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1.
Background
Cordyceps cicadae is known as Jin Chan Hua in Traditional Chinese Medicine and known to possess different pharmacological activities. Presently, it was collected from the wild and isolated. Mycelial culture was optimized for extraction of polysaccharides under submerged culture conditions. Besides antioxidant, antibacterial activities of extracted polysaccharides were tested for first time.Methods
Exo-polysaccharides (EPS) and intracellular polysaccharides (IPS) production was tested under different factors (medium capacity, rotation speed, pH, incubation time, temperature, carbon, nitrogen, minerals sources and carbon to nitrogen ratio) by orthogonal experiments using one-factor-at-a-time method. Monosaccharides composition of polysaccharides produced by C. cicadae was determined using high performance liquid chromatography. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities on eight bacterial strains were checked by different standard procedures.Results
Factors viz., medium capacity, rotation speed, incubation time, pH and temperature affected the EPS and IPS production under submerged culture conditions. EPS and IPS production was observed to vary with different carbon and nitrogen sources as well as C/N ratio. Glucose was the major component of polysaccharides (63.10?±?4.15 %). Extracted EPS and IPS showed higher antioxidant potential with significant DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging activity, reducing power and iron chelating activity. Antimicrobial activities of EPS and IPS varied among the tested bacterial strains. IPS showed slightly higher inhibition rate to all the tested bacterial strains as compared to EPS. Maximum inhibition zones of IPS (12.9?±?0.2 mm) and EPS (12.5?±?0.3 mm) was observed against Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 10 % con. However, both EPS and IPS fractions showed broad spectrum for all the pathogenic microbial strains tested. The MIC of both the extracts ranged from 60–100 mg/mL.Conclusions
EPS and IPS production from submerged culture of C. cicadae with significant antioxidant and antibacterial potential can be enhanced with the combination of several factors which can be used for large scale industrial fermentation of C. cicadae.2.
Background
Acacia ataxacantha (Fabaceae), used in traditional medicine grows in the South-West of Bénin. Ethyl acetate extract of the barks of this species was previously reported to display various bioactivities, including antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities. In the present study, we investigate the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of compound isolated from ethyl acetate extract of Acacia ataxacantha.Methods
Purification, isolation and structural identification of isolated compound were done using various chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. Antimicrobial activity was investigated using a two-fold serial microdilution method. The inhibitory potency of isolated compound was evaluated by kinetic experiments. The antioxidant activity was also determined using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl.Results
The isolated compound was identified as 7-hydroxy-2-methyl-6-[β-galactopyranosyl-propyl]-4H-chromen-4-one. As far as we know, this compound, named “acthaside”, reported for the first time, was active against all tested microorganisms with minimal inhibitory concentration ranging from 25 to 50 μg/ml. At 50 μl/ml, no growth was observed in almost all tested microbial after 24 h of exposure. The isolated compound had significant antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 3.61 ± 0.12 μg/ml compared to quercetin (IC50 1.04 ± 0.01 μg/ml).Conclusion
The present work demonstrates that the new chromen derivative isolated from A. ataxacantha may help treat bacterial and yeast infections. However, further studies are required to clarify the mechanism of action of this compound.3.
Aymeric Rauch Pedro Augusto Gondim Teixeira Romain Gillet Manuela Perez Isabelle Clerc-Urmes Charles Lombard Alain Blum 《Surgical and radiologic anatomy : SRA》2016,38(7):793-799
Purpose
To study variations in the anatomical relationships of the branches of the ulnar nerve in Guyon’s canal relative to the hamulus of hamate (HH) in a grip encountered among cyclists.Materials and methods
Forty-seven wrist examinations were performed on a 3-T MRI (soft antenna, 16 channels) in propeller sequence in the plane perpendicular to the carpus in 28 healthy volunteers in three cycling positions (neutral, hyperextension and ulnar deviation). The positions and distance between the superficial (SB) and deep (DB) branches of the ulnar nerve with respect to the HH were determined on the section passing through the HH.Results
The mean distances between the SB (d s) and DP (d p) and HH were 2.4 and 0.6 mm, respectively. The d s in hyperextension and ulnar deviation were 2.2 mm (P = 0.3) and 3 mm (P = 0.07), respectively. The d p in hyperextension and ulnar deviation were 0.3 mm (P = 0.02) and 0.5 mm (P = 0.15), respectively. Hyperextended, 60 % of SB and 40 % of DB were close to the HH, and 26 % of DB came directly in contact with it. In ulnar deviation, 30 % of SB and 29 % of DB approached HH, and 47 % of DB were in contact with it.Conclusion
This study shows that SB and DB positions of the ulnar nerve vary with respect to the HH depending on the position of the wrist, and such differences may promote Guyon’s canal syndrome in cyclists.4.
