Microalbuminuria in acute burn injury.

Microalbuminuria is a known finding in inflammatory states. We hypothesized that urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) would correlate with injury severity and resuscitation demands after acute burns. This pilot study evaluated 30 adults admitted within 12 hours of injury with burns > or =10% total body surface area burn injury (TBSA). The urinary ACR was calculated for each patient at 7 to 12 hours, 19 to 24 hours, and 43 to 48 hours following burn injury. Microalbuminuria was defined as a urinary ACR > or =20 mg/g. Study patients (23 males, 7 females) had a mean age of 42.9 + 14.0 years and a median TBSA burn injury of 18.8%. Inhalation injury was present in 10 of the study patients, and all patients with inhalation injury had microalbuminuria at the time of admission. One study patient died. Median time from burn injury to resuscitation was 30 hours, and the median fluid requirement was 4.2 ml/kg/%TBSA. Microalbuminuria was not uniformly present in burn-injured patients during the first 48 hours after injury. ACR values early in the hospital course correlated with higher lactate concentrations early after burn injury. However, ACR correlated with neither injury severity nor resuscitation demands after burn injury during any studied time range. Microalbuminuria does not have apparent clinical utility in burn-injured patients, and other markers of injury severity and resuscitation demands should be sought.     

丙酮酸乙酯对烫伤延迟复苏大鼠多器官功能及死亡率的影响

目的观察丙酮酸乙酯（EP）对烫伤延迟复苏动物多器官功能及死亡率的影响，探讨其保护作用的机制。方法采用雄性Wistar大鼠30％总体表面积Ⅲ度烫伤模型。实验分为两部分进行：①死亡率观察：130只大鼠按照随机数字表法分为假烫伤组（n=10）、烫伤组（n=60。伤后6h腹腔注射生理盐水40ml／kg进行复苏，然后按照不同时间点腹腔注射等量生理盐水）和EP组（n=60。伤后6h腹腔注射生理盐水40ml／kg进行复苏，按不同时间点腹腔注射EP液40mg／kg。每日2次．间隔12h。给药3d）。除假烫伤组外，各组又分为伤前2h（n=20）、伤后2h（n=20）和伤后12h（n=20）给药3个亚组。观察不同时间点各组动物7d死亡率。②器官功能观察：70只大鼠随机分为假烫伤组（n=10）、烫伤组（n=30）和EP组（n=30，伤后2h给药），并分别于伤后12、24和72h活杀，检测器官功能指标改变。结果与烫伤组相比，伤后12hEP组动物死亡率显著降低（35．0％比75．0％，P〈0．05）。伤后2hEP组血清丙氨酸转氨酶、天冬氨酸转氨酶、尿素氯、肌酐、肌酸激酶水平及肺组织髓过氧化物酶活性均明显下降（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论EP能明显改善严重烫伤延迟复苏大鼠的预后，并对重要器官功能具有显著保护作用。     

Thermal injury and gastrointestinal function. I. Small intestinal nutrient absorption and DNA synthesis

The effect of acute burn trauma, produced by scalding hot water, on rat small intestinal nutrient absorption and DNA synthesis has been examined. Burned rats showed decreased small-intestine mucosal weight and altered small-intestine transport of nutrients (calcium, glucose, or amino acid) in vitro. In addition, there was decreased 3H-thymidine incorporation into intestinal DNA in vivo and decreased intestinal thymidine kinase activity in vitro 18 hours after acute burn. These data suggest that after the severe stress produced by acute burn trauma, there is altered small-intestine nutrient absorption and DNA synthesis. These alterations may affect delivery of nutrients by the gut to the burn patient.     

