Evaluation of antipyretic potential of Leucas lavandulaefolia (Labiatae) aerial part extract

Methanol extract of Leucas lavandulaefolia (LLFE) was subjected to antipyretic evaluation with yeast-induced pyrexia in rats. A yeast suspension (10 mL/kg, s.c.) increased the rectal temperature 19 h after administration. The extract at doses of 100, 200, 400 mg/kg (i.p.) produced significant dose dependent lowering of body temperature in yeast-provoked elevation of body temperature in rats. The antipyretic effect produced was comparable to that of a standard antipyretic drug, paracetamol.     

Evaluation of antipyretic potential of Cleome viscosa Linn. (Capparidaceae) extract in rats

The antipyretic activity of a methanol extract of Cleome viscosa Linn. (CVME) was investigated for its potential on normal body temperature and yeast-induced pyrexia in albino rats. The CVME, at doses of 200, 300, and 400mg/kg BW p.o., showed significant reduction in normal body temperature and yeast-provoked elevated temperature in a dose-dependent manner. The effect also extended upto 5h after the drug administration. The anti-pyretic effect of CVME was comparable to that of paracetamol (150mg/kg p.o.), a standard anti-pyretic agent.     

Evaluation of antipyretic potential of Vernonia cinerea extract in rats

The methanol extract of the whole plant of Vernonia cinerea (MEVC) was evaluated for its antipyretic potential on normal body temperature and yeast-induced pyrexia in rats. MEVC significantly reduced the normal body temperature at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight p.o. MEVC also lowered the elevated body temperature in the case of yeast-induced pyrexia in a dose dependent manner. The antipyretic effect of the extract at a dose of 500 mg/kg was identical to that of the standard drug paracetamol.     

基于GC-MS代谢组学技术的狭叶柴胡解热作用研究

目的 采用GC-MS代谢组学技术研究狭叶柴胡的解热作用,并初步探讨其作用机制.方法 SD大鼠随机分为对照组,模型组,狭叶柴胡提取物高、中、低剂量(生药40、20、10 g/kg)组、阿司匹林(100 mg/kg)阳性对照组,干酵母诱导SD大鼠发热后分2次给药.造模后5～10 h每隔1h观察大鼠的体温变化;采集造模后10 h大鼠血浆,进行GC-MS代谢组学分析,并寻找发热的潜在生物标志物.结果 阿司匹林具有很好的解热效果,在给药2h后体温即与对照组无显著差异(P＞0.05).不同剂量的狭叶柴胡提取物使发热大鼠的体温有不同程度的降低,解热作用与剂量相关;高剂量组起效较快,在第1次给药后1h即与模型组有显著差异(P＜0.01);中剂量组在第2次给药后1h效果最好,体温与对照组相比无显著差异(P＞0.05);低剂量组大鼠体温在各个时间点与模型组相比均无显著差异,体温曲线波动较大,表明药物在该剂量虽可干预体温的升高,但未产生明显效果.通过代谢组学技术指认了与发热相关的17个潜在生物标志物,且不同剂量狭叶柴胡提取物均能调节这些标志物的改变.结论 狭叶柴胡具有良好的解热作用且与剂量相关,其可能从酶抑制、神经递质、糖脂代谢、氨基酸及能量代谢等多层面协同发挥作用,具有多靶点性.     

Effect of Zizyphus sativa leaves on blood glucose levels in normal and alloxan-diabetic rats

An alcoholic extract of Zizyphus sativa leaves was tested for hypoglycemic activity in normal and alloxan-diabetic rats. Single (100-400 mg/kg) oral doses of extract to normal animals showed a dose-dependent statistically significant lowering of blood glucose 2, 4 and 6 h later. The effect was most pronounced at 6 h with blood glucose returning to control values at 24 h. In alloxan-diabetic rats, no significant effect was observed with extract and tolbutamide. The minimum lethal dose was greater than 3000 mg/kg, orally in mice.     

Studies on psychopharmacological effects of Cleome viscosa Linn. extract in rats and mice

Methanol extract of the entire plant Cleome viscosa Linn. (CVME) was evaluated for different psychopharmacological actions such as general behaviour, exploratory behaviour, muscle relaxant activity and phenobarbitone induced sleeping time and effects on normal body temperature in rats and mice. The extract was found to cause reduction in spontaneous activity, decrease in exploratory behavioural pattern by the head dip and Y-maze test, reduction in the muscle relaxant by rotarod, 30 degrees inclined screen and traction tests and caused significant lowering of body temperature. In addition, CVME significantly potentiated the phenobarbitone-induced sleeping time. Preliminary tests indicate that the methanol extract of Cleome viscosa Linn. in doses of 200-400 mg/kg has significant psychopharmacological activity.     