Purpose
To describe the straight-into-cochlea line that affords the best access for an electrode array to enter via the round window, and how this line relates to the facial nerve, the incus, and mastoid size. The straight-into-cochlea line is important to minimize the cochlear trauma and maximize the likelihood of placement into the scala tympani.Methods
High-resolution CT scans were obtained for ten craniums with the extremes of large (N = 5) and small (N = 5) mastoid pneumatization; the specimens were from a series of 41 ear normal craniums. Using FIJI, a publicly available software program, the straight-into-cochlea insertion line was determined by defining the x–y–z coordinates of the middle of the round window and a point 6.0 mm into the cochlea on its centrifugal wall. Then, from the extended straight-into-cochlea insertion line, we determined the shortest perpendicular distance to the middle of the fallopian canal, and from that “fallopian point” to the apex of the posterior process of the incus.Results
We found good repeatability of measurements. We found the extended straight-into-cochlea insertion lines routinely close to or in the midst of the fallopian canal (50 % ≤ 1.0 mm). We found the lines 4.7–7.8 mm from the apex of the posterior process of the incus. Line positions relative to “fallopian point” and incus showed no relation to mastoid pneumatization. For the distance “fallopian point” to incus, bilateral symmetry was suggested.Conclusions
Using landmarks registered in an x–y–z coordinate system, straight-into-cochlea insertion via the round window puts the facial nerve at risk.5.
Yoshiaki Shoji Hiroya Takeuchi Kazumasa Fukuda Koichi Fukunaga Rieko Nakamura Tsunehiro Takahashi Norihito Wada Hirofumi Kawakubo Taku Miyasho Takahiro Hiratsuka Masafumi Inomata Tomoko Betsuyaku Yuko Kitagawa 《Inflammation research》2017,66(9):803-811
Objective and design
An animal experiment was performed to demonstrate the anti-inflammatory effects of an alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) derivative, dihydrolipoyl histidinate zinc complex (DHLHZn) for acute lung injury (ALI) and to investigate the mechanism of action.Material
Rats were randomly divided into three experimental groups: control group (n = 17), DHLHZn(?) group (n = 11, ALI model rats), and DHLHZn(+) group (n = 12, ALI model rats treated by DHLHZn).Treatment
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS, 10 mg/kg) were administered intratracheally in the DHLHZn(?) group and the DHLHZn(+) group. For the DHLHZn(+) group, DHLHZn (100 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally 2 h prior to LPS administration.Methods
Four hours after LPS administration, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissue were collected. The findings were analyzed using the Mann–Whitney U test.Results
Total number of cells, number of neutrophils and lymphocytes, levels of various inflammatory cytokines, and NF-kB p65 concentration of BALF were significantly lower in the DHLHZn(+) group than in the DHLHZn(?) group (p < 0.05). ALI pathology scores were significantly lower in the DHLHZn(+) group than in the DHLHZn(?) group (p < 0.001).Conclusions
Anti-inflammatory effects of DHLHZn for ALI were demonstrated by BALF and histopathological findings. The mechanism of action of DHLHZn was considered to be via inhibition of the NF-kB signaling pathway. DHLHZn is thus suggested to be a new prophylactic agent for ALI.6.
David S. Brennan A. John Spencer Kaye F. Roberts-Thomson 《International journal of behavioral medicine》2017,24(1):77-82
Purpose
The aims of the study were to assess the association of periodontal loss of attachment with smoking and work-family conflict and assess whether work-family conflict modifies the association of smoking and periodontal disease.Method
A random sample of 45–54 year olds from metropolitan Adelaide, South Australia, was surveyed by mailed self-complete questionnaire during 2004–2005. Oral examinations were performed on persons who responded to the questionnaire, providing an assessment of periodontal status.Results
A total of 879 responded (participation rate = 43.8 %), with n = 709 oral examinations (completion rate = 80.7 %). Prevalence of periodontal loss of attachment (LOA) of 6+ mm was higher (p < 0.05) for smokers (23.8 %) compared to non-smokers (7.8 %) among employed adults. The adjusted prevalence ratio for LOA 6+ mm was prevalence ratio (PR) = 4.9 (95 % CI 2.2–8.8) for smokers, and there was a significant interaction (p < 0.05) between smoking status and work-family conflict.Conclusion
Work-family conflict modified the association of smoking with periodontal disease. Higher levels of work interfering with family were associated with higher levels of periodontal LOA for smokers compared with non-smokers.7.
