Low prevalence of HIV and other selected sexually transmitted infections in 2004 in pregnant women from Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo

This study examined the prevalence of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in pregnant women in Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Between April and July 2004, antenatal attendees at two of the largest maternity clinics in Kinshasa were tested to identify HIV status, syphilis, Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG). HIV seroprevalence was 1.9% in 2082 women. With PCR techniques, CT and NG infections were also uncommon in the first 529 women (1.7% and 0.4%, respectively). No active syphilis infection case was identified by Treponema pallidum haemagglutination assay (TPHA) and rapid plasma reagin test (RPR). A woman's risk of HIV infection was significantly associated with her reporting a male partner having had other female sexual partners (OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.2-6.2). The continuing low seroprevalence of HIV in pregnant women from Kinshasa was confirmed. Understanding factors associated with this phenomenon could help prevent a future HIV epidemic in low HIV transmission areas in Africa.     

Risk factors for human herpesvirus 8 seropositivity and seroconversion in a cohort of homosexual men

Sexual and nonsexual modes of transmission of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) have been suggested, but specific routes remain unclear. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess risk factors for HHV8 seropositivity and determine specific sexual practices associated with HHV8 seroconversion. Sera from 1,458 homosexual men (Amsterdam Cohort Study, 1984-1996) were tested for antibodies to HHV8 with a modified version of an enzyme immunoassay, using recombinant HHV8 lytic phase capsid (ORF65) and latent phase nuclear (ORF73) proteins. HHV8 seroprevalence at study entry was 20.9% (305/1,458); was highest among those with positive human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status, no steady partner, and southern European or Latin American nationality; and increased with older age and higher number of sexual partners. During follow-up, 215 men seroconverted for HHV8 (incidence: 3.6/100 person-years). Both prevalence and incidence rates remained more or less stable during the study period. Orogenital insertive sex (odds ratio (OR) = 5.95; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.88, 12.29) or orogenital receptive sex (OR = 4.29; 95% CI: 2.11, 8.71) with more than five partners in the past 6 months, older age (OR = 2.89; 95% CI: 1.13, 7.34, when older than 45 years), and preceding HIV infection (OR = 2.47; 95% CI: 1.53, 3.99) were independent predictors for HHV8 seroconversion. The authors found strong evidence for orogenital transmission of HHV8 among homosexual men.     

HIV risk behavior and work in Uganda: a cross-sectional study

OBJECTIVE: The study assessed the prevalence of factors associated with HIV risky behaviour among employees of a Sugar Factory in Jinja District, Uganda. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 321 participants was carried out in a Sugar Factory where several workers were migrants. Using an interviewer-administered questionnaire, information on socio-demographic characteristics, work factors and sexual behaviours was obtained. RESULTS: Fifty-one percent of the men and 32% of the women reported having multiple sex partners in the past year. Thirty-six percent of the respondents reported using condoms during the last casual sex. Twenty-four percent of men and 15% women reported sexually transmitted infection-related symptoms in the last one-year. Having multiple sex partners was associated with being a contract worker (OR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.10-3.79) and being married but not living with spouse (OR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.16-4.00). CONCLUSION: HIV risk behaviour among Sugar Factory workers is associated with separation from partner. HIV intervention strategies should include work related factors of this type.     

男男性行为人群通过互联网寻找性伴行为及其影响因素分析

目的 了解男男性行为人群（men who have sex with men, MSM）通过互联网寻找性伴的现状及其影响因素。方法 采用方便抽样的方法对四川省德阳、宜宾和西昌3个城市MSM进行自填式问卷调查,采用二分类非条件logistic回归对该人群通过互联网寻找性伴的行为进行影响因素分析。结果 本研究共纳入调查对象1 117例,调查对象以35岁以下青壮年、未婚、较低文化程度、同性性取向为主,79.1%的调查对象报告通过互联网寻找性伴。logistic回归显示,未婚（OR = 3.469, 95% CI: 1.948～6.177）、高中以上文化程度（OR = 2.077, 95% CI: 1.268～3.403）、月收入＜3 000（OR = 1.816, 95% CI: 1.060～3.111）、初次性行为年龄＜18岁（OR = 3.102, 95% CI: 1.437～6.694）、近12月性伴数量≥3（OR = 2.218, 95% CI: 1.418～3.471）及发生过群交性行为（OR = 3.121, 95% CI: 1.233～7.901）是MSM互联网寻找性伴的影响因素。结论 MSM通过互联网寻找性伴的比例较高,且通过互联网寻找性伴使MSM面临更大风险,可通过互联网及社交软件对该人群进行针对性干预,以降低其性传播疾病和艾滋病感染风险。     