Evaluation of antipyretic activity of Calotropis gigantea (Asclepiadaceae) in experimental animals

The roots of Calotropis gigantea have been used in leprosy, eczema, syphilis, elephantiasis, ulceration and cough in the Indian system of traditional medicine. The present communication evaluated its antipyretic activity by using yeast-induced and TAB (Typhoid) vaccine-induced pyrexia in rats and rabbits. In both yeast-induced and TAB vaccine-induced fever, the fever was significantly reduced and the body temperature was normalized by administration of 200 and 400 mg/kg dose intraperitoneally. Based on the results of the present study it can be concluded that the extract of C. gigantea has potential antipyretic activity against both yeast-induced and TAB vaccine-induced fever, indicating the possibility of developing C. gigantea as a cheaper and potent antipyretic agent.     

Evaluation of analgesic, antipyretic activity and toxicity study of Bryonia laciniosa in mice and rats

Analgesic, antipyretic activity and toxicity study of the leaves of Bryonia laciniosa Linn. (Family: Cucurbitaceae) was evaluated in the standard animal models. The methanol extract of Bryonia laciniosa (MEBL) was evaluated by hot plate and acetic acid-induced writhing methods to assess analgesic activity. The antipyretic activity of the extract was also evaluated by normal body temperature and yeast-induced hyperpyrexia. The extract showed significant analgesic and antipyretic activity. The MEBL was further evaluated for toxicity at the doses of 125 and 250 mg/kg administered orally for 14 days in rats. At the end of experiments, the blood, liver function and kidney metabolism were observed. The hematological profile and different biochemical parameters such as SGOT, SGPT and ALP were estimated. The present study revealed that MEBL exhibited significant analgesic and antipyretic activity in the tested experimental animal models. The toxicity study indicates that the extract is not toxic at the tested doses.     

玉米须多糖的清热利胆作用及急性毒性研究

目的研究玉米须多糖(SMPS)的清热利胆作用及急性毒性。方法采用干酵母、2,4-二硝基苯酚致大鼠发热的模型观察玉米须多糖(SMPS)的解热作用;采用胆管引流法分别收集并计量给药后0.5,1,1.5,2,2.5 h的胆汁的方法观察SMPS对肝脏分泌胆汁的影响;采用测定小鼠胆囊重量的方法观察SMPS对胆囊的影响;对SMPS进行了小鼠急性毒性实验。结果高、中剂量的SMPS对发热大鼠有较好的解热作用;能明显增强胆汁分泌量;促进胆囊收缩,降低胆囊重量;小鼠急性毒性实验表明SMPS毒性低,无法测得LD50。结论玉米须多糖不仅具有明显的清热利胆作用而且小鼠急性毒性实验表明SMPS毒性低,无法测得LD50。     

Pharmacological Study of Cuscuta campestris Yuncker

The dried ethanol extract of the whole plant of Cuscuta campestris Yuncker was studied for its analgesic, antipyretic, antiinflammatory as well as CNS-depressant activities. The extract was given orally at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg. A significant protection against the p -benzoquinone-induced writhing response in mice was observed. A marked lowering of the body temperature of both hyperthermic as well as normothermic mice was produced. Therefore, the extract possesses a hypothermic rather than an antipyretic effect. A marked inhibition of the carrageenan-induced rat hind paw oedema was also obtained. Regarding its CNS action, the extract produced a decrease in the motor activity of mice placed on a rotarod. In the conditioned avoidance reaction test the percentage of failure to avoid electric shock was shown to be increased after administration of the extract without any effect on the escape behaviour of the trained rats. Therefore, the CNS-depressant activity of the extract seems to be due to a tranquillizing effect. It could be concluded that the extract possesses analgesic, hypothermic, antiinflammatory as well as CNS-depressant activities.     

Chronic diuretic effect of the water extract of Spergularia purpurea in normal rats

The purpose of this study was to examine the chronic diuretic effect of the water extract of the whole plant of Spergularia purpurea (SP) at different doses (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) in normal rats. Daily oral administration of the water extract was tested for 4 weeks. Urinary water and electrolytes excretion were determined weekly. Oral administration of the water extract at different doses produced a significant and dose-dependent diuresis and increase in electrolytes excretion. The highest dose (400 mg/kg) of the water extract of SP enhanced urine output from 7.15 +/- 0.42 ml/24 h at the start to 23.01 +/- 0.75 ml/24 h after 4 weeks (p < 0.001). It also produced significant increase in urinary excretion of Na+ (P < 0.01), K+ (P < 0.01) and Cl(-) (P < 0.01). Chronic treatment with SP decreased significantly urine osmolality (P < 0.01 vs. control), while a slight increase in glomerular filtration rate was also observed (P < 0.05) for both doses of water extract (100 and 400 mg/kg). It is concluded that the water extract of whole plant of SP has a significant diuretic effect in rats.     

Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effects of methanol extract from Bauhinia racemosa stem bark in animal models

In this study, the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic effects of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight of methanol extract obtained from Bauhinia racemosa stem bark, the so-called MEBR, were investigated. The effects of MEBR on the acute and chronic phases of inflammation were studied in carrageenan, dextran and mediators (histamine and serotonin)-induced paw oedema and cotton pellet-induced granuloma, respectively. Analgesic effect of MEBR was evaluated in acetic acid-induced writhing and hotplate tests. Antipyretic activity of MEBR was evaluated by yeast-induced hyperpyrexia in rats. The anti-oedema effect of MEBR was compared with 10 mg/kg of indomethacin orally. In acute phase of inflammation, a maximum inhibition of 44.9, 43.2, 44.8 and 45.9% (P<0.001) was noted at the dose of 200 mg/kg b.w. after 3h of treatment with MEBR in carrageenan, dextran, histamine and serotonin-induced paw oedema, respectively. Administration of MEBR (200 mg/kg b.w.) and indomethacin (10 mg/kg b.w.) significantly (P<0.05) decreased the formation of granuloma tissue induced by cotton pellet method at a rate of 50.4 and 56.2%, respectively. The extract also inhibited peritoneal leukocyte migration in mice. The MEBR also produced significant (P<0.01) analgesic activity in both models. Further, the MEBR potentiated the morphine- and aspirin-induced analgesic in mice. Treatment with MEBR showed a significant (P<0.01) dose-dependent reduction in pyrexia in rats. The results suggest that MEBR possess potent anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity.     

Hypoglycemic effect and antioxidant potential of kaempferol-3,7-O-(alpha)-dirhamnoside from Bauhinia forficata leaves

In vivo and in vitro treatments were carried out to investigate the effects of kaempferol-3,7-O-(alpha)-dirhamnoside (kaempferitrin), a major flavonoid compound of the n-butanol fraction from Bauhiniaforficata leaves, on serum glucose levels, as well as its antioxidant potential. Oral administration of kaempferitrin led to a significant hypoglycemic effect in normal and in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. In normal rats, blood glucose lowering was observed only with the higher dose of kaempferitrin (200 mg/kg) at 1 h after treatment. However, the hypoglycemic effect of kaempferitrin in diabetic rats was evident at all doses tested (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg), and this profile was maintained throughout the period studied for both higher doses. Additionally, in glucose-fed hyperglycemic normal rats, the kaempferitrin failed to decrease blood glucose levels. In vitro antioxidant properties or action against reactive oxygen species of this compound was also evaluated. The compound showed high reactivity with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), IC(50) of 84.0 +/- 7.8 microM, inhibited myeloperoxidase activity with K(0.5) = 86 +/- 9.9 microM, and decreased lipid peroxidation, induced by ascorbyl radical either in microsomes or in asolectin and phosphatidylcholine liposomes, with IC(50)'s of 320 +/- 14.1, 223 +/- 8.3, and 112 +/- 8.8 microM, respectively.     

Evaluation of anti-nociceptive,anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of Artemisia scoparia hydromethanolic extract

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Artemisia scoparia (redstem wormwood) locally known as jhahoo or jaukay, is traditionally used in pain, inflammation and febrile conditions. So far, little or no scientific work has been reported to validate its folk uses in the alleviation of pain, fever and inflammation. The present study was designed to explore the analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects of the Artemisia scoparia hydromethanolic extract (ASHME), and to validate its traditional use in Asia.

Materials and methods

This study made use of thermal (hot plate induced) and chemical (acetic acid induced) nociception models in mice. In addition, the mechanism of antinociception in hot plate test was further evaluated in the presence of caffeine (10 mg/kg), naloxone (2 mg/kg) and monosodium glutamate (1 g/kg). While carrageenan induced rat paw edema and yeast induced mouse pyrexia models were used to test the anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities.

Results

Administration of single intraperitoneal doses (400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg) of ASHME significantly reduced the carrageenan induced paw edema in rats (P<0.05, P<0.001) by 54% and 74%, increased the thermal nociception time in the hot plate test up to 2- and 2.5-fold (P<0.01, P<0.001), inhibited the acetic acid induced writhings in mice by 41.12% and 61.53% (P<0.001), and attenuated the yeast induced pyrexia in mice by nearly 74% and 90% respectively (P<0.01, P<0.001). Caffeine (10 mg/kg), naloxone (2 mg/kg) and monosodium glutamate (1 g/kg) significantly (P<0.001) abolished the anti-nociceptive response of ASHME (400 mg/kg).

