Comparison of cardiac output measures by transpulmonary thermodilution,pulse contour analysis,and pulmonary artery thermodilution during off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery: a subgroup analysis of the cardiovascular anaesthesia registry at a single tertiary centre

Cardiac output measurement has a long history in haemodynamic management and many devices are now available with varying levels of accuracy. The purpose of the study was to compare the agreement and trending abilities of cardiac output, as measured by transpulmonary thermodilution and calibrated pulse contour analysis, using the VolumeView? system, continuous thermodilution via a pulmonary artery catheter, and uncalibrated pulse contour analysis, using FloTrac? with pulmonary artery bolus thermodilution. Twenty patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery using a pulmonary artery catheter and the VolumeView? and FloTrac? systems were included in this subgroup analysis of the cardiovascular anaesthesia registry at a single tertiary centre. During surgery, cardiac output was assessed after the induction of anaesthesia, after sternotomy, during the harvesting of grafts, during revascularization of the anterior and posterior/lateral wall, after protamine infusion, and after sternal fixation. In total, 145 sets of measurements were evaluated using Bland–Altman with % error calculation, correlation, concordance, and polar plot analyses. The percentage error (bias, limits of agreement) was 12.6 % (?0.12, ?0.64 to 0.41 L/min), 26.7 % (?0.38, ?1.50 to 0.74 L/min), 29.3 % (?0.08, ?1.32 to 1.15 L/min), and 33.8 % (?0.05, ?1.47 to 1.37 L/min) for transpulmonary thermodilution, pulmonary artery continuous thermodilution, calibrated, and uncalibrated pulse contour analysis, respectively, compared with pulmonary artery bolus thermodilution. All pairs of measurements showed significant correlations (p < 0.001), whereas only transpulmonary thermodilution revealed trending ability (concordance rate of 95.1 %, angular bias of 1.33°, and radial limits of agreement of 28.71°) compared with pulmonary artery bolus thermodilution. Transpulmonary thermodilution using the VolumeView? system provides reliable data on cardiac output measurement and tracking the changes thereof when compared with pulmonary artery bolus thermodilution in patients with preserved cardiac function during off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery. Trial registration NCT01713192 (ClinicalTrials.gov).     

超声心排血量监测仪与连续温度稀释法测量心排血量和心排血指数的比较研究

目的 评价连续波多普勒超声心排血量监测仪(USCOMlA)和连续温度稀释心排血量监测仪(VIGILANCElA)监测冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)后患者的心排血量(CO)和心排血指数(CI),检验USCOMlA监测CO、CI的准确性.方法 利用USCOMlA和VIGILANCElA双盲监测18例CAB(;后患者的CO、CI,并分析其相关性.结果 USCOMlA和VIGILANCElA监测的CO、CI相关性良好(rco=0.785,P<0.01;m=0.727,P<0.01).结论 可用无创的USCOMlA取代有创的VIGILANCE1A测量CO.     

超声心排血量监测仪与连续温度稀释法测量心排血量和心排血指数的比较研究

目的 评价连续波多普勒超声心排血量监测仪(USCOMlA)和连续温度稀释心排血量监测仪(VIGILANCElA)监测冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)后患者的心排血量(CO)和心排血指数(CI),检验USCOMlA监测CO、CI的准确性.方法 利用USCOMlA和VIGILANCElA双盲监测18例CAB(;后患者的CO、CI,并分析其相关性.结果 USCOMlA和VIGILANCElA监测的CO、CI相关性良好(rco=0.785,P<0.01;m=0.727,P<0.01).结论 可用无创的USCOMlA取代有创的VIGILANCE1A测量CO.     

超声心排血量监测仪与连续温度稀释法测量心排血量和心排血指数的比较研究

目的 评价连续波多普勒超声心排血量监测仪(USCOMlA)和连续温度稀释心排血量监测仪(VIGILANCElA)监测冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)后患者的心排血量(CO)和心排血指数(CI),检验USCOMlA监测CO、CI的准确性.方法 利用USCOMlA和VIGILANCElA双盲监测18例CAB(;后患者的CO、CI,并分析其相关性.结果 USCOMlA和VIGILANCElA监测的CO、CI相关性良好(rco=0.785,P<0.01;m=0.727,P<0.01).结论 可用无创的USCOMlA取代有创的VIGILANCE1A测量CO.     