南京市男男性行为者新型毒品使用情况及相关因素

  目的  了解南京市男男性行为者（men who have sex with men,MSM）新型毒品的使用情况及其相关因素。  方法  采用滚雪球、同伴推荐和互联网招募等方式招募MSM参加调查。采用多因素Logistic回归分析模型分析新型毒品使用的相关因素。  结果  876名MSM中,29.6%自述使用过新型毒品,人类免疫缺陷病毒（human immunodeficiency virus,HIV）和梅毒的感染率分别为9.5%和9.0%。控制了相关社会人口学因素的影响后,新型毒品使用者近6个月与同性发生无保护肛交（OR=1.83,95% CI:1.35~2.47,P < 0.001）、近6个月多性伴（OR=2.25,95% CI:1.65~3.05,P < 0.001）、HIV感染（OR=1.95,95% CI:1.21~3.17,P=0.007）和梅毒感染（OR=1.71,95% CI:1.02~2.84,P=0.040）的可能性较高。多因素分析结果显示,年龄<30岁（OR=1.50,95% CI:1.07~2.11,P=0.020）、性取向自我认定为同性恋（OR=1.65,95% CI:1.16~2.34,P=0.005）、互联网交友（OR=1.58,95% CI:1.07~2.35,P=0.022）、月收入≥ 5000元（OR=1.57,95% CI:1.13~2.17,P=0.007）、性角色自我认定为"被插入方"（OR=1.55,95% CI:1.04~2.32,P=0.033）的MSM使用新型毒品的可能性较高。  结论  南京市MSM新型毒品使用比例较高,新型毒品使用和HIV感染、梅毒感染及高危性行为有关联,新型毒品使用的危害性和警示性教育应成为MSM社区参与宣传教育关注的重点。     

北京市男男性行为人群HIV和梅毒本底感染及新发感染调查研究

目的了解北京市男男性行为者（MSM）人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）和梅毒的感染情况与影响因素。方法2011年7月～2011年12月在北京招募MSM,进行本底调查,符合队列纳入标准者第3和6个月随访调查;使用平板电脑一对一问卷调查;快速检测试剂检测HIV和梅毒螺旋体抗体;统计分析使用SAS9．2统计软件包,影响因素分析单因素采用Х^2检验或Fisher确切概率法,P〈o．05的变量纳入多因素logistic回归模型分析。结果本底共招募500名MSM／HIV和梅毒感染率分别为5．60％（28／500）和26．40％（132／500）;多因素logistic回归分析显示：与HIV感染有统计学意义的因素有：最近一年未做过HIV抗体检测或不知晓检测结果（OR=2．57,95％CI：1．16～5．68）、第一次与男性发生性行为年龄≤18岁（OR=2．45,95％CI：1．07～5．62）、最近3个月发生过肛交的男性人数〉3人（OR=2．83,95％CI：1．25～6．42）;梅毒感染的独立影响因素为年龄〉30岁（OR=1．68,95％CI：1．13～2．52）、最近3个月发生过肛交的男性人数〉3人（OR=1．83,95％CI：1．15～2．92）。395名MSM进入队列,6个月随访队列保持率为88．10％（348／395）,HIV和梅毒螺旋体血清抗体阳转率分别为5．36／100人年（95%CI：2．19～8．53）和8．13／100人年（95％CI=3．53～12．73）。结论北京市MSM人群HIV／梅毒感染率及新发感染率均维持在较高水平,需要对MSM细分,以提供更有针对性的宣教及行为干预;MSM知晓检测结果与接受检测同样重要,可尝试在HIV检测咨询机构推广HIV快速检测试剂以提高检测结果知晓率。     

