咪唑安定、芬太尼和潘库溴胺在二尖瓣分离术麻醉中的应用

目的：探讨咪唑安定、芬太尼和维库溴胺在二尖瓣狭窄分离术麻醉中的应用。方法：A组32例采用静注咪唑安定、芬太尼、潘库溴胺诱导，术中维持用芬太尼、潘库溴胺。B组12例用硫贲妥钠诱导，普鲁卡因复合液维持麻醉。结果：A组诱导心电图无改变，血压、心率影响不明显（P＞0.05)术中麻醉平稳。B组诱导心电图有改变，血压升高，心率增快（P＜0.05)。结论：咪唑安定、芬太尼、潘库溴胺用于二尖瓣狭窄分离手术的麻醉对心电图及循环影响小，术中麻醉平稳，疗效明显优于对照组，值得推广应用。     

咪唑安定用于胃镜检查82例临床观察

将260例拟行胃镜检查的患者随机分成观察组82例及对照组178例，对照组按常规进行胃镜检查，观察组则在胃镜检查前静脉注射咪唑安定。观察两组检查过程中血压、心率、血氧饱和度、检查反应等。结果观察组心率、血压变化及不良反应（恶心、流涎等）发生率与对照组比较，P〈0．05。认为胃镜检查前静脉注射咪唑安定可增加患者的耐受性，减轻患者痛苦，且安全；镇静程度以Ramsay镇静分级Ⅱ～Ⅲ级状态最佳。     

麻醉和镇静术在225例无痛结肠镜检查中的临床分析

目的 比较麻醉和镇静术对接受结肠镜检查患者的安全性及治疗效果.方法 225例于我院行结肠镜检查的患者,随机接受丙泊酚伍用芬太尼麻醉或咪唑安定清醒镇静诊疗,比较两组患者结肠镜检查过程中血压、心率、血氧饱和度变化情况及呻吟、肢动等不良反应,并追踪观察患者术后清醒时间及不良事件的发生率.结果 麻醉组患者呻吟、肢动发生率显著低于清醒镇静组;清醒镇静组血压、心率、血氧饱和度下降显著低于麻醉组.两组患者给药时间、术中及术后不良事件的发生率无显著差异.结论 麻醉及清醒镇静术均可有效缓解结肠镜检查所致的不良反应,无严重不良事件发生.     

丙泊酚复合雷米芬太尼靶控输注在肠道内窥镜检查中的应用

目的探讨丙泊酚复合雷米芬太尼靶控输注在肠道内窥镜检查中的疗效。方法随机选择肠道内窥镜检查的患者30例,ASAⅠ-Ⅱ级,分为丙泊酚-雷米芬太尼靶控组（P—R组）30例、咪唑安定一氯胺酮组（M—K组）30例。比较两组围术期镇静-止痛效果、循环系统影响、药物不良反应发生率。结果两种麻醉方法均可满足肠道内窥镜检查需要。术中P—R组对于循环系统如心率和收缩压的影响低于M—K组,并且药物不良反应发生率与复苏时间较短（P〈0．05）。两组镇静一止痛差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论丙泊酚复合雷米芬太尼靶控用于肠道内窥镜检查麻醉临床效果较好。     

改善结肠镜检查质量方法的临床应用

目的:从肠道准备、医生观察方法和患者舒适度这三个可控的临床因素,探讨提高结肠镜检查质量的方法.方法:900例接受结肠镜检查的门诊患者,根据肠道准备、观察方法和是否加服匹维溴胺的不同各随机分组,由内镜医生及助手根据Boston肠道准备量表(Boston Bowel Preparation Scale,BBPS)评分记录肠道清洁度,评估肠腔内气泡程度,记录受检者腹痛程度和息肉及微小息肉检出率.结果:两组患者的肠道准备清洁有效性并无明显差异.加服西甲硅油乳剂组患者的肠内气泡量(尤其是右半结肠)少于仅服用聚乙二醇电解质散组;加服匹维溴胺片组患者在操作过程中的腹痛程度低于仅肌注东莨菪碱组;在退镜和进境均观察病变组患者的息肉检出率和微小息肉检出率均高于仅退镜观察组.以上差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05).结论:聚乙二醇电解质散能有效的清洁肠道,西甲硅油可减少肠内气泡量,匹维溴胺可有效缓解患者腹痛,进境和退镜的同时肠道观察可提高息肉和微小息肉的检出率,均有利于改善结肠镜检查质量.     

