心率震荡现象与心力衰竭

恶性心律失常和心源性猝死是心力衰竭患者死亡的重要原因.心率震荡(HRT)是对心脏室性早搏内源性刺激的反应,不仅反映自主神经功能的变化,也反映在一次室性早搏后心室压力变化所导致的主动脉弓颈动脉窦压力反射调节机制的变化.HRT有望成为预测心力衰竭高危患者的有效预测指标.     

Losartan improves heart rate variability and heart rate turbulence in heart failure due to ischemic cardiomyopathy

BackgroundHeart rate variability (HRV) and heart rate turbulence are known to be disturbed and associated with excess mortality in heart failure. The aim of this study was to investigate whether losartan, when added on top of β-blocker and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) therapy, could improve these indices in patients with systolic heart failure.Methods and ResultsSeventy-seven patients (mean age 60.4 ± 8.0, 80.5% male) with ischemic cardiomyopathy (mean ejection fraction 34.5 ± 4.4%) and New York Heart Association Class II-III heart failure symptoms, already receiving a β-blocker and an ACEI, were randomly assigned to either open-label losartan (losartan group) or no additional drug (control group) in a 2:1 ratio and the patients were followed for 12 weeks. The HRV and heart rate turbulence indices were calculated from 24-hour Holter recordings both at the beginning and at the end of follow-up. The baseline clinical characteristics, HRV, and heart rate turbulence indices were similar in the 2 groups. At 12 weeks of follow-up, all HRV parameters except pNN50 increased (SDNN: 113.2 ± 34.2 versus 127.8 ± 24.1, P = .001; SDANN: 101.5 ± 31.7 versus 115.2 ± 22.0, P = .001; triangular index: 29.9 ± 11.1 versus 34.2 ± 7.9, P = .008; RMSSD: 29.1 ± 20.2 versus 34.3 ± 23.0, P = .009; NN50: 5015.3 ± 5554.9 versus 6446.7 ± 6101.1, P = .024; NN50: 5.65 ± 6.41 versus 7.24 ± 6.99, P = .089; SDNNi: 45.1 ± 13.3 versus 50.3 ± 14.5, P = .004), turbulence onset decreased (−0. 61 ± 1.70 versus −1.24 ± 1.31, P = .003) and turbulence slope increased (4.107 ± 3.881 versus 5.940 ± 4.281, P = .004) significantly in the losartan group as compared with controls.ConclusionsA 12-week-long losartan therapy significantly improved HRV and heart rate turbulence in patients with Class II-III heart failure and ischemic cardiomyopathy already on β-blockers and ACEI.     

Short-term variability of heart rate turbulence in chronic heart failure

Background

Heart rate turbulence (HRT) is associated with risk in chronic heart failure (CHF). The objective of this study was to assess the short-term variability of HRT and to compare the diagnostic yield of 7-day (7DH) versus 24-hour (1DH) Holter monitoring for calculating HRT in a CHF population.

Methods and Results

Forty-nine consecutive patients with CHF were studied. At inclusion, 7DH was performed to evaluate the variability of HRT parameters. For categorized analyses, turbulence onset (TO) ≥0% and turbulence slope (TS) ≤2.5 ms/RR were defined as abnormal, and patients were classified into subgroups based on the number of abnormal HRT parameters.The cumulative percentage of patients with calculable HRT increased from 69.4% with 1DH to 93.9% with 7DH. The intraclass correlation coefficients across the 7-day monitoring were 0.81 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.70–0.89) for TO and 0.90 (95% CI 0.84–0.95) for TS. When comparing 2 randomly selected days, TO and TS values were similar (P > .1) and showed a strong correlation (TO: r = 0.79; TS: r = 0.84: P < .001). Bland-Altman plots showed a mean difference of 0.31% (95% CI −0.07 to 0.70) for TO and 0.44 ms/RR (95% CI −1.37 to 0.48) for TS. In contrast, categorized analyses showed that up to 16% of patients changed their HRT subgroup score from day 1 to day 2 of comparison.

Conclusions

In this population, 7DH significantly increased the percentage of patients with calculable HRT parameters. The short-term variability of the quantitative HRT values was good, but when patients were categorized into the established HRT subgroups, the concordance was suboptimal.     

