乌司他丁在预防单肺通气麻醉炎性肺损伤中的应用研究

目的研究乌司他丁在预防单肺通气(OLV)麻醉炎性肺损伤中的应用效果。方法选择2014年7月~2017年6月于我院行肺癌根治术的肺癌患者86例,按照随机数字表法分为观察组与对照组各43例。观察组采用乌司他丁预防单肺通气炎性肺损伤,对照组给予生理盐水对照。观察两组手术时间、机械通气时间、OLV时间、失血量等手术相关指标;两组t_1、t_2、t_3、t_4、t_5、t_6时血清白细胞介素-8(IL-8)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)等炎性因子水平及氧合指数。结果两组手术时间、机械通气时间、OLV时间、失血量差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。t_2~t_6时,观察组IL-8、TNF-α水平均低于对照组,IL-10水平、氧合指数高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论乌司他丁可有效改善单肺通气麻醉患者炎性因子水平,预防炎性肺损伤。     

无创双水平正压通气联合呼吸兴奋剂治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并肺性脑病的疗效观察

[目的]探讨无创双水平正压通气(BiPAP)联合呼吸兴奋剂治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并轻、中度肺性脑病的临床疗效及对炎症因子的影响.[方法]收集本院2013年12月至2015年12月收治的COPD合并轻、中度肺性脑病患者80例,随机分为观察组与对照组.两组患者均给予常规对症支持和BiPAP治疗,且观察组加用呼吸兴奋剂进行治疗.记录两组患者接受治疗前后各指标的变化情况.[结果]观察组治疗24 h后动脉血氧分压 (PaO2)水平高于对照组,二氧化碳分压 (PaCO2)水平低于对照组(P<0.05);治疗后观察组患者血氧饱和度 (SaO2) 高于对照组,呼吸频率 (RR) 、心率 (HR)低于对照组 (均P<0.05);观察组患者白细胞介素6(IL-6)、白细胞介素8(IL-8)及白细胞介素10(IL-10)水平均显著低于对照组,其差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05);观察组通气时间、恢复意识时间、住院时间短于对照组(均P<0.05),气管插管率均低于对照组(P<0.05);观察组治疗有效率为90.0%,明显高于对照组47.5%,其差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).[结论]应用BiPAP联合呼吸兴奋剂治疗COPD合并肺性脑病疗效佳,可有效减少气管插管率,缩短住院时间,值得临床推广应用.     

小潮气量通气对具有急性呼吸窘迫综合征高危因素患者的干预作用

目的探讨小潮气量通气对具有急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)高危因素患者的干预作用。方法选取80例具有发生ARDS高危因素患者为研究对象,随机分为两组,小潮气量组(VT 6 ml/kg)40例,常规潮气量组(VT 12 ml/kg)40例。检测两组机械通气初始、通气后48 h、96 h的动脉血气和静脉血清TNF-α、IL-6水平,对比观察机械通气治疗后ARDS发病率、通气时间、住ICU时间、住院时间、总死亡率。结果相比于机械通气初始,两组静脉血清中TNF-α、IL-6水平都呈降低趋势。通气96 h后,两组肺泡灌洗液中TNF-α、IL-6水平明显降低,小潮气量组TNF-α、IL-6水平降幅大于常规潮气量组(P0.05)。小潮气量组的ARDS发病率、机械通气时间、住ICU时间、住院时间、总死亡率均明显低于常规潮气量组(P0.05)。结论小潮气量通气能降低具有ARDS高危因素患者ARDS的发病率,改善患者预后。     

尘肺合并慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者行大容量肺灌洗手术时低潮气量通气的效果观察

目的:评价尘肺合并慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者行大容量肺灌洗手术时低潮气量通气的效果.方法:尘肺合并COPD患者30例,年龄25～60岁,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级,随机分为TV组(n=15,VT=10 mL/kg)和LV组(n=15,VT=6 mL/kg).监测气道峰压(Ppeak)、气道平台压(Pplat)、气道阻力(Raw)及动态肺顺应性(Cd).于插管后双肺通气10 min(T1)、单肺通气30 min(T2)、术毕双肺通气10 min(T3)时取动脉血样,血气分析,计算氧合指数(OI)、肺泡-动脉血氧分压差[P(A-a)O2]及呼吸指数(RI);取静脉血样,测定血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)及白细胞介素-6(IL-6)的浓度.结果:与T1时相比,两组T2-3时血清TNF-α及IL-6浓度升高(P＜0.05);与TV组相比LV组T2-3时血清TNF-α及IL-6浓度降低(P＜0.05),T1-3时Ppeak、Pplat、Raw降低,T2、T3时Cd升高(P＜0.05).T1-3时2组OI、P(A-a)O2及RI差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论:低潮气量通气可通过降低炎性反应,减轻尘肺合并COPD患者行大容量肺灌洗手术时机械通气诱发的肺损伤.     