Conclusion

These findings suggest that the Artemisia scoparia hydromethanolic extract of ASHME possesses anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic potentials, which support its use, for the said conditions, in traditional medicine and should be further exploited for its use in clinical medicine.     

Anti-inflammatory evaluation of Ficus racemosa Linn. leaf extract

The anti-inflammatory activity of Ficus racemosa extract was evaluated on carrageenin, serotonin, histamine and dextran-induced rat hind paw oedema models. The extract at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg has been found to possess significant anti-inflammatory activity on the tested experimental models. The extract (400 mg/kg) exhibited maximum anti-inflammatory effect, that is 30.4, 32.2, 33.9 and 32.0% at the end of 3 h with carrageenin, serotonin, histamine, dextran-induced rat paw oedema, respectively. In a chronic test the extract (400 mg/kg) showed 41.5% reduction in granuloma weight. The effect produced by the extract was comparable to that of phenylbutazone, a prototype of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent.     

Antipyretic and Anticonvulsant Activity of Polygonatum verticillatum: Comparison of Rhizomes and Aerial Parts

The current study was undertaken to explore the antipyretic and anticonvulsant profile of the Polygonatum verticillatum in established pharmacological paradigms. The crude methanol extract of rhizomes (PR) and aerial parts (PA) of the plant were tested in Brewer's‐yeast‐induced pyrexia and pentylenetetrazole‐induced convulsion test. PR and PA both evoked prominent antipyretic activity (p < 0.01) in a dose‐dependent manner during all assessment times at the dose of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg intraperitoneally. The protection elicited by PR (82.20%) at 200 mg/kg was comparable with aspirin (88.48%) as a standard drug at 100 mg/kg. However, PA was less potent, and maximum protection was 64% at 200 mg/kg. Both PR and PA were devoid of any anticonvulsant activity. Our results demonstrated prominent evidence of antipyretic activity of P. verticillatum that is consistent with the folk uses of the plant. In addition from a biodiversity point of view, PA of the plant can also be used as an alternate of PR. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Screening of Icacina trichantha extracts for pharmacological activity

Some preliminary studies were conducted on the biological activities of Icacina trichantha in mice. In vitro tests performed with the 70% ethanol, petroleum ether and aqueous extracts of tubers, roots, stems and leaves did not show contraction of isolated guinea pig ileum up to a bath concentration of 40.5 mg/ml. Graded oral doses (100, 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg) of the aqueous extract of tubers produced wet faeces in mice with the number of wet faeces increasing with increasing dose up to 400 mg/kg. A time-course study of the purgative effect showed the maximum purgative response to be 7-8 h after oral dosing. The aqueous extract of tubers significantly potentiated pentobarbital-induced loss of righting reflex at a dose of 80 mg/kg i.p. but this dose did not protect mice from strychnine or leptazole convulsions and death.     

Effect of Cassia auriculata Linn. on serum glucose level,glucose utilization by isolated rat hemidiaphragm

An aqueous leaf extract of Cassia auriculata (C. auriculata) was found to lower the serum glucose level in normal rats. Maximum reduction in serum glucose level was observed after 4 h at a dose levels of 100, 200, 400 mg/kg body weight of the extract. In normal rats the serum glucose level reduction at 4th h was 23% by 100 mg/kg body weight and 31% by 200 mg/kg body weight. In alloxan-induced diabetic rats, chronic administration of the extract significantly reduced the serum glucose level from third day to till the end of the experiment. The extract was also found to inhibit the body weight reduction induced by alloxan administration. Glucose uptake and glycogen deposition studies suggest that C. auriculata leaf extract probably has no direct insulin like effect which can enhance the peripheral utilization of glucose.     

Glucose lowering efficacy of Ficus racemosa bark extract in normal and alloxan diabetic rats

The glucose-lowering efficacy of a methanol extract of the stem bark of Ficus racemosa Linn. (MEBFR) (Family Moraceae) was evaluated both in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The MEBFR at the doses examined (200 and 400 mg/kg p.o.) exhibited significant hypoglycaemic activity in both experimental animal models when compared with the control group. The activity was also comparable to that of the effect produced by a standard antidiabetic agent, glibenclamide 10 mg/kg. The present investigation established pharmacological evidence to support the folklore claim that it is an antidiabetic agent.