组;非运动症状评分(NMSS)提示,疲劳组患者的NMS出现程度及频率均较非疲劳组严重,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);疲劳组精神情绪总体状况(UPDRSⅠ)、抑郁(HAMD)、焦虑(HAMA)、白天嗜睡(ESS)均明显高于非疲劳组;MMSE评分证实2组患者智能正常,差异无统计学意义(P0.05),但疲劳组较非疲劳组MMSE得分有下降趋势;疲劳组日常生活动能力(UPDRSⅡ)和生活质量PDQ39评分均显著高于非疲劳组,英格兰日常生活能力量表Schwab显著低于非疲劳组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。多重线性回归分析,NMSS程度、焦虑、抑郁评分与疲劳显著相关。结论 PD患者疲劳的发生率高;异质性帕金森病发生疲劳几率不同;单因素分析疲劳组PD患者病程更长,运动症状及病情更严重,NMS更多、更重,生活质量更差;NMSS的程度、焦虑、抑郁是导致疲劳的主要原因;部分疲劳组患者的疲劳发生与MS及NMS无关,提示疲劳可能是PD病程中的独立的非运动症状之一。     

影响帕金森病患者生活质量的相关因素和分析

目的：研究影响帕金森病（PD）患者生活质量的相关因素。方法：对92例门诊PD患者，采用PDQ-39、UPDRS Ⅰ-Ⅳ、H＆Y、SE、MMSE、HAMD（17项）和HAMA（14项）分别进行评定，并进行统计学分析。结果：PDQ39（PDQ运动能力、PDQ日常生活、PDQ情绪健康、PDQ耻辱感及PDQ社会支持）、UPDRS（Ⅱ和Ⅲ）、医药费用支出、抑郁和焦虑情绪、认知水平以及左旋多巴每日剂量等均是影响生活质量的主要因素。同时女性比男性更易有耻辱感；〈55岁和〉65岁的患者的生活质量更差。结论：运用药物改善PD患者的运动障碍是提高生活质量的重要前提，但同时还要关注患者的情绪、社会功能等情况，尤其对女性、年龄〉55岁和〈65岁的患者。     

Stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson's disease: a 5 year follow up

BACKGROUND: The short term benefits of bilateral stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) in patients with advanced levodopa responsive Parkinson's disease (PD) are well documented, but long term benefits are still uncertain. OBJECTIVES: This study provides a 5 year follow up of PD patients treated with stimulation of the STN. METHODS: Thirty seven consecutive patients with PD treated with bilateral STN stimulation were assessed prospectively 6, 24, and 60 months after neurosurgery. Parkinsonian motor disability was evaluated with and without levodopa treatment, with and without bilateral STN stimulation. Neuropsychological and mood assessments included the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale, the frontal score, and the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). RESULTS: No severe peri- or immediate postoperative side effects were observed. Six patients died and one was lost to follow up. Five years after neurosurgery: (i) activity of daily living (Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) II) was improved by stimulation of the STN by 40% ("off" drug) and 60% ("on" drug); (ii) parkinsonian motor disability (UPDRS III) was improved by 54% ("off" drug) and 73% ("on" drug); (iii) the severity of levodopa related motor complications was decreased by 67% and the levodopa daily doses were reduced by 58%. The MADRS was unchanged, but cognitive performance declined significantly. Persisting adverse effects included eyelid opening apraxia, weight gain, addiction to levodopa treatment, hypomania and disinhibition, depression, dysarthria, dyskinesias, and apathy. CONCLUSIONS: Despite moderate motor and cognitive decline, probably due to disease progression, the marked improvement in motor function observed postoperatively was sustained 5 years after neurosurgery.     

The generic 15D instrument is valid and feasible for measuring health related quality of life in Parkinson's disease

OBJECTIVES: To test the validity and feasibility of the generic 15D health related quality of life (HRQoL) instrument in Parkinson's disease (PD) and compare parkinsonian patients with the general population. Much effort has gone into developing disease specific HRQoL measures for PD, but only generic measures allow comparisons with the general population. New HRQoL tools are needed for PD because earlier ones have low feasibility in elderly patients. METHODS: The study comprised 260 patients with idiopathic PD and age and sex matched controls. HRQoL was evaluated using the disease specific questionnaire PDQ-39 and the 15D generic instrument. PD severity was assessed by Hoehn and Yahr staging, and the activities of daily living (ADL) and motor section of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS). RESULTS: The mean 15D score (scale 0-1; overall HRQoL) was lower in PD (0.77) than in controls (0.86). Patients with PD had significantly lower scores than controls in 13 of the 15 dimensions of 15D. Scores of the corresponding dimensions of PDQ-39 and 15D correlated significantly, confirming the convergent validity of 15D. In multiple stepwise regression analysis, the UPDRS ADL score explained 55% of the variation in the 15D score. CONCLUSIONS: 15D is a valid, feasible, and sensitive tool to assess quality of life in PD. PD has a major impact on HRQoL, which is related to disease progression. Mobility, eating, speech, and sexual functions are most affected. The ADL measure of the UPDRS and the 15D provide an easily assessable view of HRQoL in PD.