Relation of heart rate and blood pressure turbulence following premature ventricular complexes to baroreflex sensitivity in chronic congestive heart failure

Reduced heart rate variability (HRV) and attenuated baroreflex sensitivity (BS) after myocardial infarction and in patients with chronic congestive heart failure (CHF) are associated with poor prognosis. Recent studies have shown that a large proportion of the prognostic power from HRV measurements is localized in heart rate turbulence immediately after ventricular premature complexes. The mechanism of heart rate turbulence remains unknown. In the present study, we explore its relation to BS. In 45 patients with CHF and > or =3 ectopic beats in a 30-minute period, measurements of RR interval and continuous, noninvasive blood pressure (BP) were studied at rest. In response to an ectopic beat, average heart rate turbulence was 9.4 ms/beat (SD 6.1). Mean BP turbulence was 0.72 mm Hg/beat (SD 0.56). Using the ratio of heart rate and BP turbulence slopes to estimate BS showed good agreement (r = 0.67, p < 0.0001) with the alpha-index method (BSalpha). This relation was attributable to a marked correlation between heart rate turbulence and BSalpha (r = 0.70, p <0.0001); there was no correlation between BP turbulence and the BSalpha (r = 0.1, p = NS). Twenty-nine percent of patients had postectopic pulsus alternans, with a mean decay time of 1.4 beats (SD 0.5). The presence of pulsus alternans was associated with a significantly lower heart rate turbulence slope (6.3 [SEM 1.0] vs 10.7 [SEM 1.2] ms/beat, p = 0.03). Thus, heart rate turbulence is an effective measure of the baroreflex, correlating strongly with a standard measure. This is because it is the heart rate, rather than the BP, response to an ectopic beat that conveys the information relevant to BS measurement.     

Relation of serum parathyroid hormone level to severity of heart failure

Increased parathyroid hormone (PTH) level is associated with all-cause mortality in patients with heart failure (HF). However its role for identifying advanced HF has not been previously studied. We aimed to investigate whether the assessment of serum PTH could enable clinicians to identify patients with advanced HF. One hundred fifty consecutive patients who visited our outpatient clinic with systolic HF were enrolled in the present study. Serum levels of PTH and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) were measured across all New York Heart Association functional classes. Mean levels of PTH were 43 ± 19, 84 ± 56, 121 ± 47, and 161 ± 60 pg/ml in New York Heart Association functional classes I, II, III, and IV, respectively (p <0.001). In univariate analysis, body mass index, disease duration, PTH, BNP and hemoglobin levels, creatinine clearance, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, left ventricular ejection fraction, left ventricular diastolic diameter, left atrial size, presence of atrial fibrillation, and diuretic usage were found to be predictors of advanced HF. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, PTH level (hazard ratio 1.032, 95% confidence interval 1.003 to 1.062, p = 0.003) and body mass index (hazard ratio 0.542, 95% confidence interval 0.273 to 1.075, p = 0.079) were associated with advanced HF. Furthermore, serum PTH levels were correlated with BNP level and left ventricular ejection fraction (p <0.001 for the 2 comparisons). In receiver operator characteristics curve analysis, the optimal cut-off value of PTH to predict advanced HF was >96.4 pg/ml, with 93.3% sensitivity and 64.2% specificity. In conclusion, measurement of serum PTH could provide complementary information and a simple biomarker strategy to categorize patients with advanced HF based on increased PTH levels, allowing rapid risk stratification in these patients.     