M. Priyanga Jayamal Dharmaratne Amirthasingam Manoraj Vasanthi Thevanesam Asela Ekanayake Nimal Savitri Kumar Veranja Liyanapathirana Eranga Abeyratne B. M. Ratnayake Bandara 《BMC complementary and alternative medicine》2018,18(1):325
Background
Identification of novel sources for developing new antibiotics is imperative with the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria. The fruits of Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn) Roxb., widely used in traditional medicine, were evaluated for antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity.Methods
Twelve solvent extracts of T. bellirica fruits were prepared by direct aqueous extraction and sequential extraction with dichloromethane, methanol and water using Soxhlet, bottle-shaker and ultrasound sonicator methods. Antibacterial activity of the extracts was tested against 16 strains MDR bacteria—methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli and MDR Acinetobacter spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa—and 4 control organisms, using the cut-well diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using an agar dilution method. The radical scavenging activity of six antibacterial extracts was screened against 2,2′-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and correlation was established between EC50 (50% effective concentration) values and the total phenolic content (TPC). Cytotoxicity was determined for the most potent antibacterial extract on baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cells by Tryphan Blue exclusion method. Statistical analysis was carried out by one-way analysis of variance at significant level p?<?0.05 using “SigmaPlot 10” and “R 3.2.0” software.Results
All aqueous and methanol extracts displayed antibacterial activity (MIC 0.25–4?mg/mL) against all strains of MRSA, MDR Acinetobacter spp. and MDR P. aeruginosa. The sequential aqueous extracts (MIC, 4?mg/mL) inhibited ESBL producing-E. coli. None of the extracts exhibited activity against MDR K. pneumoniae (MIC >?5?mg/mL). The sequential methanol extract (Soxhlet) recorded high antibacterial activity and the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity (EC50, 6.99?±?0.15?ppm) and TPC content (188.71?±?2.12 GAE mg/g).The IC50 (50% inhibition concentration) values of the most potent antibacterial extract—the direct aqueous extract from reflux method—on BHK-21 cells were 2.62?±?0.06 and 1.45?±?0.08?mg/ml with 24 and 48?h exposure, respectively.Conclusions
Results indicate that T. bellirica fruit is a potential source for developing broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs against MDR bacteria, which are non-toxic to mammalian cells and impart health benefits by high antioxidant activity.8.
Daniela Josabeth López-Cano Daniel Cadena-Sandoval Olga Beltrán-Ramírez Rosa Elda Barbosa-Cobos Fausto Sánchez-Muñoz Luis Manuel Amezcua-Guerra Yaneli Juárez-Vicuña María Concepción Aguilera-Cartas José Moreno Jesús Bautista-Olvera Guillermo Valencia-Pacheco Ricardo F. López-Villanueva Julian Ramírez-Bello 《Inflammation research》2017,66(9):775-781
Objective
The functional PTPN22 R620W polymorphism (rs2476601) is clearly associated with susceptibility to several autoimmune diseases (ADs). However, the PTPN22 R263Q polymorphism (rs33996649) has been scarcely explored in different ADs. Here we aimed to examine the associations of the PTPN22 R620W and R263Q polymorphisms with susceptibility to or protection against rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and Graves’ disease (GD) among Mexican patients.Methods
We conducted a case–control study including 876 patients (405 with SLE, 388 with RA, and 83 with GD) and 336 healthy control individuals. PTPN22 genotypes were determined using the TaqMan 5′ allele discrimination assay.Results
PTPN22 R620W was associated with GD susceptibility (OR 4.3, p = 0.004), but was not associated with SLE (OR 1.8, p = 0.19). We previously demonstrated that this polymorphism is associated with RA susceptibility (OR 4.17, p = 0.00036). Moreover, PTPN22 R263Q was associated with protection against SLE (OR 0.09, p = 004) and RA (OR 0.28, p = 0.045), but was not associated with GD.Conclusions
Our data provide the first demonstration that PTPN22 R620W confers GD susceptibility among Latin-American patients. Moreover, this is the second report documenting the association of PTPN22 R263Q with protection against SLE and RA.9.
