基因芯片在宫颈癌、卵巢癌和乳腺癌相关基因表达研究中的运用

目的 应用基因微矩阵芯片筛查妇科恶性肿瘤相关基因表达。方法 分别提取癌组织和正常对照组织mRNA，分别用Cv3—dCTP和Cy5—dCTP经反转录荧光标记cDNA，获得两组探针，将探针混合后与基因芯片H40s(基因点数为4096点，上海联合基因公司提供)杂交，经严格洗片后用GenePix4000B扫描仪进行扫描，获得荧光信号图像，GenePixPro3．0图像处理软件对图像进行处理，获得两种组织中差异表达的基因信息。结果 在子宫颈癌组织中差异表达的基因24．61％(1008／4096)，其中表达降低(下调趋势)占11．28％(462／4096)；表达增高(上调趋势)占13．32％(546／4096)。在卵巢癌组织中差异表达的基因24．02％(984／4096)，其中表达降低(下调趋势)占12．67％(519／4096)，表达增高(上调趋势)占11．35％(465／4096)；在乳腺癌组织中差异表达的基因占9．67％(396／4096)，其中表达降低(下调趋势)占4．59％(188／4096)，表达增高(上调趋势)的5．08％(208／4096)。在3种癌组织中同时出现表达差异的基因有1．37％。结论 子宫颈癌、卵巢癌和乳腺癌有多种基因表达失衡。     

基因芯片检测人肺鳞癌和肺腺癌基因表达的异同

目的用基因芯片技术检测肺鳞癌和肺腺癌基因表达的异同。方法提取人肺鳞癌和肺腺癌组织及正常肺组织的RNA,分别用Cy5-dCTP或Cy3-dCTP标记,再与4096点基因芯片杂交,检测肺鳞癌和肺腺癌组织基因表达的异同。结果肺鳞癌和肺腺癌表达共同上调的基因17条,共同下调的基因19条;肺鳞癌表达显著高于肺腺癌的基因20条,显著低于肺腺癌的基因14条。结论多基因参与肺癌发病,基因芯片技术是肺癌基因表达检测的有效方法。     

膀胱移行细胞癌免疫相关基因的研究

目的 探讨人膀胱移行细胞癌组织中免疫功能相关基因的表达变化。方法使用人肿瘤基因表达谱芯片检测11例膀胱移行细胞癌组织基因表达谱的变化，以寻找与免疫功能相关的差异表达的基因。结果以正常膀胱黏膜组织为对照，膀胱肿瘤组织中有87个基因表达明显下调，102个基因表达明显上调。其中与免疫功能相关的基因有17个，明显上调基因8个，明显下调基因9个。结论膀胱肿瘤的发生、发展与多种免疫功能相关基因的异常表达有关。     

食管鳞癌家族史患者癌及癌旁组织基因表达谱的初步研究

目的:探讨具家族史食管鳞癌的基因表达谱,寻找在食管鳞癌及癌旁组织中差异表达的基因.方法:分别抽提6例具家族史食管鳞癌及癌旁组织总RNA,将各RNA逆转录合成相应以Cy5和Cy3标记cDNA一链做探针,在含有14000点人类基因组芯片(BiostarH-140s)上进行杂交.用scanarray 4000扫描仪扫描芯片荧光信号图像,用GenePix Pro 3.0软件对扫描图像进行数字化处理和分析.结果:在613个异常表达的基因中,上调基因304个,下调基因309个.除252个为新基因外,在另361个基因中,有291个基因功能明确,其中下调基因142个,上调基因149个,包含各类功能基因.结论:这些异常表达的基因,说明了食管鳞癌发生的复杂性.首次为具家族史食管鳞癌患者癌组织提供了相当数量的与肿瘤发生相关的差异表达基因,为肿瘤早期诊断和治疗提供了线索.     

