重度颅脑损伤患者不同营养支持途径的效果及护理对策

目的 探讨重度颅脑损伤患者早期肠内营养的疗效及其护理方法 .方法 将82例重度颅脑损伤患者随机分为肠内营养组(EN组)和肠外营养组(PN组)各41例.2组患者分别于伤后第3天进行肠内营养和肠外营养,在营养支持15 d后观察营养状况指标:血清总蛋白(TP)、血清白蛋白(ALB)、血红蛋白(Hb)、空腹血糖(FBG)和丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT);同时观察患者有无腹胀、腹泻等不良反应和应激性溃疡、静脉炎、呼吸道感染等l临床并发症发生.结果 EN组患者营养支持前后的营养状况指标比较无显著差异;PN组患者营养支持前后的Hb、FBG和ALT比较有显著差异;2组患者营养支持15 d后的Hb、FBG和ALT比较有显著差异;EN组静脉炎和应激性溃疡的发生率显著低于PN组.结论 重度颅脑损伤早期肠内营养效果优于肠外营养,肠内营养的不良反应和并发症低于肠外营养,因此在临床中建议应用肠内营养.     

不同营养支持对重型颅脑损伤患者预后的临床效果评价

目的：评价不同营养支持方法对重型颅脑损伤患者预后的临床意义。方法选取2010年1月-2012年11月本院收治的84例重型颅脑损伤患者,随机分为3组,每组28例：A组早期同时给予肠内营养（EN）和肠外营养（PN）,B组单纯PN,且PN时间超过2周;C组早期单纯给予EN。比较3组患者的营养状况、并发症的发生率及预后。结果 A组2周时血糖及各项营养指标均优于B与C组（P＜0．05）,早晚期并发症发生率低于其他2组（P＜0．05）,预后优于其他2组（P＜0．05）。结论重型颅脑损伤后早期联合进行EN和PN是临床较合理的营养支持方法,对患者预后有重要价值。     

重型颅脑损伤行亚低温治疗早期肠内营养的护理研究

目的 探讨重型颅脑损伤亚低温期间早期肠内营养的护理方法.方法 将72例重型颅脑损伤的患者随机分成EN、PN两组,均在伤后12 h内行亚低温治疗,同时行肠内营养及肠外营养.结果 ①两组病人营养支持前后的营养状况无明显改变(P>0.05);②与肠外营养相比,肠内营养可有效预防应激性溃疡的发生,大大降低静脉炎的发生;③肠内营养组血糖水平较稳定,且对肝功能无损害.而肠外营养组有明显的肝功能损害且易产生高葡萄糖血症.结论 重型颅脑损伤亚低温治疗期间早期行肠内营养具有安全有效、费用低、并发症少等优点,可替代肠外营养.     

重型颅脑损伤行亚低温治疗早期肠内营养的护理研究

目的 探讨重型颅脑损伤亚低温期间早期肠内营养的护理方法.方法 将72例重型颅脑损伤的患者随机分成EN、PN两组,均在伤后12 h内行亚低温治疗,同时行肠内营养及肠外营养.结果 ①两组病人营养支持前后的营养状况无明显改变(P>0.05);②与肠外营养相比,肠内营养可有效预防应激性溃疡的发生,大大降低静脉炎的发生;③肠内营养组血糖水平较稳定,且对肝功能无损害.而肠外营养组有明显的肝功能损害且易产生高葡萄糖血症.结论 重型颅脑损伤亚低温治疗期间早期行肠内营养具有安全有效、费用低、并发症少等优点,可替代肠外营养.     

重型颅脑损伤行亚低温治疗早期肠内营养的护理研究

目的 探讨重型颅脑损伤亚低温期间早期肠内营养的护理方法.方法 将72例重型颅脑损伤的患者随机分成EN、PN两组,均在伤后12 h内行亚低温治疗,同时行肠内营养及肠外营养.结果 ①两组病人营养支持前后的营养状况无明显改变(P>0.05);②与肠外营养相比,肠内营养可有效预防应激性溃疡的发生,大大降低静脉炎的发生;③肠内营养组血糖水平较稳定,且对肝功能无损害.而肠外营养组有明显的肝功能损害且易产生高葡萄糖血症.结论 重型颅脑损伤亚低温治疗期间早期行肠内营养具有安全有效、费用低、并发症少等优点,可替代肠外营养.     