Objective
This study aimed at investigating the in vitro activity of minocycline and doxycycline on human polymorphonuclear (h-PMN) cell function.Methods
h-PMNs were isolated from whole venous blood of healthy subjects; PMN oxidative burst was measured by monitoring ROS-induced oxidation of luminol and transendothelial migration was studied by measuring PMN migration through a monolayer of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Differences between multiple groups were determined by ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test; Student’s t test for unpaired data for two groups.Results
Minocycline (1–300 µM) concentration dependently and significantly inhibited oxidative burst of h-PMNs stimulated with 100 nM fMLP. Ten micromolar concentrations, which are superimposable to C max following a standard oral dose of minocycline, promoted a 29.8 ± 4 % inhibition of respiratory burst (P < 0.001; n = 6). Doxycycline inhibited ROS production with a lesser extent and at higher concentrations. 10–100 µM minocycline impaired PMN transendothelial migration, with maximal effect at 100 µM (42.5 ± 7 %, inhibition, n = 5, P < 0.001).Conclusions
These results added new insight into anti-inflammatory effects of minocycline exerted on innate immune h-PMN cell function.10.
Background
Vepris heterophylla (Rutaceae) is a medicinal plant used empirically in African traditional medicine for many clinical conditions including edematous disorders and hypertension. V. heterophylla aqueous extract has been used in northern part of Cameroon by traditional healers for the treatment of arterial hypertension. The study aim was to assess the putative diuretic and antioxidant properties of V. heterophylla leaves aqueous extract.Methods
Adult rats were administered with V. heterophylla leaves aqueous extract acutely (24 h) at doses 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 mg/kg (per os). The two positive control groups received the diuretic drugs furosemide (5 mg/kg) and hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ, 10 mg/kg), while negative control group received only an equivalent volume of distilled water. Urinary elimination of electrolytes in response to treatments was evaluated, together with changes in concentrations of creatinine, urea, aldosterone, glucose and albumin in urine and plasma. Various urinary indicators of kidney function and plasmatic markers of oxidative stress were also assessed.Results
The findings indicated that the aqueous extract of V. heterophylla at doses ranging from 150 to 250 mg/kg caused a significant and dose-dependent increase of urinary water and electrolytes excretion in normal rats. The aqueous extract of the leaves of V. heterophylla accelerated the elimination of overloaded fluid. At the maximum of diuretic response, urinary osmolarity decreased significantly when compared with controls. Oral administration of aqueous extract at different doses produced a significant diuresis and slight increase in electrolytes (Na+, K+ and Cl?) excretion. The results obtained were compared with standard drug-furosemide (5 mg/kg) and hydrochlorothiazide (10 mg/kg). These effects were observed predominantly at 250 mg/kg dose.Conclusions
Our findings strongly suggest that V. heterophylla aqueous extract has diuretic and antioxidant activities, and deserves further studies considering the potential for the treatment of hypertension.11.
Taif A. Azad Nikhil B. Edward Altaf A. Kondkar Hatem Kalantan Saleh Altuwaijri Tahira Sultan Faisal A. Al-Mobarak Saleh A. Al-Obeidan Khaled K. Abu-Amero 《Journal of negative results in biomedicine》2017,16(1):12
Background
To investigate the association between polymorphism rs547984, located in close proximity to the Zona Pellucida Glycoprotein 4 (ZP4) gene on human chromosome 1q43 and primary open angle glaucoma (POAG).Method
Polymorphism rs547984 was genotyped using Taq-Man® assay in 185 subjects comprising of 90 unrelated POAG cases and 95 controls of Saudi origin.Results
Association analysis between cases and controls revealed no significant genotype distribution under additive (p = 0.356), dominant (p = 0.517) and recessive (p = 0.309) models. Besides, the allele frequency distribution was also found to be non-significant (p = 0.70). The minor “A” allele frequency was found to be 0.49 and 0.50 among POAG cases and controls, respectively. In addition, specific clinical indices used to assess severity of glaucoma such as intraocular pressure (IOP), cup/disc ratio and number of anti-glaucoma medication also did not show any significant genotype distribution in POAG cases.Conclusion
Polymorphism rs547984 is neither associated with any clinical indices important for POAG such as IOP and cup/disc ratio nor is a risk factor for POAG in the Saudi cohort.12.
