心脏不停跳加单向活瓣补片法在合并重度肺动脉高压先心病手术中的应用

目的探讨心脏不停跳加单向活瓣补片法在合并重度肺动脉高压先心病手术中的应用。方法13例合并重度肺动脉高压先心病患者采用心脏不停跳加单向活瓣补片法手术治疗,对手术适应证的把握,围术期的处理,特别是术中采用心脏不停跳方法应注意的问题进行分析。结果全组均顺利脱离体外循环机,无空气栓塞并发症。1例室缺患者并发肺部感染死亡。其余患者均于术后2~5 d脱离呼吸机顺利恢复。术后1周复查心脏彩超9例无分流,Pp/Ap为0.45~0.63。3例有右向左单向分流,Pp/Ap为0.76~0.82。术后3个月复查仅1例存在分流,Pp/Ap为0.74,术后6个月分流消失。12例生存患者术后生活质量明显提高,心功能为Ⅰ~Ⅱ级。结论采用心脏不停跳加单向活瓣补片法拓宽了治疗合并重度肺动脉高压先心病的适应证,同时极大程度地降低了术中的心肌损伤,取得了良好的心肌保护效果,为患者安全度过围术期提供了保障。     

小儿先天性心脏病肺动脉高压的扩血管治疗研究进展

肺动脉高压（pulmonary hypertension,PH）是指肺动脉平均压〉25mmHg（休息时）或〉30mmHg（运动时）,经常伴有肺血管阻力（pulmonary vascular resistance,PVR）增高,是先天性心脏病（congenital heart defect,CHD）常见的并发症。在大型室间隔缺损、动脉导管未闭、完全性房室隔缺损和完全性肺静脉异位引流的患者中,婴幼儿期就可能合并严重PH。如PH未得到有效控制,最终将导致右心衰竭,甚至在CHD术后引起肺血管阻力急剧升高,导致肺动脉高压危象和低心排综合征,是合并PH的CHD患儿根治术后预后不良的主要原因之一。可以说,PH在很大程度上决定了CHD息儿的预后。血管扩张剂治疗是PH内科治疗的主要手段,其目的是降低肺血管阻力和肺动脉压力,维持体循环血压,纠正右向左分流和改善氧合。肺动脉高压时存在明显的肺动脉收缩,应用血管扩张剂可改善其症状、血流动力学和生存率。本文主要综述近期扩血管治疗在先心病肺动脉高压上的应用。     

尾加压素Ⅱ及一氧化氮在先天性心脏病肺动脉高压中的变化及意义

目的 观察先天性心脏病（CHD）合并肺动脉高压（PH）患者手术前后尾加压素Ⅱ（UⅡ）及一氧化氮（NO）的变化。方法 52例左向右分流型CHD患者，按肺动脉收缩压（PASP）分为3组。分别测定各组手术前后UⅡ及NO含量，并比较两者的变化；分析两者与肺动脉压力（PAP）的关系。结果 ①术前UⅡ含量各组间差异无显著性（P〉0．05），UⅡ与PAP无关（P=0．0937）。②术前NO含量随PAP增高而减低，与PAP呈负相关（r=-0．7348，P=0．0271）。③术后各组UⅡ无明显改变（P均〉0．05）。④术后各组NO均呈升高趋势。其中无和轻度PH组术后7dNO与术前相比，差异有显著性（P〈0.05），而中重度组手术前后差异无显著性（P=0.061）。结论 UⅡ含量与PH程度无明显关系；NO含量随PH程度加重而降低，在PH的形成和血管重建中发挥重要作用。     

高原地区经右腋下小直切口心脏不停跳心内直视手术的初步经验

目的：评价高原地区采用经右腋下小直切口心脏不停跳技术治疗先天性心脏间隔缺损合并肺动脉高压的早期效果;方法：回顾性分析2001年6月至2001年9月在海拔3700m手术治疗的先天性心脏间隔缺损患者10例,其中藏族6例,世居西藏地区的汉族4例;年龄3岁－11岁,平均7．4岁－2．3岁;继发孔型房间隔（ASD）5例、室间隔缺损（VSD）4例、VSD合并ASD1例;合并中度以上三尖瓣关闭不全6例;合并轻度肺动脉高压2例,中度肺动脉高压6例,严重肺动脉高压2例;均经右腋中线纵向小切口,在浅低温、中度血液稀释体外循环下施行手术。采用心脏不停跳技术,行ASD修补术5例、VSD修补6例,其中直接缝合5例、补片修补1例,三尖瓣改良De Vega成形术6例;结果：无早期死亡。均未出现心、肺和神经等系统严重的并发症;出院时经超声心动图检查未发现残余漏;术后7天－10天均痊愈出院;结论：高原地区采用经右腋下小直切口心脏不停跳技术,施行先天性心脏间隔缺损心内直视修补技术,能减轻缺血再灌注损伤,而且切口隐藏、美观,可取得满意的早期疗效。     