Aerosolized alpha-tocopherol ameliorates acute lung injury following combined burn and smoke inhalation injury in sheep

Victims of fire accidents who sustain both thermal injury to the skin and smoke inhalation have gross evidence of oxidant injury. Therefore, we hypothesized that delivery of vitamin E, an oxygen superoxide scavenger, directly into the airway would attenuate acute lung injury postburn and smoke inhalation. Sheep (N = 17 female, 35 +/- 5 kg) were divided into 3 groups: (1) injured, then nebulized with vitamin E (B&S, Vitamin E, n = 6); (2) injured, nebulized with saline (B&S, Saline, n = 6); and (3) not injured, not treated (Sham, n = 5). While under deep anesthesia with isoflurane, the sheep were subjected to a flame burn (40% total body surface area, 3rd degree) and inhalation injury (48 breaths of cotton smoke, <40 degrees C). All groups were resuscitated with Ringer lactate solution (4 mL/kg/%burn/24 h) and placed on a ventilator [positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) = 5 cm H2O, tidal volume = 15 mL/kg] for 48 h. B&S injury halved the lung alpha-tocopherol concentrations (0.9 +/- 0.1 nmol/g) compared with sham-injured animals (1.5 +/- 0.3), whereas vitamin E treatment elevated the lung alpha-tocopherol concentrations (7.40 +/- 2.61) in the injured animals. B&S injury decreased pulmonary gas exchange (PaO2/FiO2 ratios) from 517 +/- 15 at baseline to 329 +/- 49 at 24 h and to 149 +/- 32 at 48 h compared with sham ratios of 477 +/- 14, 536 +/- 48, and 609 +/- 49, respectively. Vitamin E treatment resulted in a significant improvement of pulmonary gas exchange; ratios were 415 +/- 34 and 283 +/- 42 at 24 and 48 h, respectively. Vitamin E nebulization therapy improved the clinical responses to burn and smoke inhalation-induced acute lung injury.     

小面积标准烫伤仪的实验应用

目的观察自行研制的小面积烫伤致伤仪制作动物标准烫伤的效果。方法用自制烫伤装置与超级恒温水箱连接制成烫伤仪,测定水箱在不同温度时致伤探头温度和观察小型猪背部烫伤不同时间的组织学变化。结果箱内实测温度比设置温度约低1℃,致伤探头温度比箱内温度约低2℃。小型猪背部烫伤深度与烫伤时间和温度密切相关。结论该套烫伤仪是制作小面积烫伤模型的理想设备,适合不同动物的标准烫伤。     

Lung and liver injury following hepatic ischemia/reperfusion in the rat is increased by exogenous lipopolysaccharide which also increases hepatic TNF production in vivo and in vitro

Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) results in tumor necrosis factor (TNF) release. Kupffer cells (KC) are one source of this TNF. This study investigates the effects of hepatic I/R combined with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the lung and liver injury that follow hepatic I/R and on hepatic release of TNF, epithelial neutrophil activating protein (ENA-78), and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2). The effects of these experimental conditions on TNF production by primary rat KC in vitro were also investigated. Rats were subjected to hepatic I/R alone, hepatic I/R + LPS, sham laparotomy alone, or sham laparotomy + LPS and pulmonary MPO, pulmonary microvascular permeability, hepatic neutrophil influx, hepatic injury, and hepatic TNF, ENA-78, and MIP-2 production were measured. These experiments demonstrated that hepatic I/R in conjunction with LPS results in a more severe lung and liver injury and increased hepatic TNF, ENA-78, and MIP-2 release. The effects of these experimental conditions on rat KC TNF production demonstrated that hepatic I/R + LPS results in a more significant release of TNF as compared to LPS alone or I/R alone. Hepatic I/R plus LPS results in a more severe lung and liver injury and is likely secondary to a more significant and prolonged release of TNF by KC. This may provide a mechanism for development of multiple organ system failure in some patients undergoing hepatic resection, hepatic transplantation, complex vascular operations, or in the setting of hypovolemic shock. Portal endotoxemia related to mesenteric venous congestion or other systemic insults may have a significant impact on post-operative complications and recovery in the setting of a local or global hepatic I/R injury.     

Contractures in burn injury part II: investigating joints of the hand.