Predictive factors of HIV-infection in injecting drug users upon incarceration

Objective: To identify predictors of HIV-infection in injecting drug users upon incarceration. Patients and methods: We studied 639 IDU or ex-IDU prisoners admitted to a provincial prison of Northwestern Spain between 1 January, 1991 and 31 December, 1995. Each was interviewed by health personnel and tested for HIV-infection (ELISA followed by immunoblot confirmation in positive cases). Statistical analysis was based on logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of HIV-infection was 46.9% (95% CI: 43.1%–50.8%). No decreasing tendency in annual prevalence of HIV-infection was observed (p=0.88); however, for those incarcerated for the first time prevalence fell from 38% in 1991 to 19 % in 1995 (p=0.20). Gypsies (OR: 0.43; 95% CI: 0.23–0.80) and prisoners who were older upon first incarceration (OR: 0.94; 95% CI: 0.90–0.99) were associated with lesser risk of HIV-infection. Women (OR: 2.17; 95% CI: 1.29–3.65), older prisoners (OR: 1.06; 95% CI: 1.02–1.11), those with multiple incarceration histories (OR: 1.06; 95% CI: 1.01–1.11) and long-term prisoners (OR: 1.01; 95% CI: 1.00–1.02) were associated with higher risk. Conclusions: The high prevalence of HIV-infection, especially in women, younger prisoners, repeat offenders and long-term prisoners, suggests that prevention measures directed toward the most marginal IDU have not been very effective. Harm-reduction programs must be made to reach the IDU population, both in and outside prison walls.     

Prevalence of tuberculosis and HIV infections among participants in an intravenous drug user risk-control program]

BACKGROUND: To determine the prevalence of tuberculosis and HIV infection in addition to the related factors among a population of participants in the risk control program in the town of Lleida. METHODS: The sample was comprised of the newly-enrolled participants in the program in April-June 1996, among whom a questionnaire was handed out for collecting the data concerning the variables involved: age, gender, results of the tuberculin test, BCG vaccination, knowledge of the serology regarding HIV, former imprisonment and number of years having used heroin. The prevalence of the tuberculosis and HIV infection was calculated to a 95% confidence interval (CI). The relating of these two variables to all other variables in the study was determined by means of the odds ratio (OR) and its 95% CI. RESULTS: One hundred and fifty (150) patients were seen, 45 of whom were newly enrolled participants. Eighty percent (80%) were males, averaging 31.1 years of age. The prevalence of this dual infection was 8.9% (95% CI 2.8-22.1). The prevalence of the tuberculosis infection was 27.3% (95% CI 12.4-43.0), being higher among former prison inmates (OR = 3.4; 95% CI 0.5-27.4). The prevalence of the HIV infection was 36.1% (95% CI 21.3-53.8), being greater among those who had been using heroin for longer than 11 years (OR = 7.3; 95% CI 1.0-65.9). CONCLUSIONS: Former imprisonment is the main risk factor for tuberculosis infection. The number of years of heroin use are related to the HIV infection, especially when longer than 11 years. The risk control programs in our country should carry out activities aimed at monitoring tuberculosis and HIV infection.     

中越边境地区暗娼人群HIV感染及性行为特征对比分析

  目的  了解中越边境地区中国籍与越南籍暗娼人群(female sex workers, FSWs)的人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus, HIV)感染现状,分析两组人群HIV感染相关因素以及性行为特征。  方法  2015-2016年期间在云南省河口县开展横断面调查,方便抽样纳入中国籍与越南籍FSWs。问卷收集调查对象的社会人口学特征、HIV相关知识态度、性行为等信息;采集血液样本进行HIV、单纯疱疹病毒2型(herpes simplex virus type 2, HSV-2)以及梅毒感染检测;多因素Logistic回归分析模型筛选HIV感染相关因素。  结果  合计纳入1 263名FSWs,中国籍调查对象227人,HIV感染率为0.44%;越南籍调查对象1 036人,HIV感染率为2.12%。越南籍FSWs最近1月商业性性伴数量以及性服务费用均高于中国籍FSWs(均有P＜0.001)。经多因素Logistic回归分析模型分析,HSV-2感染(OR=3.83, 95% CI: 1.37~10.76; P=0.032)、HIV知识知晓不合格(OR=10.40, 95% CI: 3.77~28.66; P=0.001),以及接受HIV相关干预服务(OR=0.27, 95% CI: 0.08~0.84; P=0.022)是越南籍FSWsHIV感染的相关因素。  结论  中国籍与越南籍FSWs感染HIV的风险模式可能存在差异,后续HIV干预工作应针对越南籍FSWs增加服务的覆盖与可及性;对于中国籍FSWs,建议加强与固定性伴安全套使用的行为干预。     