充血性心力衰竭患者窦性心率震荡现象及其临床意义

目的观察心率震荡(HRT)现象在慢性充血性心力衰竭(CHF)患者中的变化,并探讨其临床意义。方法选择66例CHF患者和30例室性期前收缩者(对照组)。其中CHF患者按纽约心功能分级(NYHA)分为轻度CHF组(NYHAⅡ级,29例)和重度CHF组(NYHAⅢ～Ⅳ级,37例);又根据预后不同分为死亡组(11例)和生存组(55例)。所有研究对象经超声心动图测量左心室射血分数(LVEF)和左心室舒张末期内径(LVEDD),并行动态心电图(Holter)检查,获取震荡初始(TO)和震荡斜率(TS)。结果 CHF患者HRT现象明显减弱,CHF组TO和LVEDD明显大于对照组[1.65%±1.49%比-1.02%±0.76%;(59.85±4.46)mm比(47.64±4.96)mm,均为P<0.01],TS和LVEF明显小于对照组[(4.13±2.07)ms/RR比(7.86±3.02)ms/RR;53.34%±11.00%比69.46%±12.75%,均为P<0.01]。重度CHF组TO高于轻度CHF组,但差异无统计学意义。重度CHF组Ts和LVEF则明显低于轻度CHF组[(3.22±1.52)ms/RR比(5.28±2.12)ms/RR;46.34%±6.88%比62.20%±8.59%,均为P<0.01],LVEDD明显大于轻度CHF组[(59.53±4.91)mm比(55.27±3.91)mm,P<0.01]。死亡组TS和LVEF明显低于生存组[(1.92±0.79)ms/RR比(4.34±1.97)ms/RR,44.27%±7.50%比55.09%±10.75%,均为P<0.01],LVEDD和TO明显大于生存组[(58.45±5.11)mm比(55.35±4.19)mm,2.75%±1.75%比1.43%±1.35%,均为P<0.05]。HRT 0级:生存组患者多于死亡组[8例(14.5%)比0(0),P>0.05],HRT 1级:生存组患者明显多于死亡组[39例(70.9%)比3例(27.3%),P<0.05],HRT 2级:生存组患者明显少于死亡组[8例(14.5%)比8例(72.7%),P<0.01]。死亡与TO、HRT 2级和LVEDD呈正相关(均为P<0.05),与TS和LVEF呈负相关(P<0.01)。结论重度CHF患者心率震荡现象明显减弱,HRT可作为CHF患者危险性评估的指标。     

窦性心率震荡对老年人慢性心功能不全预后的预测价值

目的 探讨窦性心率震荡(HRT)对老年慢性心功能不全(CHF)患者预后的预测价值.方法 选择本院2006年10月至2009年5月住院的老年CHF患者96例,记录其相关临床资料,并进行超声心动图、动态心电图检查.应用相应的分析软件对动态心电图检查结果进行分析,比较不同心功能分级患者窦性HRT指标变化的差异;随访9～28个月,终点事件为患者心源性死亡,采用Logisitc回归法分析窦性HRT、年龄、高血压、糖尿病、心肌梗死、左室射血分数(LVEF)、血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)、β受体阻滞剂对CHF患者死亡的预测能力. 结果 按照震荡初始和震荡斜率结果进行HRT分类,HRT的主要参数正常在心功能Ⅱ级(60.0%)与Ⅲ级(45.0%)者比较差异无统计学意义(χ~2=1.60,P>0.05);心功能Ⅲ级与Ⅳ级者(16.7%)比较差异无统计学意义(χ~2=1.43,P>0.05);但心功能Ⅱ级与Ⅳ级者比较差异有统计学意义(χ~2=9.84,P<0.05),HRT在心功能Ⅳ级组明显减弱.平均随访(18.0±9.6)个月,96例患者中,心源性死亡34例,分析显示CHF患者死亡与HRT、低LVEF(≤45%)、年龄(≥65岁)、糖尿病、心肌梗死及心功能分级相关. 结论 窦性HRT指标对老年人CHF预后有良好的预测能力.     