超声心排血量监测仪与连续温度稀释法测量心排血量和心排血指数的比较研究

目的 评价连续波多普勒超声心排血量监测仪(USCOMlA)和连续温度稀释心排血量监测仪(VIGILANCElA)监测冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)后患者的心排血量(CO)和心排血指数(CI),检验USCOMlA监测CO、CI的准确性.方法 利用USCOMlA和VIGILANCElA双盲监测18例CAB(;后患者的CO、CI,并分析其相关性.结果 USCOMlA和VIGILANCElA监测的CO、CI相关性良好(rco=0.785,P<0.01;m=0.727,P<0.01).结论 可用无创的USCOMlA取代有创的VIGILANCE1A测量CO.     

超声心排血量监测仪与连续温度稀释法测量心排血量和心排血指数的比较研究

目的 评价连续波多普勒超声心排血量监测仪(USCOMlA)和连续温度稀释心排血量监测仪(VIGILANCElA)监测冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)后患者的心排血量(CO)和心排血指数(CI),检验USCOMlA监测CO、CI的准确性.方法 利用USCOMlA和VIGILANCElA双盲监测18例CAB(;后患者的CO、CI,并分析其相关性.结果 USCOMlA和VIGILANCElA监测的CO、CI相关性良好(rco=0.785,P<0.01;m=0.727,P<0.01).结论 可用无创的USCOMlA取代有创的VIGILANCE1A测量CO.     

超声心排血量监测仪与连续温度稀释法测量心排血量和心排血指数的比较研究

目的 评价连续波多普勒超声心排血量监测仪(USCOMlA)和连续温度稀释心排血量监测仪(VIGILANCElA)监测冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)后患者的心排血量(CO)和心排血指数(CI),检验USCOMlA监测CO、CI的准确性.方法 利用USCOMlA和VIGILANCElA双盲监测18例CAB(;后患者的CO、CI,并分析其相关性.结果 USCOMlA和VIGILANCElA监测的CO、CI相关性良好(rco=0.785,P<0.01;m=0.727,P<0.01).结论 可用无创的USCOMlA取代有创的VIGILANCE1A测量CO.     

超声心排血量监测仪与连续温度稀释法测量心排血量和心排血指数的比较研究

目的 评价连续波多普勒超声心排血量监测仪(USCOMlA)和连续温度稀释心排血量监测仪(VIGILANCElA)监测冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)后患者的心排血量(CO)和心排血指数(CI),检验USCOMlA监测CO、CI的准确性.方法 利用USCOMlA和VIGILANCElA双盲监测18例CAB(;后患者的CO、CI,并分析其相关性.结果 USCOMlA和VIGILANCElA监测的CO、CI相关性良好(rco=0.785,P<0.01;m=0.727,P<0.01).结论 可用无创的USCOMlA取代有创的VIGILANCE1A测量CO.     

超声心排血量监测仪与连续温度稀释法测量心排血量和心排血指数的比较研究

目的 评价连续波多普勒超声心排血量监测仪(USCOMlA)和连续温度稀释心排血量监测仪(VIGILANCElA)监测冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)后患者的心排血量(CO)和心排血指数(CI),检验USCOMlA监测CO、CI的准确性.方法 利用USCOMlA和VIGILANCElA双盲监测18例CAB(;后患者的CO、CI,并分析其相关性.结果 USCOMlA和VIGILANCElA监测的CO、CI相关性良好(rco=0.785,P<0.01;m=0.727,P<0.01).结论 可用无创的USCOMlA取代有创的VIGILANCE1A测量CO.     

超声心排血量监测仪与连续温度稀释法测量心排血量和心排血指数的比较研究

目的 评价连续波多普勒超声心排血量监测仪(USCOMlA)和连续温度稀释心排血量监测仪(VIGILANCElA)监测冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)后患者的心排血量(CO)和心排血指数(CI),检验USCOMlA监测CO、CI的准确性.方法 利用USCOMlA和VIGILANCElA双盲监测18例CAB(;后患者的CO、CI,并分析其相关性.结果 USCOMlA和VIGILANCElA监测的CO、CI相关性良好(rco=0.785,P<0.01;m=0.727,P<0.01).结论 可用无创的USCOMlA取代有创的VIGILANCE1A测量CO.     