Provider-initiated HIV testing and counseling among tuberculosis patients in Kassala, Eastern Sudan

Because of the overlapping global incidence of tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections, collaborative efforts are required for successful TB and HIV control programs. The current study was conducted at Kassala Hospital in Eastern Sudan and investigated the implementation of provider-initiated HIV testing and counseling (PITC) for patients infected with TB. Using a cross-sectional study design, patients who had been recently diagnosed with TB between January and December 2010 were consecutively enrolled. A total of 858 newly infected TB patients were enrolled in the study. Of these patients, 152 patients (17.7%) were given counseling, and 109 patients (12.7%) underwent HIV testing. The overall HIV infection rate among those tested was 18.3%. From a multivariate analysis, female sex (OR=17.0, 95% CI=8.7-33.1; P<0.001), education level below secondary education (OR=2.6, 95% CI=1.6-4.1; P<0.001), rural residency (OR=1.7, 95% CI=1.3-2.9; P=0.001), and non-governmental employee status (OR=10.4, 95% CI=6.7-16.3; P<0.001) were each associated with lower rates of PITC. Thus, in this setting, the frequency of PITC is low among TB-infected patients and is especially low for females, those of low educational status, and non-governmental employees.     

Prevalence, incidence and risk factors of carpal tunnel syndrome in a large footwear factory

The study was conducted to assess the prevalence and incidence of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) in a large modern footwear factory and to identify factors predictive of CTS. To this end, 199 workers were examined in 1996, and 162 of them were re-examined in 1997. Ergonomic and psychosocial risk factors of CTS were assessed by workpost analysis and self-administered questionnaire. The prevalence of CTS at baseline in 1996 and in 1997 was 16.6% (95%CI: 11.4-21.7) and 11.7% (95%CI: 6.7-16.8), respectively. The incidence rate of CTS in 1997 was 11.7% (95%CI: 6.7-7.8). No specific type of job performance was associated with CTS. Obesity (OR = 4.4; 95%CI: 1.1-17.1) and psychological distress at baseline (OR = 4.3; 95%CI: 1.0-18.6) were strongly predictive of CTS. Rapid trigger movements of the fingers were also predictive of CTS (OR = 3.8; 95%CI: 1.0-17.2). A strict control of thework by superiors was negatively associatedwith CTS (OR = 0.5; 95%CI: 0.2-1.3). The prevalence and incidence of CTS in this workforce were largely higher than in the general population and numerous industries. The study highlights the role of psychological distress in workers exposed to a high level of physical exposure and psychological demand.     

HIV prevalence, risk behaviors, health care use, and mental health status of transgender persons: implications for public health intervention

OBJECTIVES: This study described HIV prevalence, risk behaviors, health care use, and mental health status of male-to-female and female-to-male transgender persons and determined factors associated with HIV. METHODS: We recruited transgender persons through targeted sampling, respondent-driven sampling, and agency referrals; 392 male-to-female and 123 female-to-male transgender persons were interviewed and tested for HIV. RESULTS: HIV prevalence among male-to-female transgender persons was 35%. African American race (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 5.81; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.82, 11.96), a history of injection drug use (OR = 2.69; 95% CI = 1.56, 4.62), multiple sex partners (adjusted OR = 2.64; 95% CI = 1.50, 4.62), and low education (adjusted OR = 2.08; 95% CI = 1.17, 3.68) were independently associated with HIV. Among female-to-male transgender persons, HIV prevalence (2%) and risk behaviors were much lower. Most male-to-female (78%) and female-to-male (83%) transgender persons had seen a medical provider in the past 6 months. Sixty-two percent of the male-to-female and 55% of the female-to-male transgender persons were depressed; 32% of each population had attempted suicide. CONCLUSIONS: High HIV prevalence suggests an urgent need for risk reduction interventions for male-to-female transgender persons. Recent contact with medical providers was observed, suggesting that medical providers could provide an important link to needed prevention, health, and social services.     