重型颅脑损伤行亚低温治疗早期肠内营养的护理研究

目的 探讨重型颅脑损伤亚低温期间早期肠内营养的护理方法.方法 将72例重型颅脑损伤的患者随机分成EN、PN两组,均在伤后12 h内行亚低温治疗,同时行肠内营养及肠外营养.结果 ①两组病人营养支持前后的营养状况无明显改变(P>0.05);②与肠外营养相比,肠内营养可有效预防应激性溃疡的发生,大大降低静脉炎的发生;③肠内营养组血糖水平较稳定,且对肝功能无损害.而肠外营养组有明显的肝功能损害且易产生高葡萄糖血症.结论 重型颅脑损伤亚低温治疗期间早期行肠内营养具有安全有效、费用低、并发症少等优点,可替代肠外营养.     

重型颅脑损伤行亚低温治疗早期肠内营养的护理研究

目的 探讨重型颅脑损伤亚低温期间早期肠内营养的护理方法.方法 将72例重型颅脑损伤的患者随机分成EN、PN两组,均在伤后12 h内行亚低温治疗,同时行肠内营养及肠外营养.结果 ①两组病人营养支持前后的营养状况无明显改变(P>0.05);②与肠外营养相比,肠内营养可有效预防应激性溃疡的发生,大大降低静脉炎的发生;③肠内营养组血糖水平较稳定,且对肝功能无损害.而肠外营养组有明显的肝功能损害且易产生高葡萄糖血症.结论 重型颅脑损伤亚低温治疗期间早期行肠内营养具有安全有效、费用低、并发症少等优点,可替代肠外营养.     

重型颅脑损伤行亚低温治疗早期肠内营养的护理研究

目的 探讨重型颅脑损伤亚低温期间早期肠内营养的护理方法.方法 将72例重型颅脑损伤的患者随机分成EN、PN两组,均在伤后12 h内行亚低温治疗,同时行肠内营养及肠外营养.结果 ①两组病人营养支持前后的营养状况无明显改变(P>0.05);②与肠外营养相比,肠内营养可有效预防应激性溃疡的发生,大大降低静脉炎的发生;③肠内营养组血糖水平较稳定,且对肝功能无损害.而肠外营养组有明显的肝功能损害且易产生高葡萄糖血症.结论 重型颅脑损伤亚低温治疗期间早期行肠内营养具有安全有效、费用低、并发症少等优点,可替代肠外营养.     

重型颅脑损伤行亚低温治疗早期肠内营养的护理研究

目的 探讨重型颅脑损伤亚低温期间早期肠内营养的护理方法.方法 将72例重型颅脑损伤的患者随机分成EN、PN两组,均在伤后12 h内行亚低温治疗,同时行肠内营养及肠外营养.结果 ①两组病人营养支持前后的营养状况无明显改变(P>0.05);②与肠外营养相比,肠内营养可有效预防应激性溃疡的发生,大大降低静脉炎的发生;③肠内营养组血糖水平较稳定,且对肝功能无损害.而肠外营养组有明显的肝功能损害且易产生高葡萄糖血症.结论 重型颅脑损伤亚低温治疗期间早期行肠内营养具有安全有效、费用低、并发症少等优点,可替代肠外营养.     

重型颅脑损伤行亚低温治疗早期肠内营养的护理研究

目的 探讨重型颅脑损伤亚低温期间早期肠内营养的护理方法.方法 将72例重型颅脑损伤的患者随机分成EN、PN两组,均在伤后12 h内行亚低温治疗,同时行肠内营养及肠外营养.结果 ①两组病人营养支持前后的营养状况无明显改变(P>0.05);②与肠外营养相比,肠内营养可有效预防应激性溃疡的发生,大大降低静脉炎的发生;③肠内营养组血糖水平较稳定,且对肝功能无损害.而肠外营养组有明显的肝功能损害且易产生高葡萄糖血症.结论 重型颅脑损伤亚低温治疗期间早期行肠内营养具有安全有效、费用低、并发症少等优点,可替代肠外营养.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.