超声心排血量监测仪与连续温度稀释法测量心排血量和心排血指数的比较研究

目的 评价连续波多普勒超声心排血量监测仪(USCOMlA)和连续温度稀释心排血量监测仪(VIGILANCElA)监测冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)后患者的心排血量(CO)和心排血指数(CI),检验USCOMlA监测CO、CI的准确性.方法 利用USCOMlA和VIGILANCElA双盲监测18例CAB(;后患者的CO、CI,并分析其相关性.结果 USCOMlA和VIGILANCElA监测的CO、CI相关性良好(rco=0.785,P<0.01;m=0.727,P<0.01).结论 可用无创的USCOMlA取代有创的VIGILANCE1A测量CO.     

超声心排血量监测仪与连续温度稀释法测量心排血量和心排血指数的比较研究

目的 评价连续波多普勒超声心排血量监测仪(USCOMlA)和连续温度稀释心排血量监测仪(VIGILANCElA)监测冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)后患者的心排血量(CO)和心排血指数(CI),检验USCOMlA监测CO、CI的准确性.方法 利用USCOMlA和VIGILANCElA双盲监测18例CAB(;后患者的CO、CI,并分析其相关性.结果 USCOMlA和VIGILANCElA监测的CO、CI相关性良好(rco=0.785,P<0.01;m=0.727,P<0.01).结论 可用无创的USCOMlA取代有创的VIGILANCE1A测量CO.     

体外与非体外循环冠状动脉搭桥术临床对比及护理研究

目的观察比较体外循环冠状动脉搭桥术（CPABG）和非体外循环冠状动脉搭桥术（OPCAB）的疗效,探讨其护理措施。方法选取65例冠脉搭桥术患者,随机分为两组,33例行OPCAB,32例行CPABG,对两组患者分别行相应的护理,包括术后严密监测生命体征,严密心电监护,加强呼吸系统的监护,维持血压稳定,患肢动脉血栓预防,华法林的合理使用等,观察比较两组患者手术情况,术后恢复及心功能改善情况。结果OPCAB组患者手术时间及出血量均明显低于CPABG组,两组比较差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。两组患者手术前后心功能分级,组间比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;术后与术前相比,心功能均显著改善,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。OPCAB组患者ICU留住时间,辅助呼吸时间,并发症发生情况,拔纵隔、心包引流管时间,住院时间及住院费用均明显低于CPABG组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论OPCAB较CPABG治疗冠心病患者术后恢复快,疗效更为显著;护士掌握手术相关知识及护理要点,为患者提供优质高效专业的护理,是保证手术成功的关键。     

Comparison of the ability of two continuous cardiac output monitors to measure trends in cardiac output: estimated continuous cardiac output measured by modified pulse wave transit time and an arterial pulse contour-based cardiac output device

Estimated continuous cardiac output (esCCO), a noninvasive technique for continuously measuring cardiac output (CO), is based on modified pulse wave transit time, which in turn is determined by pulse oximetry and electrocardiography. However, its trending ability has never been evaluated in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery. Therefore, this study examined esCCO’s ability to detect the exact changes in CO, compared with currently available arterial waveform analysis methods, in patients undergoing kidney transplantation. CO was measured using an esCCO system and arterial pressure-based CO (APCO), and compared with a corresponding intermittent bolus thermodilution CO (ICO) method. Percentage error and statistical methods, including concordance analysis and polar plot analysis, were used to analyze results from 15 adult patients. The difference in the CO values between esCCO and ICO was ?0.39 ± 1.15 L min^?1 (percentage error, 35.6 %). And corrected precision for repeated measures was 1.16 L min^?1 (percentage error for repeated measures, 36.0 %). A concordance analysis showed that the concordance rate was 93.1 %. The mean angular bias was ?1.8° and the radial limits of agreement were ±37.6°. The difference between the APCO and ICO CO values was 0.04 ± 1.37 L min^?1 (percentage error, 42.4 %). And corrected precision for repeated measures was 1.37 L min^?1 (percentage error for repeated measures, 42.5 %). The concordance rate was 89.7 %, with a mean angular bias of ?3.3° and radial limits of agreement of ±42.2°. This study demonstrated that the trending ability of the esCCO system is not clinically acceptable, as judged by polar plots analysis; however, its trending ability is clinically acceptable based on a concordance analysis, and is comparable with currently available arterial waveform analysis methods.     

