创伤性脑脊液鼻漏的影像判断及手术策略

目的探讨创伤性脑脊液鼻漏诊断及手术方式的疗效。方法回顾分析2002-06—2011-01手术治疗的创伤性脑脊液鼻漏16例。术前常规行头颅平片、冠状头颅CT、三维头颅MRI检查,并根据影像检查判断漏口位置,根据漏口位置及大小决定手术方式,其中经颅脑脊液鼻漏修补11例,内镜辅助下经鼻修补5例。结果本组16例患者中1例术后出现颅内感染合并梗阻性脑积水,经抗感染后再行脑室腹腔分流术后治愈;1例术后2周死于原发性颅脑损伤;其余病例随访0.5～5 a,均未出现脑脊液鼻漏复发。结论根据影像检查判断漏口位置及大小,采取合适的手术方式进行脑脊液漏修补,手术成功率高,复发率低,并且安全、有效。     

经鼻内镜脑脊液鼻漏修补术

目的探讨鼻内镜下脑脊液鼻漏修补术的手术方法和治疗效果。方法2002年6月~2007年5月,对自发性脑脊液鼻漏14例和外伤性(包括医源性)脑脊液鼻漏28例,依据缺损部位位于额隐窝、筛顶及筛板、蝶窦顶或侧壁,在鼻内镜下采用不同方式显露漏口,修补材料包括鼻腔黏膜、颞肌肌筋膜、脂肪,修补物放置方法采用多层内置、外置或"浴缸塞"法。结果1次手术成功34例,首次成功率81.0%,2次成功4例,3次成功4例。首次修补成功率漏口≥10mm者(53.8%,7/13)明显低于漏口<10mm者(93.1%,27/29)(χ2=6.606,P=0.010)。术后并发症2例,1例为颅内感染,1例为脑积水,均治愈出院。42例随访6~36个月(平均14个月),无复发。结论鼻内镜下脑脊液鼻漏修补术是一种安全、有效和微创的手术方式,但并发症的预防和控制不容忽视。漏口大小对手术效果有影响,较大漏口(≥10mm)宜结合使用自体脂肪组织进行修补。     

外伤性脑脊液鼻漏的手术治疗

脑脊液鼻漏一般是指前颅窝、蛛网膜及硬脑膜均有损伤和破损,脑脊液经破损处漏出颅外。它是颅脑外伤（尤其是颅底骨折）的严重并发症．其病理基础为蛛网膜、硬脑膜、颅底骨质及鼻黏膜的缺损。有作者报道脑脊液鼻漏由创伤所致者占81％～90％．占所有头部外伤的2％,在面部骨折的病人中脑脊液鼻漏发生率大约是25％。本病大多经非手术治疗而愈,仍有部分病例迁延不愈或反复颅内感染,需经手术修补漏口才能治愈。2003年至2007年．本院采用扩大额下硬膜外人路．成功修补前颅底骨折致脑脊液鼻漏25例,随访3月至3年,疗效满意。现报道如下。     

神经导航辅助内镜经鼻修补外伤性脑脊液鼻漏

目的 探讨神经导航辅助内镜经鼻入路修补外伤性脑脊液鼻漏的方法 与效果。方法 回顾性分析2021年6月至2022年9月于本院行神经导航辅助内镜经鼻入路修补外伤性脑脊液鼻漏的6例患者，观察患者的手术效果和手术并发症。结果 6例患者术中共发现8处脑脊液漏漏口均顺利修补。术后随访3～9个月，所有患者脑脊液鼻漏均治愈，无手术相关并发症。手术神经内镜下操作时间52 min至2h23 min，平均（72±28） min。结论 神经导航辅助内镜经鼻入路修补外伤性脑脊液鼻漏手术效果确切，创伤小，值得临床推广应用。     

神经内镜辅助下创伤性脑脊液鼻漏的治疗

目的探讨神经内镜辅助下创伤性脑脊液鼻漏修补的手术方法 ,并就相关问题进行讨论。方法神经内镜下经鼻手术修补创伤性脑脊液鼻漏19例,术前根据临床表现、实验室检查、辅助以颅底CT扫描、脑池造影等获得诊断,采用自体阔筋膜片修补颅底缺损。结果 19例患者中18例术后当时均无脑脊液鼻漏,1例术后复发经保守治疗治愈。手术成功率为94.7%。所有患者均无新出现的神经功能缺失。所有病人经随访1~3年均未再次出现脑脊液漏。结论神经内镜下创伤性脑脊液鼻漏修补术创伤小、直观、手术成功率高,可以作为首选手术方法。     