A population-based case-control study of occupation and renal cell carcinoma risk in Iowa

A case-control study involving 406 incident cases and 2,434 controls was conducted in Iowa to examine the association between occupational exposures and renal cell carcinoma risk. After adjusting for major confounders, an increased risk was observed for men among mechanics and repairers (odds ratio [OR] 1.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2-2.9); assemblers (OR 2.5, 95% CI = 0.8-7.6); automotive dealership and service station employees (OR 1.9, 95% CI = 0.9-3.9); wholesale traders of durable goods (OR 1.5, 95% CI = 0.7-3.2); farm product vendors (OR 4.4, 95% CI = 1.3-15.5); service organization managers (OR 2.2, 95% CI = 1.0-5.1); financial specialists (OR 2.7, 95% CI = 1.0-7.6); sales occupation supervisors (OR 1.8, 95% CI = 1.0-3.3); guards (OR 5.4, 95% CI = 1.4-20.7); and general farm workers (OR 1.9, 95% CI = 1.0-3.7). Among women, an increased risk was found for employees in depository institutions (OR 3.6, 95% CI = 1.1-11.3); colleges and universities (OR 7.6-95% CI = 2.3-25.6); and retail, including those in grocery stores (OR 2.2, 95% CI = 1.0-4.7). Our results indicate that occupational exposures may increase the risk of renal cell carcinoma.     

Sex trade involvement and rates of human immunodeficiency virus positivity among young gay and bisexual men

BACKGROUND: Susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is of particular concern for marginalized populations. The objective of this study was to determine risk factors associated with sex trade work among young gay and bisexual men. Further, we aimed to compare HIV prevalence and incidence among men involved and not involved in sex trade work. METHODS: The study is based upon data obtained from a prospective cohort study of young gay and bisexual men. Participants had completed a baseline questionnaire which elicited information on demographic information, sexual behaviours, and substance use. Sex trade involvement was defined as the exchange of money, drugs, goods, clothing, shelter or protection for sex within the one year prior to enrollment. Contingency table and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify risk factors associated with involvement in the sex trade. RESULTS: Of the 761 eligible participants, 126 (16%) reported involvement in sex trade work. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed regular alcohol use (Odds Ratio [OR] = 3.6, 95% CI : 1.8-7.2), aboriginal ethnicity (OR = 3.7, 95% CI : 1.6-8.7), unemployment (OR = 3.9, 95% CI : 2.1-7.3), history of residence in a psychiatric ward (OR = 4.2, 95% CI : 1.8-9.8), bisexual activity (OR = 7.0, 95% CI : 3.5-14.1) and the use of crack (OR = 7.4, 95% CI : 3.0-18.7) to be independently associated with sex trade work. Sex trade workers had a significantly higher HIV prevalence at baseline compared with non-sex trade workers (7.3% versus 1.1%, P < 0.001). As well, HIV incidence was found to be significantly higher for sex trade workers compared with non-sex trade workers (4.7% versus 0.9%, P = 0.011). CONCLUSION: Our study reveals that for male sex trade workers in this setting increased vulnerability to HIV infection is related to unfavourable living conditions, substance use and sexual risk behaviour.     

Characteristics of tuberculosis patients with positive sputum smear in Catalonia, Spain

BACKGROUND: Patients with positive sputum smears are those with the capacity to spread infection. The objective of this study was to describe the incidence of tuberculosis in Catalonia (an autonomous community in the northeast of Spain which includes Barcelona) and to determine risk factors associated to patients with positive sputum smear test. METHODS: New cases of tuberculosis detected by active surveillance between May 1996 and April 1997 were studied. The study was analysed as a coincident cases and controls study. The rate of incidence was calculated per 100,000 persons-year. The association of the dependent variable--case of tuberculosis with positive sputum smear--with the remainder of independent variables was determined by odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: A total of 2508 cases of tuberculosis were detected. The rate of incidence was 41.4 per 100,000 persons-year. Of these 19.4% (487/2508) were coinfected with HIV and 35.6% (893/2508) presented a positive sputum smear, which implies a rate of 14.7 per 100,000 persons-year. In an adjusted multivariate analysis, cases with positive smears were positively associated with the 15-24 (OR=1.9; 95% CI: 1.4-2.4), 25-34 (OR=2.1; 95% CI: 1.7-2.7) and 35-44 years (OR=1.7; 95% CI: 1.3-2.2) age compared with persons 45 years old and above; with males (OR=1.8; 95% CI: 1.5-2.2) and consumers of alcohol (OR=2.1; 95% CI: 1.7-2.7) and negatively with those under 15 years of age (OR=0.1; 95% CI: 0.1-0.2) and coinfection with HIV (OR=0.5; 95% CI: 0.3-0.7). CONCLUSIONS: Measures to control tuberculosis transmission (prompt diagnosis, study of contacts and directly observed treatments) should be reinforced for male adults with excessive consumption of alcohol.     

