Ebstein畸形与正常心脏结构合并右侧房室旁道射频消蚀的对比观察

为探讨心内结构异常合并房室旁道患者射频消蚀的难易程度，对射频消蚀８例先天性心脏病Ｅｂｓｔｅｉｎ畸形（Ⅰ组）与２０例合并右侧房室旁道心内结构正常者（Ⅱ组）进行观察。结果显示：两组心动过速的心室率、旁道的前传和逆传不应期均相近，差异无显著性；两组消蚀导管的选择与操作过程无不同之处，其总操作时间、Ｘ线投照时间和放电次数分别为：１１０±６３ｍｉｎＶＳ１０３±５５ｍｉｎ、４５±２１ｍｉｎＶＳ３９±１７ｍｉｎ、６±４次ＶＳ６±３次，Ｐ均＞０．０５。且两组病例均一次消蚀成功。结果说明Ｅｂｓｔｅｉｎ畸形合并房室旁道的射频消蚀同样较易成功。手术操作需轻柔，对合并右心功能不全者应避免心动过速的诱发；倒“Ｕ”形导管塑形，可加强导管的稳定性。     

右侧房室旁道射频消融治疗的体会

总结射频消融治疗右侧房室旁道２８例，其中显性旁道１１例，隐匿性１７例。经采用ＳＷＡＲＴＺ长血管鞘导管支撑大头电极远端和放电时嘱患者作短暂屏气，使消融成功率达到９６．４％。同时还可降低能量，减少放电次数、放电时间和缩短操作总时间。     

右侧房室旁道射频消融治疗的体会

总结射频消融治疗右侧房室旁道２８例，其中显性旁道１１例，隐匿性１７例。经采用ＳＷＡＲＴＺ长血管鞘导管支撑大头电极远端和放电时嘱患者作短暂屏气，使消融成功率达到９６．４％。同时还可降低能量，减少放电次数、放电时间和缩短操作总时间。     

预激综合征合并三尖瓣下移畸形的射频消蚀：附八例报告

对８例先天性三尖瓣下移畸形合并右侧房室旁路的患者行射频消蚀，结果显示：尽管该类患者有心脏结构的异常，但消蚀导管的选择、操作方法及过程无特殊之处，总操作时间、Ｘ线投照时间以及放电次数也与心脏结构正常的右侧房室旁路相似，成功率高。这一结果证实，射频消蚀为合并先天性心脏病的预激旁路的治疗提供了新的途径。     

导管射频消融治疗阵发性室上性心动过速的临床研究

目的 对97例阵发性室上性心动过速(PSVT)患者进行分析，探讨射频消融的治疗效果及临床特点。方法 回顾性分析97例经导管射频消融治疗PSVT患者的治疗效果，其中房室结内折返性心动过速42例、房室旁道所致房折返性心动过速50例，房室结双径路合并房室旁道5例。结果 房室结双径路42例，其中慢-快型41例，快-慢型1例；房室旁道50例，其中左侧旁道34例，右侧旁道10例，双旁道4例，多旁道1例；房室结双径路合并房室旁道5例，共计107条。成功率95．6％，复发率3．3％，并发症2．2％。结论经导管射频消融治疗阵发性室上性心动过速是安全有效的方法。掌握消副放电时间及能量，减少复发率。操作要规范，细心，减少并发症。     

Swartz鞘管在射频消融术中的临床应用

应用Ｓｗａｒｔｚ导管对２６例（２８条旁道）房室折返性心动过速（ＡＶＲＴ）病人（Ａ组）进行射频消融术,右侧房室旁道１６条,左侧旁道１２条,并与５２例（５４条旁道）常规方法消融结果（Ｂ组）比较,结果显示,１６条右侧房室旁道消融均获成功,平均消融功率（２７．８±６．０）Ｗ（Ｐ＞０．０５）,平均有效放电次数（３．４±３．２）次（Ｐ＜０．０５）,Ｘ线照射时间１９～４６ｍｉｎ（２９．２±８．８ｍｉｎ,Ｐ＜０．００１）;左侧１２条旁道１１条消融成功（９１．７％）,平均消融功率（２６．７±７．１）Ｗ（Ｐ＞０．０５）,平均有效放电次数（２．６±１．７）次（Ｐ＜０．０５）,Ｘ线照射时间２０～４９分（２９．４±１４．１ｍｉｎ,Ｐ＜０．０５）,无手术并发症发生。随访６～３８个月无复发。结果表明Ｓｗａｒｔｚ鞘管可以减少复杂、疑难病例的射频消融放电次数、缩短Ｘ线照射时间。     