This study prospectively examines the incidence and severity of hand contractures after burn injury and determines predictors of contracture development. Data were collected prospectively from 1993 to 2002 for adult burn survivors admitted to a regional burn center. Demographic and medical data were collected on each subject. Primary outcome measures include presence of contractures, number of contractures, and the severity of contractures at each of the hand joints at hospital discharge. The metacarpal-phalangeal, proximal inter-phalangeal (PIP), and distal inter-phalangeal joints of all digits and the wrist joints are included in this study. Regression analysis was performed to determine predictors of the presence, severity, and number of contractures. Of the 985 study patients, 23% demonstrated at least one hand contracture at hospital discharge. Those with a contracture averaged ten contractures per person. Most contractures were mild (48%) or moderate (41%) in severity. The wrist was the most frequently affected joint (22%). Statistically significant predictors of contracture development include concomitant medical problems, total body surface area grafted and presence of hand burn and hand grafting (P < .05). Predictors of the number of contractures include length of stay, concomitant medical problems, burn size and presence of hand burn and grafting (P < .05). Contractures of the hand are a significant complication of burn injury. Clinicians can use the contracture predictors to help target interventions for those patients most at risk of developing hand contractures. Given the functional importance of the hand in daily living, the burn care community is challenged to find new ways of preventing and treating hand contractures.     

Pathophysiology of acute lung injury in combined burn and smoke inhalation injury

In the U.S.A., more than 1 million burn injuries occur every year. Although the survival from burn injury has increased in recent years with the development of effective fluid resuscitation management and early surgical excision of burned tissue, the mortality of burn injury is still high. In these fire victims, progressive pulmonary failure and cardiovascular dysfunction are important determinants of morbidity and mortality. The morbidity and mortality increases when burn injury is associated with smoke inhalation. In the present review, we will describe the pathophysiological aspects of acute lung injury induced by combined burn and smoke inhalation and examine various therapeutic approaches.     

脑损伤后失语症患者认知功能障碍对语言功能的影响

目的：通过简易智力状况检查法对脑损伤后失语症患者认知功能障碍的初步筛查，探讨认知功能障碍对脑损伤后失语症患者语言功能的影响。方法：选择1997—03／2004-09在解放军总医院康复医学科接受住院或门诊治疗的脑损伤后失语症患者52例，男44例，女8例。均接受简易智力状况检查及西方失语症成套测验中失语商的检查，其中35例患者只接受西方失语症成套测验中操作商和大脑皮质商的检查。西方失语症成套测验包括言语性和非言语性功能测验两部分。言语部分的项目有：自发言语、听理解、复述及命名；非言语部分的项目有：阅读、书写、运用和结构。根据检查结果，计算出失语商、操作商和大脑皮质商。对简易智力状况检查法各分项分值和语言各分项分值与西方失语症成套测验中的各分项分值及失语商、操作商、大脑皮质商之间的关系分析采用Pearson相关分析和逐步线性回归分析。结果：52例脑损伤后失语症患者全部进入结果分析。①西方失语症成套测验的失语商、操作商、大脑皮质商与简易智力状况检查量表中各分项分值均有显著相关关系（r=0．403-0．815，P〈0．05）。经逐步回归分析，入选为影响失语商的主要因素有定向力、记忆力和语言。②简易智力状况检查量表中定向力、语言项分值与西方失语症成套测验中各分项分值均有显著相关关系（r=0．355-0．828，P〈0．05）。⑧简易智力状况检查量表语言项的物体命名、语言理解、阅读理解、句子书写与西方失语症成套测验中各分项分值均有显著相关关系（r=0．355-0．828，P〈0．05）。④简易智力状况检查量表中记忆力与西方失语症成套测验中自发言语、听理解、复述、命名等各项分值均有显著相关关系（r=0．387-0．787，P〈0．05）。结论：脑损伤后失语症患者存在认知功能障碍，认知功能的定向力、记忆力和语言与脑损伤后失语症患者的语言功能有着密切相关关系。计算力和回忆与脑损伤后失语症患者语言功能的关系不密切。     