老年慢性心力衰竭患者心率震荡的临床研究

目的 研究心率震荡(HRT)对老年慢性心力衰竭(心衰)患者的预后判断价值. 方法 110例慢性心衰患者和62例健康对照者均记录临床资料,测量左心室射血分数(LVEF)、心率变异性的时域指标正常心动周期的标准差(SDNN)、平均心率及震荡初始(TO)和震荡斜率(TS).根据TO、TS的组成不同及LVEF分为HRT0、HRT1和HRT2组进行随访,并分析各危险变量对患者死亡的预测价值. 结果慢性心衰患者HRT现象明显减弱[TO:(0.37±1.83)%,TS:(8.58±4.72)mm/RR,P＜0.05];重度慢性心衰患者TS:(7.09±4.51)mm/RR,明显低于轻度慢性心衰患者的TS:(11.02±4.37)mm/RR(P＜0.05).随访(34.0±11.5)个月,26例死亡,84例存活,死亡组TS:(4.64± 2.61)mm/RR,明显低于存活组的(9.30±4.26)mm/RR(P＜0.05);TO与心率变异性(HRV)呈负相关(r=-0.275,P＜0.05),TS与HRV、LVEF呈正相关(r分别为0.391、0.406,P＜0.05),与平均心率呈负相关(r=-0.49,P＜0.05),TO与TS无明显相关(r=-0.185,P＞0.05).单变量分析显示,HRT2具有最强的预测意义;多变量分析显示,LVEF＜40%、HRT2为对终点事件有预测价值的变量(P＜0.05).生存曲线表明,HRT0、HRT1、HRT2组生存状况有差异,HRT2组预后最差.结论 HRT不仅可以作为判断慢性心衰病情严重程度的指标,而且是预测慢性心衰患者预后的指标.     

老年心力衰竭患者心率震荡变化的临床意义

目的分析老年慢性心力衰竭患者窦性心率震荡(HRT)现象的变化并探讨其临床意义。方法对57例老年慢性心力衰竭患者(心衰组)和49名老年非器质性心脏病患者(对照组)24h动态心电图(Holter)进行分析,分别计算HRT的震荡初始值(TO)和震荡斜率(TS),并进行TO、TS与左心室射血分数(LVEF)、左心室舒张末期内径(LVEDd)的相关性分析。结果心衰组与对照组HRT间存在明显差别:心衰组TO明显高于对照组(0.99±2.26vs-1.84±2.13,P<0.01);心衰组TS明显低于对照组[(2.87±1.89)ms/RRvs(8.03±3.51)ms/RR,P<0.05]。TO、TS与LVEF、LVED有相关性。结论老年慢性心力衰竭患者中HRT出现钝化趋势,TO、TS值变化作为老年心力衰竭患者预后和危险程度评估的一项参数有一定参考意义。     

慢性心力衰竭伴室性心动过速患者窦性心率震荡现象的临床观察

目的观察窦性心率震荡(HRT)现象在慢性心力衰竭(简称心衰)伴室性早搏(简称室早)或室性心动过速(VT)患者中的临床特点。方法 65例心衰患者分为室早伴VT组(n=35),单纯室早组(n=30),并以36例具有室早的健康人为对照组,观察分析震荡初始(TO)和震荡斜率(TS)两指标及依HRT改变程度对其进行分级的临床评估。结果与对照组比较,室早伴VT组和单纯室早组TO明显增大(0.439%、0.022%vs-1.658%,P<0.01),TS明显变小(1.628 ms/RRI、2.465 ms/RRI vs 7.622 ms/RRI,P<0.01);与单纯室早组比较,室早伴VT组的TO增大,而TS明显变小(P<0.05)。HRT 0级集中分布于对照组(86.1%),HRT 1级以单纯室早组居多(60%),HRT 2级则以室早伴VT组多见(68.6%)。结论心衰患者HRT明显减弱或消失,合并VT者其HRT的减弱程度较仅伴室早者更加显著,HRT分级能够较好地反映HRT损伤的不同程度。     

慢性心力衰竭患者心率震荡检测及临床意义

目的观察慢性心力衰竭患者窦性心率震荡(HRT)现象的特征并探讨其临床意义。方法50例慢性心衰患者(心衰组)和30例非器质性心脏病患者(对照组)均接受24hHolter检查,分别计算HRT的初始值(TO)、震荡斜率(TS)及心率变异性的SDNN、SDANN、rMSSD值,并进行相关性分析。结果心衰组TO明显高于对照组(0.65±3.60%与-1.89±2.48%,P<0.01);心衰组TS明显低于对照组(2.96±1.23与10.24±4.47,P<0.001)。对照组TS与SDNN、SDANN、rMSSD的相关系数分别为-0.426、-0.385、-0.372(P均<0.05);心衰组TO与SDNN、SDANN、rMSSD的相关系数分别为0.489、0.465、0.436(P均<0.01),TS与SDNN、SDANN、rMSSD的相关系数分别为-0.745、-0.686、-0.597(P均<0.001)。结论慢性心衰患者中HRT现象明显减弱,TO与SDNN、SDANN、rMSSD值呈正相关,TS与SDNN、SDANN、rMSSD值呈负相关。     