高原地区先心病合并肺动脉高压介入治疗的麻醉处理

目的：探讨高原地区先心病合并肺动脉高压介入治疗的麻醉处理。方法：本组患儿93例,男59例,女34例,术前经彩超检查肺动脉收缩压为（58±17）mmHg（1mmHg=0.133kPa）,患儿入室后经面罩吸氧,监测心电,脉搏氧饱合度,无创袖带监测血压,对于可合作患儿经外周静脉缓慢静推氯胺酮2mg/kg,咪达唑仑0.1mg/kg,对不合作患儿肌注氯胺酮（6~8）mg/kg,咪达唑仑0.1mg/kg,待患儿入睡后静脉持续泵入丙泊酚（5~10）mg/（kg.h）维持麻醉。术闭停丙泊酚,监测心电,脉氧,持续吸氧送回病房。结果：本组患儿均顺利完成先心病封堵术,术中镇静、镇痛效果满意,呼吸功能相对稳定,术后肺动脉收缩压降至（37±11）mmHg。全组无麻醉并发症。结论：对于高原地区先心病合并肺动脉高压介入手术的麻醉应维持一定的麻醉深度,充分供氧,维持血流动力学稳定,减少肺动脉压力波动,预防肺动脉高压危象的发生,术中积极纠正低氧血症及酸中毒,是麻醉成功的关键。     

先天性心脏病并肺动脉高压围术期的治疗

对47例先天性心脏病（先心病）伴肺动脉高压的病人进行了手术。男31例,女16例,室间隔缺损22例,成人巨大房间隔缺损2例,室间隔缺损并房间隔缺损12例,室间隔缺损合并动脉导管未闭6例,原发孔房间隔缺损2例,室间隔缺损并主-肺动脉间隔缺损、右室双出口并动脉导管未闭及完全性肺静脉异位引流各1例。15例患者行右心导管检查,肺动脉压（73±24）mmHg,全肺阻力（78.0±61.2）kPa/（L/s）,7例患者术中测压,平均肺动脉压（55±13）mmHg,其余为超声心动测压（49±15）mmHg。术前给予吸氧、高压氧及前列腺素E1等治疗,术中应用抑肽酶及低温肺保护液肺动脉灌注等手段。手术死亡率4.3％（2/47）,术后并发症4.3％（2/47）。作者认为,先心病伴肺动脉高压病人围术期的合理治疗可减少术后并发症的发生。     

高海拔地区动脉导管未闭藏族患者介入治疗的疗效分析

 目的 探讨高海拔缺氧地区动脉导管未闭(patent ductus arteriosus,PDA)藏族患者介入手术治疗效果.方法 9例来自西藏、生长环境均在海拔3500 m以上的藏区PDA患者.年龄3～21岁,平均(10 4±5 5)岁,入我院行超声心动图检查确诊后行介入治疗.其中合并轻度肺动脉高压( pulmonary hypertension,PH)1例,中度肺动脉高压1例,重度肺动脉高压2例.手术皆采用国产封堵器在降主动脉造影下行介入封堵.结果 除1例试封堵失败转外科外,余8例手术均取得成功.2例重度PH患者术前测肺动脉收缩压分别为78、83 mmHg,术后即刻测肺动脉收缩压降至16、48 mmHg,中度及轻度PH患者术后即刻肺动脉压均降至正常.术后2例出现一过性血小板减少症,2例存在少量残余分流,无严重肺部感染及封堵器脱落等严重并发症.结论 长期生活在高海拔低氧地区可逆性PH的PDA患者经导管介入封堵治疗安全有效.     

双氧水声学造影在分流性先心病诊断中的应用

本组105例先心病双氧水右心声学造影检查符合率为79%。声学造影检查的优势在于:①对小型缺损具有重要诊断价值。本组有8例2DE及PDE均未见异常,唯有声学造影检出分流而明确了诊断。②对右至左分流检出率高。③无创性估测肺动脉压力。38例心导管检查结果表明:随着肺动脉压力的升高,分流量(右至左)亦增加,当分流量在中等量以上时可诊断为肺动脉高压,其特异性为94.4%(17/18)。本组误诊7例,其原因是经验不足和观察不细。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并肺动脉高压治疗进展

慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）是一种以气流持续受限为特征的疾病,肺动脉高压PH）是COPD的重要并发症。COPD合并PH是指COPD患者在静息状态下,用右心导管测得的平均肺动脉压（mPAP）≥25mmHg,肺毛细血管楔压（PCWP）≤15mmHg,心输出量（CD）正常或减少[1]。2008年在美国Dang Point召开的第四届世界肺动脉高压研讨会颁布的PH诊治指南,将COPD合并PH归类与第三组,即肺部疾病和（或）低氧所致PH[2]。     