脑损伤后失语症患者认知功能障碍对语言功能的影响

目的:通过简易智力状况检查法对脑损伤后失语症患者认知功能障碍的初步筛查,探讨认知功能障碍对脑损伤后失语症患者语言功能的影响。方法:选择1997-03/2004-09在解放军总医院康复医学科接受住院或门诊治疗的脑损伤后失语症患者52例,男44例,女8例。均接受简易智力状况检查及西方失语症成套测验中失语商的检查,其中35例患者只接受西方失语症成套测验中操作商和大脑皮质商的检查。西方失语症成套测验包括言语性和非言语性功能测验两部分。言语部分的项目有:自发言语、听理解、复述及命名;非言语部分的项目有:阅读、书写、运用和结构。根据检查结果,计算出失语商、操作商和大脑皮质商。对简易智力状况检查法各分项分值和语言各分项分值与西方失语症成套测验中的各分项分值及失语商、操作商、大脑皮质商之间的关系分析采用Pearson相关分析和逐步线性回归分析。结果:52例脑损伤后失语症患者全部进入结果分析。①西方失语症成套测验的失语商、操作商、大脑皮质商与简易智力状况检查量表中各分项分值均有显著相关关系(r=0.403～0.815,P<0.05)。经逐步回归分析,入选为影响失语商的主要因素有定向力、记忆力和语言。②简易智力状况检查量表中定向力、语言项分值与西方失语症成套测验中各分项分值均有显著相关关系(r=0.355～0.828,P<0.05)。③简易智力状况检查量表语言项的物体命名、语言理解、阅读理解、句子书写与西方失语症成套测验中各分项分值均有显著相关关系(r=0.355～0.828,P<0.05)。④简易智力状况检查量表中记忆力与西方失语症成套测验中自发言语、听理解、复述、命名等各项分值均有显著相关关系(r=0.387～0.787,P<0.05)。结论:脑损伤后失语症患者存在认知功能障碍,认知功能的定向力、记忆力和语言与脑损伤后失语症患者的语言功能有着密切相关关系。计算力和回忆与脑损伤后失语症患者语言功能的关系不密切。     

Insulin therapy in burn patients does not contribute to hepatic triglyceride production.

Lipid kinetics were studied in six severely burned patients who were treated with a high dose of exogenous insulin plus glucose to promote protein metabolism. The patients were 20+/-2-yr-old (SD) with 63+/-8% total body surface area burned. They were studied in a randomized order (a) in the fed state on the seventh day of a control period (C) of continuous high-carbohydrate enteral feeding alone, and (b) on the seventh day of enteral feeding plus exogenous insulin (200 pmol/h = 28 U/h) with extra glucose given as needed to avoid hypoglycemia (I+G). Despite a glucose delivery rate approximately 100% in excess of energy requirements, the following lipid parameters were unchanged: (a) total hepatic VLDL triglyceride (TG) secretion rate (0.165+/-0.138 [C] vs. 0.154+/- 0.138 mmol/kg . d-1 [I+G]), (b) plasma TG concentration (1.58+/-0.66 [C] vs. 1. 36+/-0.41 mmol/liter [I+G]), and (c) plasma VLDL TG concentration (0. 68+/-0.79 [C] vs. 0.67+/- 0.63 mmol/liter [I+G]). Instead, the high-carbohydrate delivery in conjunction with insulin therapy increased the proportion of de novo-synthesized palmitate in VLDL TG from 13+/-5% (C) to 34+/-14% (I+G), with a corresponding decreased amount of palmitate from lipolysis. In association with the doubling of the secretion rate of de novo-synthesized fatty acid (FA) in VLDL TG during insulin therapy (P > 0.5), the relative amount of palmitate and stearate increased from 35+/-5 to 44+/-8% and 4+/-1 to 7+/-2%, respectively, in VLDL TG, while the relative concentration of oleate and linoleate decreased from 43+/-5 to 37+/-6% and 8+/-4% to 2+/-2%, respectively. A 15-fold increase in plasma insulin concentration did not change the rate of release of FA into plasma (8.22+/-2.86 [C] vs. 8.72+/-6.68 mmol/kg.d-1 [I+G]. The peripheral release of FA represents a far greater potential for hepatic lipid accumulation in burn patients than the endogenous hepatic fat synthesis, even during excessive carbohydrate intake in conjunction with insulin therapy.     