Background
Medicinal plants represent an important opportunity to rural communities in Africa, as a source of affordable medicine and as a source of income. Increased patient awareness about safe usage is important as well as more training with regards to traditional medicine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ethnomedicinal prowess of some indigenous South African plants commonly used in Eastern Cape Province of South Africa for the treatment of skin and respiratory tract infections, HIV and their toxicity potential.Methods
Cassine transvaalensis, Vangueria infausta, Croton gratissimus and Vitex ferruginea were tested for antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion and minimum inhibition concentration (MIC). Cytotoxic and anti-HIV-1 activities of plants were tested using MTT Assay (3- (Dimethylthiozole-2-yl-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide)) and anti- HIV-1iib assay. In search of bioactive lead compounds, Cassine transvaalensis which was found to be the most active plant extract against the two Staphylocoous bacteria was subjected to various chromatographic. Thin layer chromatography, Column chromatography and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), (1H-1H, 13C-13C, in DMSO_d6, Bruker 600 MHz) were used to isolate and characterize 3-Oxo-28-hydroxylbetuli-20(29)-ene and 3,28-dihydroxylbetuli-20(29)-ene bioactive compounds from C. transvaalensis.Results
The four plants studied exhibited bioactive properties against the test isolates. The zones of inhibition ranged between 16 mm to 31 mm for multi-drug resistant staphylococci species. MIC values varied between 0.6 and 0.02 μg/ml. C. gratissimus and C. transvaalensis exhibited the abilities to inhibit HIV-1iib. Two bioactive compounds were isolated from C. transvaalensis.Conclusion
Data from this study reveals the use of these plant by traditional healers in the Eastern Cape. Furthermore, C. transvaalensis and C. gratissimus were found to be more active as against HIV-1iib. While C. transvaalensis was most active against the two Staphylococcus bacteria.13.
Objective
Among the inflammatory mediators involved in the pathogenesis of obesity, cell adhesion molecules such as intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) stand out. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 gene variants with obesity and to investigate the associations between these genetic polymorphisms and CRP, UA, and WBC count.Method
Four SNPs of the VCAM-1 gene (rs3176860, rs2392221, rs3917010 and rs3176879) and two SNPs of the ICAM-1 gene (rs281432 and rs5498) were analyzed in 181 control (18 < BMI < 23) and 144 obese (BMI ≥ 25) subjects. The SNPs were genotyped by direct sequencing.Results
In allele frequency analysis, the G allelic frequency of rs3176860 in the VCAM-1 gene was lower in the obese group (30.9%) than in the controls (41.2%) (P = 0.007). The C allelic frequency of rs3917010 was lower in the obese group (18.1%) than in the control (25.1%) (P = 0.03). In the haplotype analysis of VCAM-1 gene, the ht1 (ACA) was higher and ht2 (GCC) was lower in the obese subjects than in the controls (P = 0.0057 and P = 0.037, respectively). In the obese group, participants carrying the G allele of rs3176860 of the VCAM-1 gene showed a higher percentage of segmented neutrophils and CRP levels than those carrying only the A allele (P = 0.028 and P = 0.042, respectively).Conclusions
The results of this study suggest that VCAM-1 gene variants may be related to obesity and inflammatory markers in the Korean population.14.
Marissa G. Hall Theresa M. Marteau Cass R. Sunstein Kurt M. Ribisl Seth M. Noar Elizabeth N. Orlan Noel T. Brewer 《Journal of behavioral medicine》2018,41(3):398-405
Background
Understanding factors that influence public support for “nudging” policies, like pictorial cigarette pack warnings, may offer insight about how to increase such support. We sought to examine factors that influence smokers’ support for requiring pictorial warnings on cigarette packs.Methods
In 2014 and 2015, we randomly assigned 2149 adult US smokers to receive either pictorial warnings or text-only warnings on their cigarette packs for 4 weeks. The outcome examined in the current study was support for a policy requiring pictorial warnings on cigarette packs in the US.Results
Support for pictorial warnings was high at baseline (mean: 3.2 out of 4). Exposure to pictorial warnings increased policy support at week 4 (β = .05, p = .03). This effect was explained by increases in perceived message effectiveness (p < .001) and reported conversations about policy support (p < .001). Message reactance (i.e., an oppositional reaction to the warning) partially diminished the impact of pictorial warnings on policy support (p < .001).Conclusions
Exposing people to a new policy through implementation could increase public support for that policy by increasing perceived effectiveness and by prompting conversations about the policy. Reactance may partially weaken the effect of policy exposure on public support.15.