颅底骨折致脑脊液漏的临床诊治

颅底骨折是颅脑损伤中常见的一类颅骨骨折，由于颅底颅骨与硬脑膜紧密相连，故颅底骨折容易造成硬脑膜与蛛网膜的撕裂，引起脑脊液漏，如处理不当极易引起颅内感染。本院于1999至2005共收治颅底骨折脑脊液漏病人117例，效果良好。     

HPET在外伤性脑脊液鼻漏的应用价值

外伤性脑脊液鼻漏临床上较常见,大多数病人经保守治疗能治愈,部分病人经手术修补治愈,但是仍有少部分病人发展为顽固性脑脊液鼻漏.以往由于缺乏较有效的检查方法明确脑脊液鼻漏部位,给手术带来盲目性,术中往往找不到漏口,导致手术失败.本院于2003年起,应用发射型计算机断层扫描仪(鹰眼HPET)查明漏口位置,再行脑脊液鼻漏修补,效果较理想.     

鼻内窥镜下脑脊液鼻漏修补术

脑脊液鼻漏是由于脑膜破裂,脑脊液自颅骨生理或病理的缝隙、缺损进入鼻腔或鼻窦的疾病,往,主继发颅内感染而危及生命。近年来鼻内窥镜技术的发展,范围已经拓展至鼻神经外科领域。本应用鼻内窥镜技术成功进行脑脊液鼻漏修补术2例,报告如下。     

颈椎前路减压并发脑脊液漏的手术治疗

目的探讨颈椎病前路减压并发脑脊液漏的手术治疗方式及其疗效。方法对颈椎前路减压术后脑脊液漏6例采用非手术治疗,仍持续存在脑脊液漏,均再次行手术探查修补治疗。结果经探查修补手术治疗后,6例均治愈。术后随访3～20个月,神经功能恢复良好,无切口感染及脑脊液囊肿形成。结论对颈椎前路减压术后脑脊液漏经非手术治疗后效果不明显者,采用手术探查人工硬脑膜、纤维蛋白凝胶等修补治疗,疗效满意。     

鼻内窥镜下修补脑脊液鼻漏

目的探讨经鼻内窥镜修补脑脊液鼻漏的方法和疗效。方法于2004年5月～10月间应用鼻内窥镜处理脑脊液鼻漏3例：寻找到瘘孔后，利用肌浆填补法修补瘘孔，其中采用Messerklinger入路处理额窦、筛顶鼻漏各1例，Wigand入路处理蝶窦鼻漏1例。结果全部病例均一次手术修补成功，随访半年无复发。结论在鼻内窥镜下寻找瘘孔，利用肌肉组织和筋膜修补脑脊液鼻漏可取得较好的疗效。     

EC耳脑胶修补外伤脑脊液鼻漏临床分析

目的总结EC耳脑胶在脑脊液鼻漏中的应用效果。方法对15例外伤性脑脊液鼻漏患者采用额底硬膜外入路,EC胶自体组织粘贴术,术前行颅底CT三维成形进行漏口定位。结果本组术后14例痊愈,1例术后1月发生脑积水,行脑室腹腔分流后痊愈。均获随访,时间3月～1年,无复发。结论应用EC耳脑胶修补外伤脑脊液鼻漏具有简便、安全、成功率高的特点,值得推广使用。     

硬脑膜补丁修补法与普通硬脑膜缝合在关于后颅窝手术术后并发症的比较

目的探讨硬脑膜补丁修补法与普通硬脑膜缝合在预防后颅窝手术术后皮下积液、脑脊液漏中的优势。方法对2016年10月至2019年4月采用硬脑膜补丁修补法修补缺损硬脑膜40例,同期常规修补方式修补缺损硬脑膜60例患者资料进行分析。结果硬脑膜补丁修补的40例中,术后2例(5%)出现皮下积液,1(2.5%)例出现脑脊液漏,1例(2.5%)出现颅内感染。普通硬脑膜缝合的60例中,15例(25%)出现皮下积液,7例(11.6%)出现脑脊液漏,4例(6.6%)出现颅内感染。结论硬脑膜补丁法修补法在预防后颅窝手术术后皮下积液明显优于常规修补法。     