匹维溴铵联合乳果糖在肠道准备中的应用

[目的]探究匹维溴铵联合乳果糖在肠道准备中的应用效果。[方法]选取2017年11月~2019年4月在上海市普陀区利群医院行结直肠镜检查患者90例,随机分为3组:乳果糖组、匹维溴铵组和联合组(乳果糖+匹维溴铵),对比3组检查耐受度、腹痛程度、肠道清洁度、炎症反应指标及不良反应情况。[结果]联合组患者检查耐受度显著高于乳果糖组与匹维溴铵组(P<0.05);联合组患者肠道清洁符合率显著高于乳果糖组与匹维溴铵组(P<0.05);联合组NRS疼痛评分、检查时间与肠鸣音恢复时间均显著低于乳果糖组与匹维溴铵组(P<0.05);检查后联合组患者心率低于乳果糖组与匹维溴铵组(P<0.05),检查后3组患者血压比较差异无统计学意义;3组患者总不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义。[结论]匹维溴铵联合乳果糖用于肠道准备,能够提高患者检查耐受度与肠道清洁度,减轻腹痛,且不良反应较少,可有效缩短检查时间。     

匹维溴铵在80岁以上患者结肠镜检查中的应用

目的 探讨匹维溴铵用于≥80岁患者减轻结肠镜检查不良反应的作用.方法 治疗组30例于结肠镜检查前3 d开始服用匹维溴铵50 mg,每日3次,直至检查次日停药,对照组30例不服用此类药物,观察2组患者在结肠镜检查过程中腹痛、肠痉挛程度,并进行分级及评分.同时,观察肠道清洁程度,记录结肠镜到达回盲部所需时间.结果 治疗组腹痛、肠痉挛评分均明显低于对照组(P＜0.05).治疗组肠道清洁程度明显优于对照组(P＜0.05).治疗组结肠镜到达回盲部所需时间明显少于对照组(P＜0.01).结论 匹维溴铵用于≥80岁患者结肠镜检查对缓解腹痛、肠痉挛均有一定作用,并能改善肠道清洁度,缩短检查时间,减轻患者痛苦,疗效安全可靠.     

经内镜逆行胰胆管造影中清醒镇静麻醉的应用研究

目的 探讨咪唑安定镇静麻醉在逆行胰胆管造影检查（ERCP）中应用的可行性和价值。方法 120例行ERCP检查的患者，常规术前准备后肌肉注射咪唑安定0.15mg/kg,20min后开始检查，术中观察患者的生命体征和耐受程度，并进行镇静分级与评分（国际标准化方式OAA／S）。术后对患者进行遗忘率调查及医生和患者满意度的调查。结果 所有病例均能顺利完成操作。平均动脉压，心率，血氧饱和度无明显改变，不良反应明显减少，次日患者满意度达98％。结论 咪唑安定肌肉注射清醒镇静状态下进行ERCP检查治疗，可使患者更好的与医生进行配合，同时可使患者遗忘不良记忆，安全可靠。     

咪唑安定用于80岁以上老年机械通气患者安全性分析

目的探讨咪唑安定在≥80岁老年患者机械通气中的镇静效果及安全性。方法41例接受机械通气时出现人机对抗的患者使用咪唑安定，按年龄分为2组，A组为老年组（年龄≥80岁），B组为非老年组（年龄〈60岁）。2组均根据Ramsay镇静评分调整用药剂量，并记录用药前后的血压、呼吸、心率、血气分析及停药后苏醒时间。结果2组病人用药后呼吸、心率、血气分析结果均有明显改善（P〈0．01），但组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论咪唑安定在≥80岁老年机械通气患者中应用能有效缓解病人焦虑、烦躁、人机对抗，改善生命体征，不良反应小，安全性好。     

老年患者胃镜检查时异丙酚和咪唑安定联合应用的安全性

目的　探讨老年人群胃镜检查时联合应用异丙酚和咪唑安定的安全性。方法　对 1 0 8例老年患者胃镜检查时联合应用异丙酚和咪唑安定镇静 ,了解胃镜检查中患者的客观反应、操作时间以及检查过程中血压、心率和氧饱和度的变化。结果　老年镇静组和老年对照组患者感受(恶心、咳嗽、咽喉不适感等 )差异明显 ,对胃镜检查的满意程度有明显差异。老年镇静组 (>65岁 )与镇静对照组 (<35岁 )的药物用量有明显差异。老年镇静组检查中血压、SaO2 有一过性降低 ,检查后即刻恢复。老年镇静组和老年对照组胃镜操作过程中的客观指标 (如肢体不自主运动、胃食管反流、胃体胃窦蠕动、幽门口开放 )存在着差异。结论　老年患者胃镜检查中联合应用异丙酚和咪唑安定是安全和舒适的 ,严密观察是操作镇静胃镜检查的安全保证。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.