左心室射血分数保留的心力衰竭患者心率震荡的临床意义研究

目的研究左心室射血分数保留的心力衰竭(heart failure with preserved ejection fraction,HFPEF)患者窦性心率震荡(heart rate turbulence,HRT)的变化以及临床意义。方法选择52例在河南科技大学第一附属医院接受治疗的HFPEF患者作为HEPEF组,另选择无心肌缺血及器质性心脏病变患者30例作为对照组。行24h动态心电图检查,计算HRT指标:震荡初始值(turbulence onset,TO)和震荡斜率(turbulence slope,TS)。行超声心动图检查测定评价心功能不全的相关指标,比较HFPEF组与对照组之间HRT的差异。结果与对照组比较,HFPEF组TO明显升高[(0.17±1.40)%vs(-0.26±0.99)%,P=0.027],TS明显降低[(0.88±2.51)ms/RRI vs(2.60±2.76)ms/RRI,P=0.003]。Pearson相关性分析显示左心室舒张末期容积指数与TO负相关(r=-0.55,P=0.01),与TS呈正相关(r=0.23,P=0.03);舒张早期二尖血流速度和二尖瓣环运动速度比值与TO正相关(r=0.21,P=0.04),与TS呈负相关(r=-0.39,P=0.01)。结论 HFPEF患者窦性心率震荡现象明显受损,提示心脏自主神经调节功能下降,并且反映左心室舒张功能。     

心力衰竭患者心率震荡的变化及预测价值

本文旨在探讨心率震荡（HRT）现象在慢性心力衰竭（CHF）患者中的变化及对其预后的预测价值。 资料和方法 研究对象 102例CHF患者和60例正常人（对照组），排除基本心律为非窦性心律者及一周内服用影响自主神经和心律的抗心律失常药物者。[第一段]     

心衰患者窦性心率震荡检测及多因素影响分析

目的　观察心力衰竭患者窦性心率震荡 (HRT)现象的特征并探讨其临床意义。方法　 2 0 0 4 - 0 1～ 0 4哈尔滨医科大学第一临床医学院门诊 30例心衰患者及 30名健康对照者均接受 2 4hHolter检查 ,分别计算HRT的初始值 (TO)、HRT的斜率 (TS) ,并进行TO、TS与年龄、左室射血分数 (LVEF)、左室舒张末期内径 (LVED)、室早数目、室早前心率、联律间期、代偿间期的相关分析及不同起源室早TO、TS的组间比较。结果　心衰者与健康者HRT间存在明显差别 :心衰者TO明显高于对照者 (0 5 7± 4 71%与 - 1 5 6± 2 6 0 % ,P <0 0 2 5 ) ;心衰者TS明显低于对照者 (3 17± 2 0 3%与 9 6 4± 6 4 7,P <0 0 0 1)。TO、TS与年龄、LVEF、LVED、室早数目相关 ,与室早前心率、联律间期、代偿间期不相关 ,起源不同室早的TO、TS间无明显差异。结论　慢性心衰患者中窦性心率震荡现象明显减弱 ,由于TO、TS与LVEF、LVED相关 ,可凭借TO、TS对心衰患者进行危险分层 ,但它对预后的预测价值有待于大样本长期随访来证实。     

Endogenous catecholamine levels in chronic heart failure. Relation to the severity of hemodynamic abnormalities

