甘肃省武威市凉州区中小学生营养状况调查

目的了解甘肃省武威市凉州区中小学生营养状况,探讨存在的问题,为制定干预措施提供参考依据。方法收集2014─2017年武威市凉州区30所中小学校3个学年学生的健康体检数据(包括身高、体重和营养状况)并进行评估。结果 2014─2017年武威市凉州区中小学生超重、肥胖和营养不良检出率分别为8.27%,3.46%和11.51%,不同年龄组学生超重(χ2=159.367)、肥胖(χ2=126.885)和营养不良(χ2=87.160)检出率差异有统计学意义(均P0.05);3个学年学生超重检出率分别为8.22%,8.16%和8.42%,肥胖检出率为3.35%,3.29%和3.74%,营养不良检出率为9.79%,9.78%和14.80%,不同学年学生超重(χ2=0.186)、肥胖(χ2=1.329)和营养不良(χ2=60.269)检出率差异有统计学意义(均P0.05);男生和女生超重检出率分别为9.40%和3.92%,肥胖检出率为5.62%和2.37%,营养不良检出率为12.18%和10.69%,不同性别学生超重(χ2=22.489)、肥胖(χ2=8.257)和营养不良(χ2=5.846)检出率差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论武威市凉州区中小学生营养状况不均衡,9~18岁年龄组学生营养不良现象比较突出,尤其是男生群体有待改善;建议相关部门制定有针对性的营养干预措施,减少营养不良状况的发生。     

2020年兰州市18岁以下中小学生超重和肥胖与血压的关系分析

目的 了解兰州市2020年18岁以下中小学生超重和肥胖情况,以及超重、肥胖与血压偏高检出率之间的关系,为更好预防兰州市中小学生超重、肥胖和血压偏高提供基础数据和科学依据。方法 依据《2020年全国学生常见病和影响因素监测与干预方案工作手册》,选取兰州市城郊12所中小学,筛选18岁以下中小学生,计算不同性别、不同地区、不同年龄组的超重、肥胖检出率及血压偏高率。采用Logistic回归分析中小学生超重、肥胖与血压偏高的关系。结果本次共调查4 036人,其中超重568人、超重率14.07%,肥胖506人、肥胖率12.54%,血压偏高495人、血压偏高率12.26%;超重检出率男生(15.80%)高于女生(12.22%),差异有统计学意义(χ²=10.722,P<0.05);肥胖检出率男生(15.28%)高于女生(9.60%),差异有统计学意义(χ²=29.632,P<0.05);血压偏高检出率男生(15.04%)高于女生(9.29%),差异有统计学意义(χ²=30.930,P<0.05);超重检出率城镇(16...     

漯河市郾城区中小学生营养状况调查

目的 了解河南省漯河市郾城区中小学生营养现状,为制定相应的干预措施提供科学依据.方法 以《中国7 ～ 22岁学生身高体重标准值》为标准,分析辖区内6 490名中小学生营养状况,评价指标为营养不良率、超重率和肥胖率.结果 学生营养不良检出率18.64％,超重率10.29％,肥胖率14.14％;不同学段营养不良率差异有统计学意义(x2=132.169,P＜0.05),其中营养不良率女生(23.74％)高于男生(14.08％),差异有统计学意义(x2=99.422,P＜0.05);超重率(x2=31.366)和肥胖率(x2=75.315)在各学段之间差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);超重率(x2=5.648)和肥胖率(x2=118.886)男生(11.10％和18.61％)高于女生(9.39％和9.16％),差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 中小学生营养不良和营养过剩并存,应针对不同营养问题采取干预措施.     