Endoscopic Endonasal Repair of Cerebrospinal Fluid Leakage Caused by a Rare Traumatic Clival Fracture

An 89-year-old male presented with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea associated with head trauma sustained as a pedestrian in a traffic accident. Computed tomography (CT) showed pneumocephalus and multiple cranial bone fractures, including the clivus. Although the CSF rhinorrhea was treated conservatively for a week, clinical symptoms did not improve and surgical repair was performed. Preoperative thin-sliced bone CT and steady-state magnetic resonance images revealed a bone defect at the middle clivus and a collection of CSF fluid from the clival fistula in the sphenoid sinus. Endoscopic endonasal reconstruction was performed, and the 3-mm diameter dural tear and bone defect at the middle clivus were well visualized. The fistula was repaired using a pedicled nasoseptal mucosal flap. The CSF rhinorrhea completely disappeared as a result of the endoscopic endonasal surgery. The present report describes a rare case of CSF rhinorrhea caused by a traumatic clival fracture and surgical management by endoscopic endonasal surgery.     

Extracranial repair of cerebrospinal fluid fistulas: technique and results in 37 patients

Although neurosurgeons have traditionally preferred intracranial repair for the management of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fistulas, this approach is associated with the complications of a craniotomy, anosmia, and a high incidence of recurrent fistulas. Extracranial repair, on the other hand, produces no central nervous system morbidity, preserves olfaction, and is associated with a low incidence of recurrence. Although there have been several reports of extracranial repair of CSF fistulas by otorhinolaryngologists, this approach has received scant mention in the neurosurgical literature. We report here our experience with 37 patients with CSF rhinorrhea or otorrhea who underwent extracranial repair. The etiology of the fistula was postoperative in 22, traumatic in 6, and spontaneous in 9. The fistulas were repaired using one of four techniques: external ethmoid-sphenoid in 18 patients, transmastoid in 9, transseptosphenoid in 7, and osteoplastic frontal sinusotomy in 3. In 32 of the 37 patients (86%) the fistulas were successfully repaired with the initial procedure. Of the 5 patients requiring a second operation, the fistula was successfully closed in 4 for an overall success rate of 97%. Complications were few and consisted of a transient facial paresis in a patient undergoing transmastoid repair and one death from meningitis. The authors conclude that because of low morbidity and mortality and a high success rate in closing fistulas, extracranial repair is the preferred technique for the operative management of CSF rhinorrhea and otorrhea.     

扩大额下硬膜外入路治疗外伤性脑脊液鼻漏

目的 探讨外伤性脑脊液鼻漏的手术方法。方法 对14例创伤性脑脊液鼻漏采用扩大额下硬膜外入路修补治疗。用CT、MRI、CT脑池造影进行术前瘘口定位。结果 本组14例随访3个月—3年。除8例嗅觉丧失或减退外，无严重并发症，无手术死亡。结论 扩大额下硬膜外入路适用于脑脊液鼻漏的修补，手术安全，并发症少，疗效满意。     

Microsurgical treatment of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea in sphenoidal sinus

Objective:To explore the clinical manifestation,diagnosis and surgical treatment of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea in sphenoidal sinus.Methods: Nine cases of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea in spenoidal sinus from 2007 to 2009 were retrospectivelyanalyzed consisting of their possible etiological factors,clinical manifestations, localization of the leakage site and treatment methods. Among them, there were 3 cases of traumatic rhinorrhea, 4 postoperative rhinorrhea and 2 spontaneous rhinorrhea. All 9 patients underwent 3-dimensional CT scan in sellar region including all para-nasal sinus. Leakage site was identified and repairing procedure was performed through trans-sphenoidal approach.Results:All cases were cured with the trans-sphenoidal microsurgical procedure. They were followed up for 9 months to 2 years. No recurrence, no infection and epilepsy complications were observed.Conclusion:For the cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea at sphenoidal sinus, it is critical to identify the leakage site accurately and the trans-sphenoidal approach is a microinvasive and effective way to repair the leakage, which is worthy to be advocated.     