糖尿病对不停跳冠状动脉旁路移植术的影响

目的 探讨糖尿病对不停跳冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)患者的围术期影响.方法 回顾性分析2006 年9月至2010年7月692例行不停跳CABG患者的临床资料.根据术前是否合并糖尿病分为糖尿病组(276例)及非糖尿病组(416例).围术期严密监测患者的血糖,并给予胰岛素严格控制血糖.采用单因素分析糖尿病与CABG术后疗效、围术期并发症发生率及院内病死率的关系.结果 糖尿病组与非糖尿病组患者切口并发症分别为5.8%(16/276)与4.3%(18/416),输血量分别为(890.7±520.6)ml与(825.2±518.4)ml,差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05).2组患者术后心律失常(13.0%与13.5%)、围术期肾功能不全(5.1%与2.4%)以及病死率(2.9%与1.9%)差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05),糖尿病组患者的主动脉内球囊反搏使用时间[(3.7±1.6)d与(3.5±1.6)d]、呼吸机使用时间[(2.6±1.9)d与(2.4±1.5)d]差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05).糖尿病组与非糖尿病组患者住院时间分别为(22.0±8.8)d与(20.6±7.6)d,住院费用分别为(8.11±2.40)万元与(7.63±2.20)万元,2组差异有统计学意义(t值分别为2.22、2.71,P均<0.05).结论 糖尿病组与非糖尿病组患者行CABG的围术期并发症及病死率无明显影响,但对患者的住院费用以及住院时间影响较大.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the impact of diabetes on coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)in peroperative patients. Methods Clinical data of 692 CABG patients were collected retrospectively from Sep. 2006 to Jul. 2010. The CABG patients were divided into diabetic group (n = 276) and nondiabetic group (n = 416) according to with the status of diabetes or not before operation. Blood glucose was dynamicaly monitored and treated with insulin to control blood glucose in perioperativeperiod. The postoperative effect,perioperative complication and inhospital case fatality and their relationship with diabetes were analyzed using univariate analysis. Results No significant differences were found regarding the incision complications (5. 8%vs. 4. 3 % , P > 0. 05). The volume of blood transfusion was (890. 7 ± 520. 6) ml in the diabetes group, which was not significantly different from that of (825. 2 ±518. 4)mlin the non-diabetes group (P>0. 05). No significant difference was found on cardiac arrhythmia (13.0% vs. 13. 5%),renal function insufficient (5. 1% vs. 2.4%)and case fatality (2. 9% and 1. 9%) between the diabetes and non-diabetes group (Ps >0. 05). In the diabetes group and non-diabetes group, the duration of IABP (3.7 ± 1. 6) d vs (3.5 ± 1.6)d, use of ventilator (2. 6 ± 1.9)d vs. (2. 4±1.5)d were not sigfnificantly different (Ps >0.05). The length of hospital stay and cost were (22. 0 ±8. 8)d and (8. 11 ±2. 40) thousand RMB in the diabetes group, which were significantly higher than that of (20. 6 ±7. 6)d and (7. 63 ±2. 20) thousand RMB in the non-diabeties group (t =2. 22 and 2. 71 ,Ps <0.05) . Conclusion There are no significant differences in the operative case fatality and complications between patients with diabetes and without nondiabetes. However,diabetes increases hospital stay and expense.     

Impact of changes in systemic vascular resistance on a novel non-invasive continuous cardiac output measurement system based on pulse wave transit time: a report of two cases

The inaccuracy of arterial waveform analysis for measuring continuos cardiac output (CCO) associated with changes in systemic vascular resistance (SVR) has been well documented. A new non-invasive continuous cardiac output monitoring system (esCCO) mainly utilizing pulse wave transit time (PWTT) in place of arterial waveform analysis has been developed. However, the trending ability of esCCO to measure cardiac output during changes in SVR remains unclear. After a previous multicenter study on esCCO measurement, we retrospectively identified two cases in which apparent changes in SVR developed in a short period during data collection. In each case, the trending ability of esCCO to measure cardiac output and time component of PWTT were analyzed. Recorded data suggest that the time component of PWTT may have a significant impact on the accuracy of estimating stroke volume during changes in SVR. However, further prospective clinical studies are required to test this hypothesis.     