口腔鳞状细胞癌及癌旁正常组织基因表达谱芯片检测

背景：近年在整体水平上以高通量分子扫描手段为基础的基因组学、蛋白质组学以及计算机辅助设计等技术的整合及相互关联的“技术链”的应用已在乳腺癌、肺癌、胃癌、结肠癌、卵巢癌、黑色素瘤等的研究中取得了丰硕的成果,但关于口腔鳞状细胞癌的研究较少。 目的：实验通过基因表达谱芯片检测口腔鳞状细胞癌组织与癌旁正常组织的基因表达谱。 方法：收集广东省口腔医院2013年手术切除的口腔鳞癌及癌旁正常组织各2例,采用Roche NimbleGen全基因组表达谱芯片进行口腔鳞癌及癌旁正常组织的基因表达谱检测。 结果与结论：按差异基因筛选标准,从32 448条检测基因中筛选出口腔鳞癌肿瘤组织的差异基因共有7 872条,占筛选基因总数的24%;其中上调表达的基因有3 800条,下调表达的有4 072条。结果证实,通过基因表达谱芯片检测并根据表达差异1倍以上的筛选标准得到了7 872个表达差异的基因。由此可见肿瘤的发生发展不是单个或几个基因的作用结果,以往实验往往针对某个或某几个基因的研究有很大的局限性。同时也说明了肿瘤的产生是多基因成网络相互调节作用的结果,而且这个网络的作用关系是非常复杂的。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植;肝移植;移植;心脏移植;组织移植;皮肤移植;皮瓣移植;血管移植;器官移植;组织工程     

胰腺癌相关基因寡核苷酸芯片的制备和初步应用(英文)

目的：研究胰腺癌相关基因寡核苷酸芯片的构建及其在检测胰腺癌基因表达谱方面的应用。方法：有目的地筛选胰腺癌相关基因，采用合成后点样的方法将合成的寡核苷酸探针点于同型双功能偶联剂（APS-PDC）包被的基片上，制成寡核苷酸基因芯片。Trizol法抽提组织总RNA，并用Qiagen Rneasy kit 进一步纯化。在cDNA第1链合成过程中，通过反转录酶将CyDye标记核苷酸直接渗入到cDNA中制备荧光探针，其中用Cy3-dCTP标记胰腺癌组织，Cy5-dCTP标记正常胰腺组织。将荧光标记探针定量后与芯片杂交16-18 h。用Agilent 扫描仪进行扫描，Imagene3.0软件（Biodiscovery,Inc.）图像分析，计算2种荧光Cy3 与Cy5信号强度的比值。挑选差异基因CDC25B和TUSC3进行荧光定量PUR（Sybrgreen方法）验证，以B-actin基因为内参照基因，PCR产物的定量方法采用比较Ct法。结果：芯片杂交扫描图像信号清晰，具有较低的整体背景和较高的信噪比，各阳性质控点信号均匀一致，阴性质控点和空白点信号低。与正常组织相比，胰腺癌组织中差异表达基因24条，占全部基因的25.5%，其中上调基因17条（占18.1%），下调基因7条（占7.4%）。荧光定量PCR验证，CDC25B和TUSC3基因在胰腺癌中的表达分别为上调和下调，其表达趋势与芯片实验的结果一致。结论：制备的胰腺癌相关基因芯片，可同时、并行检测多种胰腺癌相关基因的表达改变，具有一定的特异性和灵敏性。胰腺癌组织与正常胰腺组织相比，基因表达谱具有明显的差异，为进一步研究胰腺癌的发病机理和早期诊断提供了有用的信息。     

卵巢良性肿瘤组织和卵巢上皮癌组织基因表达差异的研究

目的 探讨卵巢上皮癌组织相关基因的差异表达.方法 采用含384条肿瘤相关基因的cDNA阵谱检测了卵巢上皮癌组织及卵巢良性肿瘤的基因谱,分析卵巢上皮癌组织相关基因的差异表达.结果 在384条候选基因中,与卵巢癌相关的差异表达基因36条,其中23条表达上调,13条表达下调.结论 cDNA阵谱技术是筛查卵巢癌相关基因的有效方法.     