Plasma free epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine concentrations were determined in 48, 63, and 45 patients, respectively, with overt congestive heart failure, and compared with those in 26 patients with stable angina but without heart failure. Systemic hemodynamic values were determined to assess the severity of heart failure. Arterial epinephrine levels were not different between patients with heart failure (73 +/- 92 pg/ml) and patients without heart failure (55 +/- 73 pg/ml). In patients with congestive heart failure, norepinephrine (665 +/- 510 pg/ml, mean +/- SD) and dopamine (407 +/- 405 pg/ml) levels were significantly higher than in patients with stable angina without heart failure (norepinephrine 184 +/- 136 pg/ml, p less than 0.001, and dopamine 197 +/- 259 pg/ml, p less than 0.02). However, in patients with congestive heart failure, the plasma norepinephrine levels did not correlate with cardiac index (r = 0.21, p = NS), pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (r = 0.11, p = NS), mean arterial pressure (r = 0.11, p = NS), or systemic vascular resistance (r = 0.18, p = NS). Similarly, there was no correlation between dopamine levels and the hemodynamic abnormalities in patients with congestive heart failure. These findings suggest that although endogenous norepinephrine and dopamine levels are frequently elevated in patients with heart failure, reflecting enhanced sympathetic activity, catecholamine levels do not reflect the severity of heart failure.     

比索洛尔对慢性充血性心力衰竭患者心率震荡的影响

目的观察慢性充血性心力衰竭（CHF）者心率震荡（HRT）现象的特点,以及比索洛尔治疗后HRT的变化。方法测定和比较58例CHF者和41例健康体检者（C组）室性早搏后的震荡初始（TO）和震荡斜率（TS）值;并将CHF者随机分为比索洛尔治疗组（A组）和对照组（B组）。A组在B组常规治疗基础上加用比索洛尔口服,所有CHF者分别于治疗4w后复查24h动态心电图（DCG）。结果 C组TO〈0,而CHF患者TO〉0;CHF患者的TS明显低于健康体检者。CHF患者治疗4周后,HRT均有明显改善：TO下降,TS升高,但A组较B组改善明显,P〈0.05。结论 CHF者中HRT现象明显减弱;比索洛尔能改善其HRT,减少恶性室性心律失常的发生,改善患者的心功能。     

心力衰竭患者QRS波时限与窦性心率震荡的相关性研究

目的探讨老年慢性心力衰竭(CHF)患者QRS时限(QRSD)与心率震荡(HRT)及心功能的相关性。方法46例老年慢性心衰患者(心衰组),20例健康对照组。在心衰组根据NYHA分为轻度心衰组(NYHAⅠ～Ⅱ级,n=20),重度心衰组(NYHAⅢ～Ⅳ级,n=26)。以左心室射血分数(LVEF)、左室舒张末期内径(LVDED)作为心脏功能指标,常规心电图测量QRSD,与心率震荡参数震荡初始(TO)和震荡斜率(TS)进行组间比较。结果心衰组QRSD、LVDED、TO值明显高于对照组,LVEF、TS值明显低于对照组。在心衰组QRSD与LVDED、TO呈正相关,与LVEF、TS呈负相关。结论在慢性心衰患者中监测QRS时限和心率震荡,及时筛选出高危猝死患者,动态评估心衰进展程度,指导临床采取相应的干预模式。     

心率震荡评价心力衰竭患者心功能的意义

目的：研究窦性心率震荡（HRT）在慢性心力衰竭患者中的变化,探讨其临床意义。方法：选择慢性心力衰竭伴室性期前收缩（PVS）患者47例为A组,有PVS但无器质性心脏病者45例为B组。所有受试者均进行心脏超声及24h动态心电图（DcG）检测,计算HRT指标：震荡起始（TO）、震荡斜率（TS）值及窦性心搏R—R间距的标准差（SDNN）。结果：A组的TO、LVEDD明显大于B组[（0．96±0．18）％：（-2．81±3．12）％,（60．31±0．72）mm：（47．66±2．62）min];TS,SDNN,左室射血分数（LVEF）明显低于B组[（3．36±2．75）mm／RR：（9．18土6．16）mm／RR,（81．03±22．51）ms：（123．26±20．33）ms,（33．42±7．08）％：（63．88±4．89）％,P均〈0．001]。TO与LVEF呈负相关（r=-0．174,P〈0．05）,TS与LVEF呈正相关（r=0．246,P〈0．01）。结论：慢性心力衰竭患者心率震荡起始升高,震荡斜率下降,它可能成为评价慢性心力衰竭患者自主神经功能状态的重要指标。