硫酸阿托品注射液中细菌内毒素的鲎试剂检查法

目的:建立硫酸阿托品注射液细菌内毒素检查法.方法:采用中国药典2005年版附录细菌内毒素检查法.结果:硫酸阿托品注射液稀释至0.25 g·L-1及更低浓度时,用灵敏度分别为0.25 EU·mL-1和0.125 EU·mL-1的鲎试剂检测细菌内毒素,无干扰因素影响.结论:硫酸阿托品注射液细菌内毒素限值确定为50 EU·mg-1,可应用鲎试剂进行细菌内毒素法检查.     

硫酸鱼精蛋白注射液细菌内毒素检查研究

目的 :对硫酸鱼精蛋白注射液进行细菌内毒素检查的可行性研究 ,为该药品质量标准中制定内毒素检查项提供参考。方法 :采用凝胶法分别对两个不同生产厂家的各 3批样品进行干扰试验。结果 :硫酸鱼精蛋白注射液 (10 mg/ ml)在稀释 2 4 0倍时无干扰作用 ,可用细菌内毒素检查法进行检查。结论 :硫酸鱼精蛋白注射液细菌内毒素检查是可行的。     

硫酸鱼精蛋白注射液细菌内毒素检查法标准研究

目的:建立硫酸鱼精蛋白注射液细菌内毒素的检查方法.方法:按<中国药典>2000年版二部附录ⅪE、ⅪX F进行实验和结果判断.结果:用三个不同生产厂家,不同标示灵敏度鲎试剂进行研究,硫酸鱼精蛋白注射液最大不干扰浓度为0.042mg/ml,并对两个生产厂家的6批样品进行检查,均无干扰作用,其细菌内毒素量均小于6EU/mg.结论:本品可以用细菌内毒素检查法(凝胶法)代替热原检查法控制细菌内毒素的含量,硫酸鱼精蛋白注射液的细菌内毒素理论限值为6EU/mg.     

复方氯解磷定注射液细菌内毒素的检查方法

目的:建立复方氯解磷定注射液细菌内毒素检查法.方法:采用<中国药典>2005年版附录细菌内毒素检查法.结果:复方氯解磷定注射液稀释至含氯解磷定10 ms/mL及以下浓度时,用灵敏度为0.25 EU/mL的鲎试剂检测细菌内毒素,无干扰因素影响.结论:复方氯解磷定注射液细菌内毒素限值确定为0.2 EU/mg,可应用鲎试剂进行细菌内毒素法检查.     

地塞米松磷酸钠注射液的细菌内毒素检查法

目的:探讨地塞米松磷酸钠注射液对细菌内毒素检查实验的干扰情况,并建立其细菌内毒素检查的质量标准.方法:参照《中国药典》2005年版二部附录XI E细菌内毒素检查法,用两个厂家的鲎试剂对两个厂家的地塞米松磷酸钠注射液进行干扰试验.结果:地塞米松磷酸钠注射液对细菌内毒素检查有干扰作用,但通过细菌内毒素检查用水稀释可消除干扰.结论:该制剂可以用细菌内毒素检查法(凝胶法)代替兔热原检查法.     

细菌内毒素法检查碳酸氢钠注射液热原的研究

目的:研究用细菌内毒素法检查碳酸氢钠注射液的热原.方法:应用鲎试剂检查碳酸氢钠注射液中的热原,考察了碳酸氢钠注射液对细菌内毒素检查法的干扰行为.结果:碳酸氢钠注射液稀释2.5倍,对细菌内毒素检查法无干扰作用.结论:选用鲎试剂,细菌内毒素检查可代替碳酸氢钠注射液热原检查法.     

天麻素注射液细菌内毒素检查法研究

目的:对天麻素注射液进行细菌内毒素检查法研究,建立其细菌内毒素检查方法.方法:按<中国药典>2005年版二部附录进行.结果:天麻素注射液在1:30稀释的浓度对细菌内毒素检查法无干扰作用,其细菌内毒素限制L为0.15EU/mg.结论:可采用细菌内毒素检查法对天麻素注射液进行细菌内毒素检查.     

甘草酸二铵注射液的细菌内毒素检查法

目的:研究甘草酸二铵注射液对细菌内毒素检查实验的干扰情况,并建立其细菌内毒素检查的质量标准.方法:参照《中国药典》2005年版二部细菌内毒素检查法进行试验,用两个不同厂家的鲎试剂对甘草酸二铵注射液进行干扰试验.结果:甘草酸二铵注射液对细菌内毒素检查有干扰作用,但通过稀释可消除其干扰.结论:可以用细菌内毒素检查法(凝胶法)代替家兔热原检查法,控制该产品的质量.     

硫酸依替米星注射液细菌内毒素检查

目的:建立硫酸依替米星注射液细菌内毒素检查方法。方法:按《中国药典》(2005版)二部收载的细菌内毒素检查方法,计算硫酸依替米星注射液的细菌内毒素限值,通过干扰试验确定其最大无干扰质量浓度。结果:硫酸依替米星注射液经400倍稀释后,采用鲎试剂(细菌内毒素限值)为2EU/mg;硫酸依替米星质量浓度为1mg/mL时对细菌内毒素无干扰。结论:采用细菌内毒素检查法可替代家兔法控制热原的常规检查是可行的。     

尼莫地平注射液细菌内毒素检查法研究

目的:建立尼莫地平注射液细菌内毒素检查方法.方法:采用<中国药典>2000年版附录细菌内毒素检查法.结果:尼莫地平注射液在稀释至8倍时检查细菌内毒素可完全排除干扰因素的影响.结论:细菌内毒素检查法可代替家兔热原检查法.进行尼莫地平注射液中内毒素的检查.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.