上海和苏州两地男男性行为者HIV自我检测行为、检测模式及影响因素研究

  目的  评估上海和苏州两地MSM的HIV自我检测行为、检测模式及影响因素。  方法  2021年2-5月间通过社交软件招募上海市、苏州市两地≥18岁且未被诊断为HIV/AIDS的MSM开展网络问卷现况调查,用频率描述自检行为及检测模式,用χ2检验和Logistic回归分析模型分析影响因素。  结果  759名研究对象中,542例有HIV自检史,占比71.4%。其中148例报告既往自检出现过阳性结果,140人经复测确认为假阳性。检测模式包括不检测、传统检测和自检/自检+传统检测三种,各占20.6%、10.0%、69.4%。与含自检模式相比,长居苏州(OR=1.85, 95% CI:1.08~3.17)、性角色插入方(OR=0.34, 95% CI:0.14~0.80)、近1年性伴数2~4人(OR=0.51, 95% CI:0.32~0.81)或5~9人(OR=0.31, 95% CI:0.14~0.68)、线下(OR=0.44, 95% CI:0.23~0.86)或“线下+线上”(OR=0.51, 95% CI:0.31~0.84)寻找性伴、近1年使用毒品/兴奋剂(OR=0.54, 95% CI:0.36~0.83)、有性病史(OR=0.41, 95% CI:0.24~0.69)、试剂获取困难(OR=2.52, 95% CI:1.53~4.15)、试剂使用困难(OR=1.93, 95% CI:1.22~3.07)是MSM选择未检测模式的影响因素;年龄18~＜25岁(OR=0.26, 95% CI:0.10~0.71)或25~＜45岁(OR=0.38, 95% CI:0.15~0.95)、近1年性伴数2~4人(OR=0.42, 95% CI:0.23~0.78)、试剂获取困难(OR=2.58, 95% CI:1.33~4.99)是MSM选择传统检测模式的影响因素(均有P < 0.05)。  结论  上海和苏州两地的MSM具有较高的自检使用率和支持服务需求,年龄、居住地、性行为特征、药物滥用、自检试剂可及性和可操作性影响MSM对检测模式的选择。     

HIV阳性男男性行为者对男性固定性伴性传播危险分析

目的 了解有高危性行为的HIV阳性男男性行为人群（men who have sex with men,MSM）对男性固定性伴的性传播危险状况,探讨对固定性伴性传播危险相关联的因素。方法 采用滚雪球抽样方法,在上海和成都市招募有高危性行为的HIV阳性MSM作为研究对象,运用匿名方式,进行一对一问卷调查。结果 研究对象中,最近6个月对男性固定性伴有性传播危险的比例为26.9%（83/308）;多因素分析显示,确认HIV感染时间<1年者对男性固定性伴传播危险,分别是HIV感染确认时间在1～2年和≥3年者的3倍（OR=0.34,95%CI:0.15～0.79）和6倍（OR=0.17,95%CI:0.06～0.49）;将HIV感染状况告知全部男性固定性伴的调查对象,对男性固定性伴的传播危险是全部未告知者的1/25（OR=0.04,95%CI:0.01～0.13）;家人知晓HIV感染状况者对男性固定性伴传播危险降低到1/4（OR=0.24,95%CI:0.10～0.55）;通过互联网寻找性伴者对男性固定性伴的传播危险是其它途径的3倍（OR=0.33,95%CI:0.14～0.78）。结论 HIV阳性MSM与男性固定性伴间存在的性传播危险可能加速HIV在MSM人群中的扩散。强化性伴告知、及早抗病毒治疗及新媒体干预等方法可望发挥遏制HIV继续传播的作用。     