Julian Wienert Tim Kuhlmann Sebastian Fink Rainer Hambrecht Sonia Lippke 《International journal of behavioral medicine》2017,24(6):908-914
Purpose
The study investigated differences in motivational and volitional correlates of physical activity in persons who reported currently having hypertension, had hypertension in the past, or had no hypertension by using the health action process approach as a theoretical background.Method
Self-reported data from 512 participants (71.9% women; M age = 46.83 years; SD age = 13.77; M BMI = 24.89; SD BMI = 4.71) were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), analysis of variance (ANOVA), and post hoc comparisons of groups to determine differences in motivational and volitional correlates for physical activity between groups followed by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Additionally, χ 2 statistic was used to analyze differences in the distribution of behavioral stages between groups.Results
Participants with hypertension reported a higher perceived vulnerability (d = 0.99) and lower action planning (d = 0.32) and self-efficacy (d = 0.30) compared to those who indicated no hypertension. Their perceived vulnerability was also higher compared to those who indicated past hypertension on the mean level (d = 0.60). Significant main effects for all independent variables were found when controlling for gender and HAPA stages with main effects for perceived vulnerability, action planning, and self-efficacy. Participants with current hypertension were more prominent in the intender stage, whereas participants with past hypertension were more likely to be in the actor stage. Participants with no hypertension at all were equally distributed across the intender and actor stages.Conclusion
The study contributes to the understanding of differences in motivational and volitional correlates of physical activity in persons who reported different hypertension statuses.16.
Karolina Wesołowska Marko Elovainio Taina Hintsa Markus Jokela Laura Pulkki-Råback Niina Pitkänen Jari Lipsanen Janne Tukiainen Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen Terho Lehtimäki Markus Juonala Olli Raitakari Liisa Keltikangas-Järvinen 《International journal of behavioral medicine》2017,24(6):901-907
Purpose
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been associated with depressive symptoms, but the causal direction of this association and the underlying mechanisms, such as increased glucose levels, remain unclear. We used instrumental-variable regression with a genetic instrument (Mendelian randomization) to examine a causal role of increased glucose concentrations in the development of depressive symptoms.Method
Data were from the population-based Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study (n = 1217). Depressive symptoms were assessed in 2012 using a modified Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-I). Fasting glucose was measured concurrently with depressive symptoms. A genetic risk score for fasting glucose (with 35 single nucleotide polymorphisms) was used as an instrumental variable for glucose.Results
Glucose was not associated with depressive symptoms in the standard linear regression (B = ?0.04, 95% CI [?0.12, 0.04], p = .34), but the instrumental-variable regression showed an inverse association between glucose and depressive symptoms (B = ?0.43, 95% CI [?0.79, ?0.07], p = .020). The difference between the estimates of standard linear regression and instrumental-variable regression was significant (p = .026)Conclusion
Our results suggest that the association between T2D and depressive symptoms is unlikely to be caused by increased glucose concentrations. It seems possible that T2D might be linked to depressive symptoms due to low glucose levels.17.
