颈前路加压螺钉固定治疗齿状突骨折

目的：分析颈前路加压螺钉内固定治疗齿状突骨折的临床疗效。方法：对8例新鲜齿状突Ⅱ型骨折在C型臂X线机监视下行前路加压螺钉内固定治疗，分析其结果及并发症。结果：随访4个月-3年1个月，平均10个月，X线片示骨折均获骨性愈合，无明显颈部运动受限，无螺钉断裂、移位及神经损伤等并发症，临床症状完全消失7例，1例合并颅脑损伤者残留部分头痛、头晕。结论：颈前路加压螺钉内固定技术是治疗Ⅱ型齿状突骨折可供选择的方法，具有损伤小、并发症少、固定牢靠及愈合率高等优点，能最大限度地保留寰枢椎的生理活动功能。     

颈前路空心加压螺钉治疗Ⅱ型齿状突骨折

目的探讨前路单枚空心加压螺钉内固定治疗Ⅱ型齿状突骨折的临床疗效。方法 C臂X线机透视下采用前路单枚空心加压螺钉内固定治疗AndersonⅡ型齿状突骨折24例。结果 24例均获随访,时间12-48（24±12）个月。患者全部骨性愈合。无术中及术后并发症。末次随访时无内固定螺钉松动、移位或断裂,颈椎活动无明显受限。结论前路空心加压螺钉固定治疗齿突骨折既可提供良好的稳定性,又能保留寰枢关节活动性,骨折愈合率较高,并发症低,是治疗Ⅱ型齿突骨折有效的方法。     

齿状突骨折的手术治疗

目的：报告齿状突骨折的内固定及融合方法。方法：对8例齿状突骨折患者行内固定治疗，其中5例新鲜骨折行前路空心螺钉内固定，3例齿状突陈旧性骨折行后路经关节突螺钉（Magerl法）加钛缆线Gallie法内固定并取髂骨植骨融合术。结果：经过2－16个月，平均6．1个月的随访，5例齿状突新鲜骨折均愈合，临床症状完全消失4例，明显改善1例。颈部旋转活动良好5例。3例陈旧性骨折环枢椎融合良好，临床症状消失2例，明显改善1例，颈部旋转活动部分障碍2例，障碍1例。结论：前路空心螺钉内固定技术的主要优越性在于保留了环枢椎的生理活动功能，后路经关节突螺钉（Magerl法）与钛缆线Gallie法联合固定保证了上颈椎的稳定性。     

经皮穿刺中空加压螺钉固定治疗齿状突骨折

目的讨论经皮穿刺中空加压螺钉固定治疗齿状突骨折的临床效果。方法7例齿状突骨折采用牵引复位后,经皮穿刺单枚中空螺钉加压内固定治疗。结果7例均获随访,时间6～24(13±3.2)个月,骨折均愈合,临床症状消失。结论经皮穿刺单枚中空加压螺钉固定治疗齿状突骨折,临床疗效好;掌握好手术适应证、术前良好的复位是手术成功关键。     

前路螺钉内固定治疗成人齿状突骨折

目的　总结前路螺钉内固定治疗齿状突骨折的经验。方法　采用前路螺钉内固定治疗成人齿状突骨折 15例 ,其中男 11例 ,女 4例 ,Anderson -D′AlonzoⅡ型骨折 10例 ,Ⅲ型骨折 5例。结果　随访 1～ 5年 ,骨折均获骨性愈合。临床症状完全消失 12例 ,明显减轻者 3例 ,均无明显颈部活动受限。结论　前路螺钉内固定技术的主要优越性在于保存了寰枢椎的生理活动 ,而术前骨折解剖复位是保证手术成功的关键所在。     

前路单枚螺钉治疗齿状突骨折的临床观察

目的 评价颈前路单枚螺钉内固定治疗齿状突骨折的临床疗效.方法 对23例齿状突骨折行颈前路单枚螺钉内固定术.结果 患者均获得随访,平均随访11个月,骨折愈合良好,颈椎活动基本恢复正常,无螺钉松动、断裂.21例临床症状完全消失,2例有颈部僵硬感.结论 颈前路单枚螺钉内固定是治疗齿状突骨折的一种有效方法,可最大限度的保留寰枢椎的生理活动功能.     

颈前路双空心螺钉内固定治疗成人游离粉碎型齿状突骨折

目的:探讨颈前路双空心螺钉内固定治疗成人游离粉碎型齿状突骨折的疗效。方法:应用颈前路双空心螺钉内固定治疗8例成人游离粉碎型齿状突骨折。按Anderson-D'Alonzo分型,Ⅱ型5例,Ⅲ型3例。结果:7例获得平均13个月随访,骨折复位满意,均获骨性愈合,未出现术中、术后并发症,1例遗留颈部僵硬感,但临床检查无活动受限。结论:颈前路双空心螺钉内固定治疗成人游离粉碎型齿状突骨折效果良好。     

AOSF技术治疗Ⅱ型和浅Ⅲ型齿状突骨折疗效分析

目的 探讨前路齿状突螺钉内固定技术治疗Ⅱ型和浅Ⅲ型齿状突骨折安全性和临床疗效.方法 应用前路齿状突螺钉内固定技术治疗齿状突骨折32例,男23例,女9例.年龄19～78 岁,平均(52.6±3.2) 岁.按Anderson-D′Alonzo分型,Ⅱ型20例,浅Ⅲ型12例.均采用1枚空心加压螺钉固定.通过上颈椎正侧位及张口位X线片和CT进行评价.结果 32例均获得随访,随访时间6～28月,平均18个月.除2例Ⅱ型骨折未愈合外,其余平均愈合时间6个月.无螺钉断裂、移位及神经损伤等并发症.临床症状完全消失26例,3例遗留颈部僵硬感,但临床检查无活动受限,2例合并颅脑损伤者残留部分头痛、头晕.结论 前路齿状突螺钉内固定技术是治疗Ⅱ型和浅Ⅲ型齿状突骨折有效和安全的方法,能最大限度地保留寰枢椎的生理活动功能.     

经皮前路空心螺钉内固定治疗Ⅱ型齿状突骨折

目的探讨经皮空心螺钉对Ⅱ型齿状突骨折的内固定疗效。方法对11例Ⅱ型齿状突骨折患者行经皮前路空心螺钉内固定治疗。结果经过5～18（7．5±1）个月随访,11例骨折均愈合,临床症状完全消失9例,明显改善2例。无脊髓神经损伤并发症,内固定物无松动、断裂,咽部无异物感不适。结论经皮前路空心螺钉内固定治疗Ⅱ型齿状突骨折手术创伤小,恢复快,并保留了寰枢椎的生理活动功能。     

齿状突骨折并寰枢椎脱位八例治疗体会

目的探讨齿状突骨折并寰枢椎脱位的治疗方法和临床疗效。方法 2006年9月至2012年3月采取颅骨牵引、手法牵引及前路中空拉力螺钉固定治疗齿状突骨折并寰枢椎脱位患者8例,对其疗效进行分析。结果 8例齿状突骨折并寰枢椎脱位均获得良好复位固定,随访6.0个月～7年,平均16.4个月,8例患者齿状突骨折均愈合,颈部活动基本正常。结论对于新鲜齿状突骨折并寰枢椎脱位患者,可通过先牵引复位配合术中手法牵引,尽量行前路齿状突螺钉内固定治疗,可获得良好疗效。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.