库尔勒市中小学生常见病监测分析

目的了解新疆库尔勒市中小学生常见病患病情况,为采取有效的针对性干预措施提供科学依据。方法根据《2021年全国学生常见病和健康影响因素监测与干预工作方案》,采用分层随机抽样的方法,于2021年对库尔勒市6所学校的中小学生开展视力、龋齿、营养不良与超重肥胖、脊柱弯曲异常等常见病监测和教室环境卫生监测。结果共监测中小学生2276人,监测学生常见病5种,龋齿、视力不良、超重肥胖、营养不良和脊柱弯曲异常检出率分别为80.76%,67.09%,29.48%,9.14%,1.49%;除营养不良外,其他4种学生常见病在小学、初中和高中的差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);除视力不良外,其他4种学生常见病在男生与女生间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),视力不良、龋齿和脊柱弯曲异常检出率女生均高于男生,超重肥胖及营养不良检出率男生均高于女生。结论2021年库尔勒市中小学生常见病患病情况总体形势严峻;相关部门应重视学生身心健康,尽早联合组织学校及家长采取有效的重点干预措施。     

新疆博尔塔拉州不同民族超重肥胖与血压关系

目的了解新疆博尔塔拉州(博州)维吾尔族(维)、哈萨克族(哈)、蒙古族(蒙)、汉族人群超重肥胖与血压水平的相关性.方法 2004-09-10采用分层随机整群抽样法完成的新疆博州维、哈、蒙、汉族人群的代谢综合征流行病学资料中≥30岁并资料完整的3935人作为研究对象.通过相关及回归分析4个民族体质量指数(BMI)、腰围水平...     

新疆2585例汉、维、哈族血脂水平调查

目的调查新疆汉、维、哈民族血脂水平,了解其血脂水平分布特点,分析其影响因素。方法采用整群随机抽样的方法,选取新疆乌鲁木齐市、呼图壁县、托里县、托克逊县、和田市、喀什市为调查点,收集年龄18~70岁的汉、维、哈居民共2 585人,测定血浆总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)浓度。结果 (1)所调查人群中共有1 474人符合血脂异常诊断。其中低高密度脂蛋白血症最多,占61.5%;其次是混合型血脂异常,占27.5%;高TG血症占6.4%;高TC血症最少,仅占2.2%。(2)汉、维、哈民族血脂水平的比较:TC及TG水平,汉族与维吾尔族明显高于哈萨克族(P0.05);HDL-C及LDL-C水平比较,哈萨克族HDL-C水平最高,其次为汉族,维吾尔族HDL-C水平最低,哈萨克族LDL-C水平最低,维吾尔族LDL-C水平最高(P0.05)。(3)汉、维、哈民族不同性别血脂水平比较:汉、维、哈民族TG水平男性均高于女性,HDL-C水平女性均高于男性(P0.05);维吾尔族女性的LDL-C水平高于汉族女性(P0.05)。(4)汉、维、哈民族不同年龄段血脂水平比较:汉、维、哈民族TC水平随着年龄增长而呈递增趋势(P0.05)。结论不同民族血脂水平存在差异。与哈萨克族人群相比,汉族与维吾尔族TC、TG、LDL-C水平较高,而HDL-C水平偏低。差异可能与性别、年龄、生产方式、饮食结构、肥胖、遗传等因素有关。     

664名医学生膳食铁摄入水平及影响因素分析

目的了解甘肃医学院学生膳食铁摄入情况及其影响因素,为该校学生平衡膳食、合理营养提供科学依据。方法 2015年10月随机选取甘肃医学院大学一至三年级学生664人,通过食物频率问卷调查其膳食铁摄入水平,同时结合营养知识—态度—行为(KAP)的调查,评价学生膳食铁营养及影响因素。结果医学院男生粮谷类每人每日摄入量188.67 g,女生摄入量108.42 g,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=17.698,P<0.05);动物性食品男生每人每日摄入量38.40 g,女生摄入量12.10 g,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=9.562,P<0.05);蔬菜水果类男生每人每日摄入量72.16 g,女生摄入量94.41 g,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=12.423,P<0.05);男、女生铁摄入量小于适宜摄入量的有166人,占40.00%;与铁相关的营养素如维生素C的摄入量严重不足,男生387人维生素摄入量小于推荐摄入量、占男生的92.14%,女生230人、占女生的96.26%;男生337人蛋白质的摄入量小于推荐摄入量、占男生的80.24%,女生183人、占女生的96.26%;女生的营养知识和态度得分高于男生,男、女生在营养知识和态度方面的得分差异有统计学意义(χ~2=11.154,P<0.05)。结论甘肃医学院学生膳食铁来源欠合理,应积极开展铁营养健康教育、调整饮食结构、积极改善铁营养状况。     