升降散灌肠辅助治疗痰热蕴肺型呼吸机相关性肺炎的疗效及机制

目的观察升降散灌肠治疗痰热蕴肺型呼吸机相关性肺炎的临床疗效及安全性。方法将62例呼吸机相关性肺炎患者(中医辨证为痰热蕴肺型)随机分为治疗组(n=30)和对照组(n=32)。2组患者均使用西医常规治疗,治疗组在对照组基础上联合使用升降散灌肠。结果 2组白细胞(WBC)计数、C反应蛋白(CRP)、降钙素原(PCT)、急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)、临床肺部感染评分(CPIS)及肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-2R(IL-2R)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-8(IL-8)水平均低于治疗前,白细胞介素-10(IL-10)及氧合指数[p_a(O_2)/FiO_2]高于治疗前,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗组WBC、CRP、PCT、APACHEⅡ评分、CPIS评分、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-2R、IL-6、IL-8低于对照组,机械通气时间及ICU住院时间均短于对照组,IL-10及p_a(O_2)/FiO_2高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗组有效率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。研究过程中未记录到严重不良事件发生。结论升降散灌肠能抑制痰热蕴肺型呼吸机相关性肺炎患者炎症反应,降低患者APACHEⅡ评分、CPIS评分,缩短ICU住院时间、机械通气时间,提高疗效。     

小潮气量机械通气治疗外伤性急性呼吸窘迫综合征临床效果

目的探讨小潮气量机械通气治疗外伤性急性呼吸窘迫综合征的临床疗效。方法选取2014年1月至2016年3月外伤性急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者80例,根据机械通气潮气量分成常规组(10~12 ml/kg)和小潮气量组(6~8 ml/kg),每组40例,比较两组临床疗效。结果通气4 d,小潮气量组动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO_2)明显高于常规组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);小潮气量组白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平明显低于常规组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);常规组呼吸机所致肺损伤(VILI)发生率、多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)发生率和病死率明显高于小潮气量组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论小潮气量机械通气治疗外伤性急性呼吸窘迫综合征临床疗效显著,能有效降低患者炎症反应、VILI发生率、MODS发生率以及病死率,改善Pa CO2,提高患者生存质量。     

TNF—α、IL—8在机械通气致肺损伤中的作用

目的探讨肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)和白细胞介素8(IL-8)在机械通气致肺损伤中的可能作用。方法24只普通健康小猪随机等分为对照组、低潮气量组(A组)、正常潮气量组(B组)、大潮气量组(C组),采用持续给予小猪不同潮气量通气动物模型,利用放射免疫法、酶联免疫法(ELISA)和髓过氧化物酶(MPO)测定法,分别检测不同潮气量组通气1、3、7d后,血清和肺组织匀浆中TNF-α、IL-8及MPO含量的变化。结果A、B、C组血清、肺组织匀浆TNF-α、IL-8及MPO的含量较对照组升高(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),其中3d后,TNF-α达峰值;7d后IL-8及MPO达峰值,以A、C组明显。结论TNF-α、IL-8在机械通气致肺损伤中可能发挥重要作用。     