Microsurgical treatment of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea in sphenoidal sinus

Objective:To explore the clinical manifestation,diagnosis and surgical treatment of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea in sphenoidal sinus.Methods: Nine cases of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea in spenoidal sinus from 2007 to 2009 were retrospectivelyanalyzed consisting of their possible etiological factors,clinical manifestations, localization of the leakage site and treatment methods. Among them, there were 3 cases of traumatic rhinorrhea, 4 postoperative rhinorrhea and 2 spontaneous rhinorrhea. All 9 patients underwent 3-dimensional CT scan in sellar region including all para-nasal sinus. Leakage site was identified and repairing procedure was performed through trans-sphenoidal approach.Results:All cases were cured with the trans-sphenoidal microsurgical procedure. They were followed up for 9 months to 2 years. No recurrence, no infection and epilepsy complications were observed.Conclusion:For the cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea at sphenoidal sinus, it is critical to identify the leakage site accurately and the trans-sphenoidal approach is a microinvasive and effective way to repair the leakage, which is worthy to be advocated.     

Late Manifestations of Traumatic Lesions of the Anterior Skull Base

The authors review their experience in detecting occult traumatic dural lesions. In a retrospective study covering the period from January 1, 1984 to December 31, 1996, 23 patients were evaluated for occult traumatic dural lesions. Clinical presentation, diagnostic work-up, and management of the dural lesions were analyzed.

The clinical presentations of the previously undetected dural lesions of the anterior skull base were meningitis in eight cases, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea in eight cases, both meningitis and CSF rhinorrhea in five cases, and a pulsating swelling in the region of the right upper eyelid in one case. In another case a fracture of the posterior frontal wall was detected incidentally on the preoperative CT scan performed prior to surgery for chronic sinusitis. One patient had a CSF fistula of the lateral skull base in addition to the frontobasal fistula. The interval between trauma and diagnosis varied from 1 to 48 years. Dural lesions were localized by high-resolution CT, fluorescein nasal endoscopy, CT cisternography, and MRI. Intraoperative exposure of the dural lesions and duraplasty were possible in all cases. During the first attempt successful repair of the dural lesions was accomplished in 22 (95.7%) of the 23 patiants. Two interventions were necessary to close a CSF leak of the cribriform plate.

Modern clinical and radiologic diagnostic methods should be employed to search for an occult dural lesion in patients with recurrent meningitis, meningitis caused by upper airway pathogens, or CSF rhinorrhea. The patient will remain at risk of potentially fatal meningitis until the lesion is appropriately repaired by duraplasty.

     

Late manifestations of traumatic lesions of the anterior skull base

The authors review their experience in detecting occult traumatic dural lesions. In a retrospective study covering the period from January 1, 1984 to December 31, 1996, 23 patients were evaluated for occult traumatic dural lesions. Clinical presentation, diagnostic work-up, and management of the dural lesions were analyzed.The clinical presentations of the previously undetected dural lesions of the anterior skull base were meningitis in eight cases, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea in eight cases, both meningitis and CSF rhinorrhea in five cases, and a pulsating swelling in the region of the right upper eyelid in one case. In another case a fracture of the posterior frontal wall was detected incidentally on the preoperative CT scan performed prior to surgery for chronic sinusitis. One patient had a CSF fistula of the lateral skull base in addition to the frontobasal fistula. The interval between trauma and diagnosis varied from 1 to 48 years. Dural lesions were localized by high-resolution CT, fluorescein nasal endoscopy, CT cisternography, and MRI. Intraoperative exposure of the dural lesions and duraplasty were possible in all cases. During the first attempt successful repair of the dural lesions was accomplished in 22 (95.7%) of the 23 patiants. Two interventions were necessary to close a CSF leak of the cribriform plate.Modern clinical and radiologic diagnostic methods should be employed to search for an occult dural lesion in patients with recurrent meningitis, meningitis caused by upper airway pathogens, or CSF rhinorrhea. The patient will remain at risk of potentially fatal meningitis until the lesion is appropriately repaired by duraplasty.