利用基因芯片筛查大肠癌肿瘤相关基因

目的探讨大肠癌肿瘤相关基因的差异表达。方法采用含有8064个人类靶基因的基因表达谱芯片筛选大肠癌组织同正常大肠黏膜的差异表达基因,并用逆转录聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）技术对其中4条差异表达基因加以验证。结果大肠癌差异表达基因有1807条,发现上调表达的基因有936条,下调表达的基因有871条,其中癌基因及抑癌基因共57条。这57条基因中,36条基因表达上调．21条基因表达下调。结论大肠癌的发生发展与多个原癌基因及抑癌基因的差异表达有关。     

子宫内膜癌中LRP16的表达及临床病理分析

目的 探讨LRP16在子宫内膜癌中的表达及下调LRP16表达对子宫内膜癌增殖和侵袭、转移的影响。方法 采用免疫组化法EliVision检测LRP16蛋白在子宫内膜癌中的表达，分析其与临床病理特征的关系，并复习相关文献。构建LRP16-shRNA表达载体，建立下调LRP16基因表达的子宫内膜癌细胞株(ISK);采用CCK-8和Transwell试验分析转染前、后细胞增殖和迁移、侵袭能力的差异。结果 子宫内膜癌组织中LRP16蛋白的阳性率为86.25%,正常子宫内膜组织中LRP16蛋白阳性率为13.33%,两组相比差异有显著性(P<0.01);LRP16基因表达下调后子宫内膜癌细胞的生长与对照组相比明显减慢。体外观察LRP16基因表达下调后，子宫内膜癌细胞的迁移和侵袭能力与对照组相比显著减弱。结论 LRP16基因在子宫内膜癌组织中表达增高，LRP16表达与临床病理特征相关；下调LRP16基因后，子宫内膜癌细胞的增殖、迁移、侵袭能力受到明显抑制。     

子宫内膜癌microRNA表达谱的初步研究

目的 筛选子宫内膜癌与正常子宫内膜组织中的差异mieroRNA.方法 收集3例患者的新鲜子宫内膜癌组织及正常子宫内膜组织,利用miRNA芯片对其进行实验分析,并采用茎环逆转录荧光定量PCR方法验证芯片结果的准确性.结果 相对正常子宫内膜组织,子宫内膜癌组织中表达上调的miRNA基因68个,下调的miRNA基因81个.采用茎环逆转录荧光定量PCR对显著上调的hsa-miR-205,hsa-miR-200b和hsa-miR200c以及显著下调的hsa-miR-495,hsa-miR-216b的验证结果与芯片检测结果一致.结论 筛选获得了子宫内膜癌的miRNA的差异表达谱,可能在子宫内膜癌的发病机制中发挥潜在作用。     

The diagnostic role of claudins in serous effusions

We analyzed the diagnostic role of claudins in effusion cytology in 325 effusions, including 218 ovarian, 49 breast, 15 cervical or endometrial, 10 gastrointestinal, and 8 lung adenocarcinomas and 25 malignant mesotheliomas (MMs). Specimens were analyzed for claudin-1 and claudin-3 expression using immunohistochemical analysis. Ovarian and breast adenocarcinoma were further analyzed for claudin-7 expression. Claudin-1 expression was most frequent in ovarian and cervical or endometrial adenocarcinoma compared with other adenocarcinomas and MMs (P < .001). Claudin-3 expression was comparable in adenocarcinomas of different origin but was absent in MMs (P < .001). Reactive mesothelial cells rarely expressed claudins. Claudin-7 expression was higher in ovarian than in breast adenocarcinoma (P < .001). Our data suggest that expression of claudin-3 or claudin-7 is specific for adenocarcinoma and rules out the diagnosis of cells as mesothelial and that absence of claudin-1 expression excludes ovarian carcinoma as the possible origin of metastatic adenocarcinoma. Claudins may, therefore, be of diagnostic value in effusion cytology.     

Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the uterus--ultrastructural and hormonal study

A clear of clear cell adenocarcinoma of the uterus combined with early invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix was reported. The adenocarcinoma was found to be in histologic continuity with the squamous cell carcinoma as well as with the cervical glandular epithelium. Ultrastructurally, the epithelial cells of the adenocarcinoma showed junctional complexes, well developed microvilli, parallel stacks of granular endoplasmic reticulums and twisted rope-like nucleoli, all of which were in accord with the cytologic characteristics of endometrial carcinoma. Hormonal study of the tumor suggested the presence of estrogen receptor and a lack of endocrine productibility. These findings provide an additional support for the Müllerian duct origin of uterine clear cell adenocarcinoma.     

Serous papillary adenocarcinoma of the female genital organs and invasive micropapillary carcinoma of the breast. Are WT1, CA125, and GCDFP-15 useful in differential diagnosis?