Chao Gao Xiaoqian Chen Juan Li Yanyan Li Yuhan Tang Liang Liu Shaodan Chen Haiyan Yu Liegang Liu Ping Yao 《European journal of applied physiology》2014,114(4):695-705
Introduction
Oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the intense exercise-induced myocardium injury, and mitochondrial compartment is presumed as the main source and susceptible target of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS).Purpose
The objective of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of quercetin, a naturally occurring flavonoids possessing antioxidant effect on repeated intense exercise-induced mitochondrial oxidative stress and dysfunction.Methods
Adult male BALB/C mice were treated by quercetin (100 mg/kg bw) for 4 weeks and subjected to the exercise protocol on a treadmill (28 m/min at 5° slope for 90 min) for seven consecutive days concurrently at the fourth week.Results
Intense exercise in mice resulted in the leakage of creatine kinase-MB (increased from 221.5 ± 33.8 to 151.1 ± 19.1 U/l, P < 0.01) and ultrastructural malformation mainly evidenced by disrupted myofibrils and swollen mitochondria, which was overtly attenuated by quercetin prophylaxis. Quercetin pretreatment evidently alleviated mitochondrial oxidative stress by inhibiting glutathione depletion and aconitase inactivation, ROS over-generation, and lipid peroxidation in cardiac mitochondria of intense exercise mice. Furthermore, mitochondrial dysfunction manifested by decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (68.6 ± 7.6 versus 100.0 ± 7.7 %, P < 0.01) and respiratory control ratio (5.03 ± 0.55 versus 7.48 ± 0.71, P < 0.01) induced as a consequence of acute exercise was markedly mitigated by quercetin precondition.Conclusion
Quercetin protects mouse myocardium against intense exercise injury, especially ultrastructural damage and mitochondrial dysfunction, probably through its beneficial antioxidative effect, highlighting a promising strategy for over-training injury by naturally occurring phytochemicals.18.
Nijole Kazukauskiene Julius Burkauskas Jurate Macijauskiene Inga Duoneliene Vaidute Gelziniene Vilija Jakumaite Julija Brozaitiene 《International journal of behavioral medicine》2018,25(1):38-48
Purpose
There is still insufficient data on mental distress factors contributing to exercise capacity (EC) improvement before and after cardiac rehabilitation (CR) in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). The aim of our study was to evaluate the associations between various mental distress factors and EC before and after exercise-based CR (EBCR).Methods
Over 12 months, 223 CAD patients (70% men, mean age 58 ± 9 years) were evaluated for socio-demographic, clinical, and mental distress symptoms as measured by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HADS), Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), and Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Patients were tested for EC at baseline and after EBCR.Results
In a multivariate linear regression model, EC before EBCR was associated with HADS anxiety subscale (β = ?.186, p = .002) and BDI-II somatic/affective subscale (β = ?.249, p < .001). EC after EBCR was associated with HADS anxiety and depression subscales (β = ?.198, p < .001; β = ?.170, p = .002, respectively) and BDI-II (β = ?.258, p < .001). The BDI-II somatic/affective subscale was the best predictor of reduced EC before and after EBCR.Conclusions
Mental distress and somatic/affective symptoms of depression are strongly associated with EC both at the beginning and after EBCR. Analysis of possible mediating or moderating factors was beyond the scope of our study. Future studies should focus on comprehensive evaluation of EC risk factors including other mental distress characteristics, subjectively experienced fatigue, and post-operative CAD symptoms.19.
M. S. Chung J. Kim J. O. Kang H. Pai 《European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases》2016,35(11):1771-1776
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of malignancy and chemotherapy on the clinical and microbiological characteristics of Clostridium difficile infections (CDI).Methods
CDI patients with a history of malignancy within 5 years were defined as the cancer group. The characteristics of the patients were compared according to the presence of malignancy.Results
Of 580 patients with CDI, 159 (27.4 %) belonged to the cancer group and 421 (72.6 %) to the non-cancer group. More of the patients in the cancer group than those in the non-cancer group had been hospitalized within the prior 2 months (P?<?0.001). Leukocytosis was more common in the non-cancer group (P?=?0.034), while infection by PCR ribotype 017 strains was more common in the cancer group, with marginal significance (P?=?0.07). Recurrence was more frequent in the cancer group (20.4 % vs. 9.5 %, P =0.005) and cancer was an independent risk factor for recurrence of CDI (OR?=?2.66, 95 % CI 1.34-5.29, P =0.005). Age also contributed to the recurrence of CDI (OR?=?1.03, 95 % CI 1.00-1.06, P =0.026).Conclusions
Malignancy and age are independent risk factors for recurrence of CDI. Cancer patients require careful observation for recurrence after treatment of CDI.20.
Clairelyne Dupin Sylvain Marchand-Adam Olivier Favelle Romain Costes Philippe Gatault Philippe Diot Leslie Grammatico-Guillon Laurent Guilleminault 《Journal of clinical immunology》2016,36(8):810-817