Continuous cardiac output by femoral arterial thermodilution calibrated pulse contour analysis: comparison with pulmonary arterial thermodilution

OBJECTIVE: To compare two thermodilution methods for the determination of cardiac output (CO)-thermodilution in the pulmonary artery (COpa) and thermodilution in the femoral artery (COa)-with each other and with CO determined by continuous pulse contour analysis (COpc) in terms of reproducibility, bias, and correlation among the different methods. Good agreement between the methods would indicate the potential of pulse contour analysis to monitor CO continuously and at reduced invasiveness. DESIGN: Prospective criterion standard study. SETTING: Cardiac surgical intensive care unit in a university hospital. PATIENTS: Twenty-four postoperative cardiac surgery patients. INTERVENTIONS: Without interfering with standard hospital cardiac recovery procedures, changes in CO as a result of the postsurgical course, administration of vasoactive substances, and/or fluid administration were recorded. CO was first recorded after a 1-hr stabilization period in the intensive care unit and hourly thereafter for 6 hrs, and by subsequent determinations at 9, 12, and 24 hrs. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: There were 216 simultaneous determinations of COpa, COa, and COpc. COpc was initially calibrated using COa, and no further recalibration of COpc was performed. COpa ranged from 3.0 to 11.8 L/min, and systemic vascular resistance ranged from 252 to 2434 dyne x sec/cm5. The mean difference (bias) +/-2 SD of differences (limits of agreement) was -0.29+/-1.31 L/min for COpa vs. COa, 0.07+/-1.4 L/min for COpc vs. COpa, and -0.22+/-1.58 L/min for COpc vs. COa. In all but four patients COpc correlated with COa after the initial calibration. Correlation and precision of COpc vs. COa was stable for 24 hrs. CONCLUSIONS: Femoral artery pulse contour CO correlates well with both COpa and COa even during substantial variations in vascular tone and hemodynamics. Additionally, CO determined by arterial thermodilution correlates well with COpa. Thus, COa can be used to calibrate COpc.     

Reproducibility of transpulmonary thermodilution cardiac output measurements in clinical practice: a systematic review

Measuring cardiac output (CO) is an integral part of the diagnostic and therapeutic strategy in critically ill patients. During the last decade, the single transpulmonary thermodilution (TPTD) technique was implemented in clinical practice. The purpose of this paper was to systematically review and critically assess the existing data concerning the reproducibility of CO measured using TPTD (COTPTD). A total of 16 studies were identified to potentially be included in our study because these studies had the required information that allowed for calculating the reproducibility of COTPTD measurements. 14 adult studies and 2 pediatric studies were analyzed. In total, 3432 averaged CO values in the adult population and 78 averaged CO values in the pediatric population were analyzed. The overall reproducibility of COTPTD measurements was 6.1 ± 2.0 % in the adult studies and 3.9 ± 2.9 % in the pediatric studies. An average of 3 boluses was necessary for obtaining a mean CO value. Achieving more than 3 boluses did not improve reproducibility; however, achieving less than 3 boluses significantly affects the reproducibility of this technique. The present results emphasize that TPTD is a highly reproducible technique for monitoring CO in critically ill patients, especially in the pediatric population. Our findings suggest that obtaining a mean of 3 measurements for determining CO values is recommended.     

Effects of off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting on patient outcome.

BACKGROUND: Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is associated with postoperative myocardial stunning, hypothermia, formation of microemboli, and systemic inflammatory response syndrome, all of which may prolong recovery from coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery. This study sought to compare outcomes in patients undergoing CABG off pump versus on pump. METHODS: Outcomes, including mortality and several morbidities, were reviewed in 1,623 on-pump patients and 683 off-pump patients. Morbidities assessed included postoperative bleeding, incidence of multiorgan dysfunction, and neurologic complications. Chi-square and t-test analysis were used to determine statistical significance. RESULTS: Mortality was 42% lower in the off-pump group than the on-pump group. Both critical care and total hospital length of stay were significantly shorter in the off-pump group. The incidence of postoperative bleeding requiring transfusion or a return to the operating room was reduced by 29% in the off-pump group and the incidence of multiorgan dysfunction was reduced by 31%. The off-pump patients also presented a significantly lower incidence of cerebral vascular accidents and seizures than on-pump patients. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that there is an association between improved patient outcome and off-pump CABG surgery. The outcomes of this study show a statistically significant decrease in mortality, critical care length of stay, total hospital stay, incidence of bleeding requiring transfusion or return to the operating room, amount of blood transfused, incidence of multiorgan dysfunction, cerebral vascular accidents, and seizures in off-pump patients when compared with on-pump patients. Such results support the use of myocardial revascularization off pump as an alternative to CABG surgery on pump. CABG surgery off pump may allow a better postoperative clinical course in patients who are candidates for the procedure.