Serous papillary adenocarcinoma of the female genital organs and invasive micropapillary carcinoma of the breast have close histologic similarities. Thus, when these cancers occur synchronously or metachronously in the same patient, it is difficult to determine the primary site. We examined 23 serous papillary adenocarcinomas (16 ovarian, 5 endometrial, and 2 peritoneal) and 37 invasive micropapillary carcinomas of the breast (12 pure and 25 mixed types) on immunohistochemical expression of Wilm's tumor antigen-1 (WT1), CA125, and gross cystic disease fluid protein-15 (GCDFP-15), which have been reported to be useful in the differential diagnosis of primary ovarian carcinomas versus metastatic breast cancer to the ovary. The positive rates of WT1, CA125, and GCDFP-15 in serous papillary adenocarcinomas were 78%, 78%, and 0%, respectively, and the corresponding rates in invasive micropapillary carcinomas were 3%, 40%, and 38%. The CA125-positive rate of invasive micropapillary carcinoma was higher than the rate reported for other types of breast carcinomas. We consider CA125 to be not always useful in the differential diagnosis of serous papillary adenocarcinoma and invasive micropapillary carcinoma. Although the positive rate of WT1 was significantly higher in serous papillary adenocarcinoma than in invasive micropapillary carcinoma, WT1 expression in endometrial serous papillary adenocarcinoma was infrequent (20%). WT1 and GCDFP-15 could be useful markers for the differential diagnosis of ovarian and peritoneal serous papillary adenocarcinoma versus breast invasive micropapillary adenocarcinoma. However, the availability of GCDFP-15 is limited because of the low positive rate of GCDFP-15 in invasive micropapillary carcinomas.     

cDNA array analysis of cytobrush-collected normal and malignant cervical epithelial cells: a feasibility study

Analysis of gene expression pattern is a useful approach to evaluating the biological behavior and clinical outcome of several human malignancies. Differentially expressed genes in malignant squamous cervical cells and the feasibility of gene expression profiling on squamous cervical cells obtained from cervical swabs were investigated. Cervical squamous cells from three women with high-risk human papilloma virus (HR-HPV) positive invasive squamous cervical carcinoma and from three HPV-negative women with normal ectocervical smears were analyzed with cDNA array. Immunoblot analysis was performed to detect the proteins corresponding to the highest upregulated genes with cDNA array. mRNA expression of ERBB2, KIT, FLT1, MYCN, RAS, CDKN2A, CCND1, NME1, NME2, MET, FGF7, FGFR2, and STAT1 was increased in malignant samples. Several expressed genes associated with antiapoptosis (such as BCL2), cell structuring, or cell attachment were also upregulated in carcinoma cells. Decreased gene expression was observed for members of the transforming growth factor receptor superfamily (TGF) and integrin family, interleukin 1 (IL1), and insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs). This study shows the feasibility of gene expression profiling of cervical squamous cells obtained with cytobrushes by identifying a characteristic gene expression pattern that clearly distinguishes between malignant and normal cervical epithelia of squamous type. We hypothesize that this noninvasive technique could be used in the evaluation of ambiguous Papanicolaou (PAP) smears.     

Expression profile analysis in multiple human tumors identifies L1 (CD171) as a molecular marker for differential diagnosis and targeted therapy

L1 cell adhesion molecule (CD171) represents a strongly unfavorable prognostic biomarker for ovarian and endometrial carcinomas. Here we carried out an immunohistochemical survey of L1 expression in normal adults and in a broad range of benign and malignant tumors using monoclonal antibody L1-11A and the novel monoclonal antibody L1-14.10. In normal tissues, L1 was expressed in the collecting tubules of adult tissues and pediatric kidney and in peripheral nerve bundles. In tumors of the female genital tract, L1 was detected in adenocarcinomas of the cervix and fallopian tubes, in addition to ovarian and endometrial carcinomas. Nongynecological tumors expressing L1 comprised malignant melanoma, colon adenocarcinoma positive to chromogranin, clear-cell adenocarcinoma of the urinary bladder, pheochromocytoma, small cell lung carcinoma, and tumors of the nervous system. L1 was absent in breast carcinoma, gastrointestinal tract carcinomas, gastrointestinal carcinoids, renal clear-cell carcinomas, prostate adenocarcinomas, and mesotheliomas. Surprisingly, L1 expression in established breast and renal carcinoma cell lines was not a predictor for its presence in these human tumors in vivo. Our results suggest that L1 expression in tumors is not ubiquitous but restricted to certain subtypes and may be a helpful molecular marker for differential diagnosis and target for antibody-based therapy.     