上海市自愿咨询检测门诊男男性行为者的抑郁症状及相关因素

目的 了解上海市艾滋病自愿咨询检测（voluntary counseling and testing,VCT）门诊就诊的男男性行为者（men who have sex with men,MSM）抑郁症状发生情况及其影响因素。方法 采用横断面研究设计,于2015年3~8月对上海市2个艾滋病VCT门诊就诊的MSM进行面对面问卷调查。结果 共调查738名MSM,抑郁症状检出率为38.8%（286/738）。多因素Logistic回归分析发现童年目睹家庭内躯体暴力（OR=1.80,95%CI:1.23~2.63,P=0.002）、不清楚性伴是否被诊断HIV（OR=1.70,95%CI:1.20~2.40,P=0.003）或性伴已被诊断HIV（OR=1.86,95%CI:1.07~3.24,P=0.028）的MSM出现抑郁症状的风险偏高;而年龄≥ 46岁（OR=0.13,95%CI:0.04~0.43,P=0.001）、性角色为"1"（OR=0.56,95%CI:0.39~0.82,P=0.003）、目前有固定男性性伴（OR=0.58,95%CI:0.42~0.80,P=0.001）的MSM出现抑郁症状的风险偏低。结论 上海市VCT门诊MSM抑郁症状检出率高,建议将抑郁症状筛查加入VCT门诊服务并建立心理咨询门诊转介机制。     

The relation between nitrite inhalants, unprotected receptive anal intercourse, and the risk of human immunodeficiency virus infection.

The role of nitrite was evaluated between 1985 and 1988 in a study of sexual transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among homosexual male couples in Boston, Massachusetts. Initial enrollment data suggested that a history of unprotected receptive anal intercourse (odds ratio (OR) = 2.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.4-3.6) and a history of nitrite use (OR = 1.7, 95% CI 1.1-2.5) were independent risk factors for HIV infection. In addition, interaction between nitrite use and unprotected receptive anal intercourse was observed (OR = 5.5, 95% CI 2.8-11.1) after controlling for number of unprotected receptive anal sex partners and history of sexually transmitted diseases. Since it was felt that nitrite use might be a marker for unprotected receptive anal sexual activity, a supplemental questionnaire was administered to obtain information on simultaneous nitrite use and unprotected receptive anal intercourse. The supplemental data suggested a strong interaction between nitrite use and unprotected receptive anal intercourse in increasing the risk of HIV infection. In the adjusted analyses, the odds ratio for HIV infection was considerably greater among men who always used nitrites during unprotected receptive anal intercourse (OR = 31.8, 95% CI 12.9-76.7) compared with men who sometimes (OR = 7.1, 95% CI 2.1-23.6) or never (OR = 9.0, 95% CI 2.5-32.1) used them. These findings have preventive public health implications and may add insight into our understanding of the mechanism by which HIV infection spread rapidly among homosexual men in the early 1980s.     

辽宁省成年人糖尿病患病现况及其影响因素分析

目的 描述辽宁省成年人糖尿病患病情况并探索相关影响因素,为制定适合本省的防治策略提供科学依据。方法 采用多阶段分层随机整群抽样的方法,对辽宁省17 857名成年居民进行问卷调查及体格检查,应用Logistic回归模型对糖尿病患病的相关因素进行分析。结果 辽宁省成年人糖尿病患病率为13.00%,糖尿病知晓率为61.84%,治疗率为71.31%,控制率为35.16%。年龄（45~岁:OR=1.824,95%CI:1.526~2.181;≥60岁:OR=2.077,95%CI:1.730~2.492）、体质指数（body mass index,BMI）分级（超重:OR=1.213,95%CI:1.096~1.343;肥胖:OR=1.547,95%CI:1.338~1.787）、自报血脂异常（OR=2.686,95%CI:2.308~3.126）和患高血压（OR=1.807,95%CI:1.630~2.004）是糖尿病患病的危险因素,农村居民（OR=0.866,95%CI:0.788~0.952）、受教育程度较高（高中:OR=0.859,95%CI:0.756~0.975;大专及以上:OR=0.678,95%CI:0.576~0.798）、中等收入水平（OR=0.738,95%CI:0.585~0.931）及饮酒（OR=0.779,95%CI=0.682~0.890）是糖尿病患病的保护因素。结论 辽宁省成年人糖尿病患病率和知晓率较高,治疗率和控制率较低,应针对重点人群采取有效措施积极干预。