乌鲁木齐市376名维吾尔族居民超重和肥胖状况分析

目的探讨新疆乌鲁木齐市维吾尔族居民超重和肥胖情况,为有关部门采取相应的控制措施提供科学依据。方法在乌鲁木齐市维吾尔族较集中的4个社区中随机抽取376名40岁以上的维吾尔族居民进行现况调查,测量身高、体重,计算身体指数(BMI),分析比较3种评价肥胖标准下的维吾尔族居民的超重率和肥胖率。结果依照世界卫生组织(WHO)标准、亚太标准和中国肥胖问题工作组的标准,调查人群的超重率分别为44.9%、12.2%和29.7%,肥胖率分别为28.4%、73.4%和51.5%;按WHO标准和中国肥胖工作组标准,男性超重率高于女性,女性肥胖率高于男性;不同年龄组的超重率差异无统计学意义(WHO标准:χ2=0.681,P>0.05;中国标准:χ2=1.168,P>0.05);肥胖率差异亦无统计学意义(WHO标准:χ2=0.762,P>0.05;中国标准:χ2=4.866,P>0.05)。结论乌鲁木齐市维吾尔族居民超重和肥胖问题严重,应积极开展适合于地方特点的维吾尔族肥胖防治工作。     

寄宿制学生营养健康状况及知识态度行为调查

目的对新疆兵团寄宿制学生进行营养相关调查,了解学生营养状况、营养相关疾病及知识、态度和行为调查,针对学生营养相关问题提出合理的改善建议。方法按分层抽样,以师为单位,抽取2~4个团场,学校每年级抽取一个年级为调查对象,膳食调查采用称重计账法、测量身高和体重、氰化高铁测定法检测血红蛋白,自行设计问卷调查学生知识、态度和行为及营养素摄入水平,以《中国居民膳食营养摄入参考量》为标准,学生营养状况用体质指数法,按学生健康检查技术规范GB/T 26343-2010评价超重、肥胖和营养不良。结果豆类和奶类摄入量低于建议量的51.15%和66.67%,食用油、食盐和肉类摄入过量,分别超过建议食用量的165.10%、176.60%和126.60%,碳水化合物和钙明显不足,分别只达标准摄入量的45.93%和59.57%,学生营养不良率7.24%、超重率10.01%、肥胖率4.27%、贫血率13.63%;每天吃早餐的学生占74.60%,挑食或偏食的占36.10%。结论新疆兵团寄宿制学生营养过剩和不足同时存在,膳食结构不合理,肉类、食用油过量,奶类、豆类摄入量较少,营养性疾病患病率较高,应该加强学校营养健康教育工作。     

2012年甘肃省肃南县中小学学生营养状况调查分析

目的全面了解甘肃省肃南县在校中、小学学生营养状况,为全县中小学学生生长发育及营养现状的研究提供相应资料,为评价相关干预效果提供基础数据。方法采取整群抽样方法,以《营养评价参考标准（身高标准体重）》作为评价标准,2012年对全县11所中、小学的3270名学生进行了身高、体重测量调查。结果肃南县中、小学生中有647人营养不良,营养不良率19．79％,肥胖154人,肥胖率4．71％,超重177人,超重率5．41％。结论肃南县中、小学生营养不良和营养过剩问题同时存在,有关部门应加强营养宣传教育,有针对性地开展干预措施。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.