右侧壁房室旁道再次射频消融成功的体会

右侧壁是右侧房室旁道导管射频消融（ＲＦＣＡ）较困难区域。对６例ＲＦＣＡ失败和（或）复发的右侧壁房室旁道再次消融成功进行分析，以探讨其消融的方法学。选用８Ｆ加硬大头或温控导管，部分病例使用Ｓｗａｒｔｚ鞘辅助操作，均经静脉途径于三尖瓣环上进行消融。６例患者术中均成功阻断旁道，有效放电１１次、射频电流功率平均４３±６（３０～５０）Ｗ、放电时间平均３７９±８１（２７０～４８０）ｓ，与５０例右侧其它部位旁道消融功率（平均３６±４Ｗ）和时间（平均２４０±２３ｓ）分别相比，Ｐ均＜０．０５。５例患者随访期间停用抗心律失常药物，无心动过速发作；１例术后１６ｈ再次复发。体会：采用高功率、长时间放电可取得一定疗效；常规选用加硬导管，部分使用温控导管，辅以适当的Ｓｗａｒｔｚ鞘管和提高导管操作技巧等有助于提高右侧壁旁道ＲＦＣＡ的成功率。     

在左室以射频消蚀房室结

本研究旨在介绍在左室以射频能量进行导管消蚀房室交界区的新技术。8例药物治疗无效的顽固性室上速患者,年龄51±19岁。房室结折返性心动过速3例,使用隐匿性中间隔旁道的房室折返性心动过速、房性心动过速及房颤各1例,房扑2例。以射频能量在右侧行导管消蚀房室结(6例)或以射频能量及直流电击消蚀房室结(2例)均未成功。频率为350kHz的射频能量以连续的非调制正弦波发放。释放射频电流经由7F四极导管,其顶端电极长4mm,电极间距5mm,     

左室特发性室性心动过速的射频消蚀治疗

经导管射频消蚀治疗特发性左室室性心动过速（ＩＬＶＴ）缺乏大样本评价。该文介绍２６例ＩＬＶＴ病人行射频消蚀治疗的经验。２６例均为男性，年龄３６±１１岁。２１例在室速发作中行激动标测与消蚀，即在左侧室间隔寻找心室波前有较体表心电图ＱＲＳ波提前２０ｍｓ以上的高频、低幅电位或最早心室激动处为消蚀靶点；５例因导管机械刺激终止室速或室速诱发后不能持续而采用起搏标测。２６例病人全部一次消蚀成功，平均随访４个月，１例２个月后复发再治成功，无并发症。平均消蚀术时间１．６±１．１小时，Ｘ线照射时间２６±１６分钟，放电次数为４．０±１．８次，放电功率１０～３０Ｗ。成功消蚀靶点全部在间隔后半部分，主要位于间隔中部。结果表明射频消蚀治疗ＩＬＶＴ安全、有效，可作为这类病人的首选治疗。     

放电过程中房室结改良已经成功的征象

分析经导管射频消蚀治疗房室结折返性心动过速患者９６例资料，全部为典型房室结折返性心动过速。改良房室结时沿三尖瓣环首选希氏束与冠状窦口间距的中点为消蚀靶点，采用时间递增法放电。把持续６０秒以上的放电规定为１次放电，共２１６次。放电过程中有交界性心律或交界性逸搏数量逐渐减少甚至消失者，房室结改良成功率为８１．８％；无明显交界性心律演变者，房室结改良成功率为１８．８％，两者差异具有非常显著性（Ｐ〈０．０     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.