Metastatic salivary duct carcinoma to the uterus: report of a case diagnosed by cervical smear.

Metastasis to the uterus from extragenital sites is uncommon. We report on a rare case of salivary duct carcinoma (SDC) of the parotid gland with metastasis to the uterus, diagnosed by cervical smear. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case reported in the literature. A 61-yr-old woman with a prior diagnosis of SDC was admitted to hospital with a fractured left humerus, back pain, and vaginal bleeding. A cervical smear and an endometrial aspiration were performed. The cervical smear showed numerous fragments and many isolated tumor cells in a clean background. The tumor cells were large and had abundant, granular/vacuolated cytoplasm. The nuclei were slightly pleomorphic, with fine chromatin and 1-2 small nucleoli. The malignant cells were morphologically identical to the primary tumor and correlated with the tumor in the endometrial aspiration. A diagnosis of metastatic salivary duct carcinoma was made. Although metastatic SDC to the uterus is rare, this possibility should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a positive cervical smear. This case also illustrates the importance of appropriate clinical history, including the knowledge of a primary tumor which may prevent unnecessary clinical investigations. Diagn. Cytopathol. 1999;21:271-275.     

Gene expression profiles of microdissected pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

In a search for new molecular markers of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), we compared the gene expression profiles of seven pancreatic carcinomas and one carcinoma of the papilla Vateri with those of duct cells from three non-neoplastic pancreatic tissues. In addition, the human pancreatic duct cell line and five PDAC cell lines (AsPC-1, BxPC-3, Capan-1, Capan-2, HPAF) were examined. RNA was extracted from microdissected tissue or cultured cell lines and analysed using a custom-made Affymetrix Chip containing 3023 genes, of which 1000 were known to be tumour associated. Hierarchical clustering revealed 81 differentially expressed genes. Of all the genes, 26 were downregulated in PDAC and 14 were upregulated in PDAC. In PDAC cell lines versus normal pancreatic duct cells, 21 genes were downregulated and 20 were upregulated. Of these 81 differentially expressed genes, 15 represented human genes previously implicated in the tumourigenesis of PDAC. From the genes that were so far not known to be associated with PDAC tumorigenesis, we selected ADAM9 for further validation because of its distinct overexpression in tumour tissue. Using immunohistochemistry, the over-expressed gene, ADAM9, was present in 70% of the PDACs analysed. In conclusion, using microarray technology we were able to identify a set of genes whose aberrant expression was associated with PDAC and may be used to target the disease.     

Global microRNA profiling in favorable prognosis subgroups of cancer of unknown primary (CUP) demonstrates no significant expression differences with metastases of matched known primary tumors

No data exist on biologic differences between Cancer of unknown primary (CUP) and metastatic solid tumors of known primary site. We assigned a primary tissue of origin in 40 favorable CUP patients (A: serous peritoneal carcinomatosis n = 14, B: axillary adenocarcinoma n = 8, C: upper squamous cervical adenopathy n = 18) by means of a 64-microRNA assay. Subsequently, we profiled the expression of 733 microRNAs (miRs) in the CUP cases and compared results with metastases from 20 ovarian carcinomas, 10 breast adenocarcinomas, 20 squamous head neck or lung tumors. In the Peritoneal CUP versus Ovarian (Known Primary Metastases) KPM comparison, a total of 12 miR were significantly differentially expressed: higher than twofold expression difference in CUP was seen only for miR-513a-5p (3.7-fold upregulated) and miR-483-5p (2.5-fold upregulated), while miR-708 exhibited a twofold downregulation. In the Breast CUP versus Breast KPM comparison, only miR-29c that were downregulated in CUP by 2.7-fold satisfied the FDR threshold. miR-30e and miR-27b, downregulated in ovarian CUPs versus KPMs, were also non-significantly downregulated in breast CUP by 2.0- and 1.4-fold respectively. Six miRs, which belong to the 17–92 oncocluster showed a trend of upregulation in Breast CUP versus Breast KPM cases. A CUP signature remains elusive.