Surfactant and corticosteroid effects on lung function in a rat model of acute lung injury.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate pulmonary responses to intratracheal administration of surfactant with and without dexamethasone in rats with paraquat-induced lung injury. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, controlled study. SETTING: University research facility. SUBJECTS: Adult male Sprague Dawley rats. INTERVENTIONS: Rats were anesthetized and underwent a tracheostomy and arterial catheter insertion 3 days after intraperitoneal injection of paraquat (35 mg/kg). The rats were ventilated for 90 mins after sequential designation as controls or as recipients of intratracheal surfactant alone (50 or 100 mg/kg) or surfactant (50 or 100 mg/kg) plus dexamethasone (0.5 mg/kg). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Arterial blood gases were determined at 15, 30, 60, and 90 mins. After 90 mins of ventilation, a static pressure-volume curve was performed, and inflammatory cells, total protein content, and cytokines were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Postmortem histology was then examined. Treatment with 50 mg/kg dexamethasone/Survanta and 100 mg/kg Survanta with and without dexamethasone significantly increased oxygenation shortly after instillation when compared with the control group, with the response maintained throughout the study period. Static pressure-volume curves showed that the group receiving 100 mg/kg dexamethasone/Survanta had significantly higher lung volumes than the control group. Total cell, neutrophil, and macrophage counts were decreased significantly in the animals treated with 100 mg/kg dexamethasone/Survanta compared with untreated control rats. Total protein recovered from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in the animals treated with 100 mg/kg Survanta with and without dexamethasone was decreased significantly compared with control animals. The histologic appearance of the lungs was markedly better in the groups treated with surfactant with or without dexamethasone. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that the combined administration of high doses of intratracheal surfactant and dexamethasone improves gas exchange, ameliorates lung inflammation, and alleviates lung damage after paraquat-induced lung injury. Surfactant alone and lower doses of surfactant plus dexamethasone had a lesser effect on these measures.     

Psychological stages in adaptation following burn injury: a method for facilitating psychological recovery of burn victims

As a result of clinical observation of 444 patients hospitalized for treatment of acute burn injury at Humana Burn Center between July 1983 and October 1986, we have developed a seven-stage method of assessing and assisting the burn victim's psychological recovery. This method delineates the stages in the normal psychological healing process in burn victims and offers specific suggestions for staff interventions to assist the patient at each stage. This method can be utilized in an integrated fashion by all members of the multi-disciplinary burn team to expedite the patient's psychological recovery and to maximize his compliance with necessary treatment modalities.     

非药物干预促进胃肠道恶性肿瘤患者术后功能恢复的最佳证据总结

目的 全面检索和分析非药物干预在促进胃肠道恶性肿瘤患者术后胃肠道功能恢复的相关证据,并对最佳证据进行总结.方法 按照6S证据资源金字塔模型,通过计算机检索UpToDate、Cochrane clinical answers、美国国立指南库、英国国家卫生与临床优化研究所、新西兰指南协作组、医脉通、Cochrane Lib...     