先天性心脏病患儿肺动脉内超声成像与右心导管检查的对比研究

目的:探讨在先心病合并重度肺动脉高压(PH)时,肺动脉血管内超声(IVUS)的临床应用价值。材料和方法:对12例合并PH的先心病患儿行右心导管检查的同时进行肺动脉IVUS成像。右心导管测定mPAP、TPR、Qp/Qs,IVUS观测肺动脉管腔大小、内膜和中层的厚度,计算肺动脉管壁厚度比(WTR)以及血管的搏动性。结果:吸入纯氧后mPAP及TPR明显降低,Qp/Qs则明显增高;高阻力组与低阻力组间,肺动脉搏动性在吸氧前后未见显著性差异;在吸氧前后,WTR与TPR具有直线相关。结论:IVUS可以应用于临床,其监测结果与右心导管监测的肺动脉血流动力学变化情况呈高度相关。     

Optimization of the system of medical service of students of Cadet Schools of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

One of the factors of the successful military career guidance Cadet schools students is preserving and promoting their health. Medical support of children and adolescents aged 10-17 years should include the full range of medical and preventive measures defined for this group. The state of providing outpatient care for pupils at the Cadet School in St. Petersburg was studied. These results show that full medical care in accordance with the standards can be based only on children's health clinics. It is important that the organization of medical support pupils cadet schools should be cooperate with civilian health care.     

带状疱疹83例误诊原因分析

带状疱疹是由水痘—带状疱疾病毒引起的皮肤科常见疾病。其主要的病理损害,一是受累神经的严重炎症性浸润,继而导致受侵犯神经节内神经细胞变性、坏死;二是皮肤的水泡。迅速抑制神经节和相应的感觉神经纤维的充血、水肿和坏死,防止粘连形成,达到迅速镇痛、改善皮损,缩短病程及防止后遗症的发生是治疗的关键。因而,尽早明确诊断,     

Estimation of accumulated dose of radiation by method of ESR-spectrometry of dental enamel of mammals

ESR-spectrometry was used to investigate radiation-induced paramagnetic centers in enamel of mammals: carnivores (polar bear and fox), ungulates (reindeer, European bison, moose), and man. Values at half the microwave power saturation of the radiation signal, P_1/2, evaluated at room temperature, was found to range from 16 to 26 mW for animals and man. A new approach to discrimination of the radiation induced signal from the total ESR spectrum of reindeer enamel is proposed. ‘Dose-response’ dependencies of enamel of different species mammals were measured within the dose range from 0.48 up to 10.08 Gy. Estimations of ‘radiosensitivity’ enamel of carnivores and ungulates showed good agreement with radiosensitivity enamel of man by ESR method.     

Analysis of the results of the international comparison of activity measurements of a solution of Fe

The results of an international comparison of activity measurements of a solution of ⁵⁵Fe organized by the BIPM in 2005 are reported and analysed. This exercise, which follows the procedures of the CIPM mutual recognition arrangement to update older comparisons, is a renewal of the comparison organized by the BIPM that took place in 1978. A EUROMET comparison was organized in 1996 specifically to compare activity measurements of a ⁵⁵Fe solution by means of liquid-scintillation techniques. Results of these three comparisons are presented and discussed in this paper.

The radionuclide solution was provided by the NPL, which also distributed the samples to the participants. The activity of the ampoules was measured by 16 laboratories using 12 methods producing 25 results. Some general considerations on uncertainty assessments pertaining to the different techniques used are drawn. The outcome of four different estimators is compared from which the presence of at least one outlier can be confirmed. Further measurements should be made to try to reduce the discrepancy between the results. To date the outcome of the present comparison does not show an improvement to that of the 1996 comparison.     

Evaluation of the results of various technics of non-surgical therapy of varicocele

A new method of non-surgical treatment of varicocele syndrome is described: it consists in sclerotherapy of spermatic vein by trans-femoral percutaneous catheterization with balloon-catheters. In 8 cases venous thrombosis has been induced by direct electric clotting. The techniques and a 6 months follow-up are discussed. It is pointed out that this procedure should be considered as the method of choice for tubular lesions and sub-fertility prophylaxis in young people and in childhood.     

延迟性脾破裂误漏诊原因分析

目的探讨延迟性脾破裂误漏诊原因和预防措施.方法回顾性分析总结12例延迟性脾破裂中的诊断和误漏诊的经验与教训.结果本组延迟性脾破裂的误漏诊5例(41.66%).对多发伤与脾破裂并存可能认识不足,外伤史轻微或伤员隐瞒外伤史,缺乏腹痛-缓解-突然再腹痛的典型病史,缺乏“对冲性脾破裂”力学分析和整体化诊断思路等为其误漏诊的主要原因.结论详细的外伤史和全面系统检查,重视腹以外多发伤掩盖腹内脏器伤及延迟性脾破裂可能.确立外伤-腹内脏器伤-脾破裂整体化诊断思路.不间断地辅以B超检查脾形态学变化和腹内有无积液,腹腔穿刺确定有无血腹、X线胸腹部检查观察左侧胸肋角和膈肌运动情况、必要时CT检查以尽早发现脾包膜下血肿,降低延迟性脾破裂误漏诊率.