神经肌肉疾病合并呼吸衰竭患者机械通气策略研究

目的 对神经肌肉疾病合并呼吸衰竭患者的机械通气策略进行研究.方法 57例神经肌肉疾病合并呼吸衰竭患者分为小潮气量通气组(A组27例)和常规潮气量通气组(B组30例),观察2组患者机械通气后血气和气道压力的变化,支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中TNF、IL-6、IL-8的变化;14 d存活率和14d脱机成功率.结果 机械通气后0.5、24 h A组患者动脉血气pH值分别为7.30±0.08、7.40±0.06,明显低于同时点B组的7.39±0.06、7.47±0.04(P均＜0.05);机械通气后0.5、24 h A组患者动脉血气PaCO2水平分别为(60.4±16.9)、(38.2±7.3)mm Hg,明显高于同时点B组的(46.6±8.1)、(29.2±6.9)mm Hg(P均＜0.05);机械通气后0.5、24 hA组患者气道峰压分别为(21.5±4.5)、(18.6±3.8)cmH2O,明显低于同时点B组的(29.4±5.1)、(31.3±4.7)cm H2O(P均＜0.05);机械通气后24、48 h A组患者BALF中TNF水平分别为(1385±341)、(1345±411)ng/L,明显低于同时点B组的(1914±501)、(2214±544)ng/L(P均＜0.01);机械通气后24、48 h A组患者BALF中IL-6水平分别为(249±64)、(209±49)ng/L,明显低于同时点B组的(324±79)、(343±60)ng/L(P均＜0.01);机械通气后24、48 h A组患者BALF中IL-8水平分别为(79.4±23.6)、(92.7±32.5)ng/L,明显低于同时点B组的(143±36)、(162±49)ng/L(P均＜0.01);A、B组患者14 d存活率分别为100.0%、96.7%,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);A组患者14 d脱机成功率为59.3%,明显高于B组的33.3%(x2=3.85,P＜0.05).结论 对于神经肌肉疾病合并呼吸衰竭患者,选用小潮气量进行机械通气,可以减轻机械牵拉诱发的细胞因子释放,减轻机械通气相关性肺损伤,提高脱机成功率.     

长时间单肺通气对兔两侧肺灌洗液中TNF-α、IL-8的影响

目的:通过兔单肺通气模型,观察长时间单肺通气后肺灌洗液中TNF-α、IL-8浓度的变化.方法:选择新西兰大白兔35只,分为对照组(C组)、双肺通气组(TLV组)和单肺通气组(OLV组),每组5只兔.TLV组和OLV组按通气时间1、3、5 h分为3亚组,随后恢复双肺通气30min.对照组只行实验操作而不通气.观察通气时的心率(HR)、平均血压(MAP)、血气分析值、支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中TNF-α、IL-8浓度.结果:与通气开始相比,OLV组在通气5hHR增高、MAP降低(P<0.01),pH、PaO2、SaO2在单肺通气后降低,PaCO2在OLV5h后升高(P<0.01);TLV组HR、MAP、pH、PaCO2在各观察时点无统计学差异(P>0.05).OLV组左右肺的TNF-α和IL-8值在通气5 h增高(P<0.01);TLV组的左肺的TNF-α和IL-8值在通气5 h增高(P<0.01);OLV组通气5 h左肺TNF-α、IL-8值与TLV组左肺比较有显著差异(P<0.01).结论:单肺通气时肺损伤程度与单肺通气时间成正比,单肺通气肺损伤比双肺通气肺损伤严重.     

超短波辅助治疗对慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者急性期肺功能及细胞因子的影响

目的 研究超短波对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructire pulmonary disease，COPD)患者气道炎症及肺通气功能的影响并探讨其作用机制。方法 将68例急性发作期COPD患者分为超短波治疗组36例及对照组32例。超短波治疗组在常规治疗的基础上给予超短波治疗，对照组给予常规治疗。分别记录两组患者治疗前、后的临床症状及体征，并检测血清白细胞介素8(interleukin-8，IL-8)、白细胞介素1-β(interleukin-1β，IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor-α，TNF-α)以及肺通气功能指标中用力肺活量(forced vital capacity，FVC)和第1秒用力呼气量(forced expiratory volume，FEV1)。结果与对照组比较，超短波治疗组治疗后咳嗽、痰液性状、痰量及干口罗音等临床症状与体征的显效好转率显著提高(P&;lt;0．05)。血清IL-8，IL-1β，TNF-α均显著降低(P&;lt;0．05)，FVC％，FEV1％明显升高(P&;lt;0．05)。IL-8，IL-1β，TNF-α含量与FEV1％均呈负相关(r分别=～0．81，-0．95，-0．74，P&;lt;0．05)。结论超短波辅助治疗COPD有减轻气道炎症、提高肺通气功能的作用。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.