L-arginine attenuates acute lung injury after smoke inhalation and burn injury in sheep

Thermal injury results in reduced plasma levels of arginine (Arg). With reduced Arg availability, NOS produces superoxide instead of NO. We hypothesized that Arg supplementation after burn and smoke inhalation (B + S) injury would attenuate the acute insult to the lungs and, thus, protect pulmonary function. Seventeen Suffolk ewes (n = 17) were randomly divided into three groups: (1) sham injury group (n = 6), (2) B + S injury plus saline treatment (n = 6), and (3) B + S injury plus L-ARG infusion at 57 mg.kg(-1).h(-1) (n = 5). Burn and smoke inhalation injury was induced by standardized procedures, including a 40% area full thickness flame burn combined with 48 breaths of smoke from burning cottons. All animals were immediately resuscitated by Ringer solution and supported by mechanical ventilation for 48 h, during which various variables of pulmonary function were monitored. The results demonstrated that Arg treatment attenuated the decline of plasma Arg concentration after B + S injury. A higher plasma Arg concentration was associated with a less decline in Pao2/Fio2 ratio and a reduced extent of airway obstruction after B + S injury. Histopathological examinations also indicated a remarkably reduced histopathological scores associated with B + S injury. Nitrotyrosine stain in lung tissue was positive after B + S injury, but was significantly reduced in the group with Arg. Therefore, L-Arg supplementation improved gas exchange and pulmonary function in ovine after B + S injury via its, at least in part, effect on reduction of oxidative stress through the peroxynitrite pathway.     

Alteration in temperature regulation induced by burn injury in the rat

The preoptic anterior hypothalamus (POAH) of rats housed at three ambient temperatures was implanted with perfusion apparatuses. Response of heat production to displacement of POAH temperature was determined for control animals and animals with burns (31% +/- 3% total body surface area). At an ambient temperature of 22 degrees C there was a significant increase in thermosensitivity of the POAH for both control rats and rats with burns compared with thermosensitivity at 32 degrees C. Within ambient temperatures there was no effect on thermosensitivity detected for rats with burns compared with control rats. The threshold temperature for heat production was shifted significantly upward (p less than 0.05) both by a lower ambient temperature and by burn injury. The reference temperature for heat production was also shifted to the right by burn injury (p less than 0.05). The significant shifts to the right for threshold temperature and reference temperature for heat production enhance the organisms's ability to meet the stress of the hypermetabolic response. At a warm ambient temperature (32 degrees C) there are no significant differences in thermoregulation detected in animals with burns or control animals.     

Effects of a dual endothelin-1 receptor antagonist on airway obstruction and acute lung injury in sheep following smoke inhalation and burn injury

Studies have suggested that ET-1 (endothelin-1) is associated with lung injury, airway inflammation and increased vascular permeability. In the present study we have tested the hypothesis that treatment with a dual ET-1 receptor antagonist will decrease airway obstruction and improve pulmonary function in sheep with combined S+B (smoke inhalation and burn) injury. Twelve sheep received S+B injury using the following protocol: six sheep were treated with tezosentan, an ETA and ETB receptor antagonist, and six sheep received an equivalent volume of vehicle. Physiological and morphological variables were assessed during the 48 h study period and at the end of the study. There was no statistically significant difference in the PaO2/FiO2 (partial pressure of O2 in arterial blood/fraction of O2 in the inspired gas) ratio of the tezosentan-treated animals compared with controls; however, lung lymph flow was significantly higher (P<0.05) in the treated animals. PVRI (pulmonary vascular resistance index) was significantly reduced (P<0.05) in the tezosentan-treated animals. Assessment of NOx (nitric oxide metabolite) levels in plasma and lymph showed significantly elevated (P<0.05) levels in the tezosentan-treated animals compared with levels in untreated sheep. The degree of bronchial obstruction was similar in both treated and control sheep; however, bronchiolar obstruction was reduced in sheep treated with tezosentan. Histopathologically, no difference in the degree of parenchymal injury was detected. In conclusion, administration of a dual ET-1 receptor antagonist prevented an increase in PVRI after injury and reduced the degree of bronchiolar obstruction in sheep with S+B; however, treated sheep showed higher levels of NOx and increased lung lymph flow. Tezosentan treatment was ineffective in protecting against acute lung injury in this model.