布托啡诺联合氟比洛芬酯用于鼻内窥镜手术的临床观察

目的:研究布托啡诺联合氟比洛芬酯用于鼻内窥镜手术镇痛的作用效果。方法:90例患者分为3组,每组30例,A组术前10 min静注氟比洛芬酯1 mg.kg-1,手术结束前10 min静注布托啡诺1.5 mg;B组术前10 min静注氟比洛芬酯1 mg.kg-1,手术结束前10 min静注曲马多1 mg.kg-1;C组术前10 min静注氟比洛芬酯1 mg.kg-1,手术结束前10 min静注生理盐水10 mL。观察并记录术毕给药后1,2,4,8 h的视觉模拟评分(VAS评分)及不良反应。结果:A组与B组VAS评分在术后8 h内各时点均无显著差异(P>0.05),但均低于C组,差异有显著性(P<0.05);不良反应方面,B组显著高于其他两组,差异有显著性(P<0.05),而A组与C组无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论:联合氟比洛芬酯超前镇痛作用,布托啡诺与曲马多有相似的镇痛效果,但不良反应少,是鼻内窥镜手术患者术后镇痛的良好选择。     

氟比洛芬酯联合地塞米松在腹腔镜胆囊切除术后的临床观察

目的探讨氟比洛芬酯联合地塞米松对腹腔镜胆囊切除患者镇痛效果及预防术后恶心、呕吐的作用。方法选择择期行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的患者240例,随机双盲分成氟比洛芬酯1 mg·kg-1联合地塞米松10 mg组(A组);氟比洛芬酯1 mg·kg-1组(B组);对照组:生理盐水5 mL(C组),所有患者均接受同种药物静脉复合麻醉。观察术后1、3、6、12、24 h的VAS评分及术后24 h内恶心、呕吐的发生率。结果术后各时间点VAS评分A组和B组显著低于C组(P<0.05);术后6、12、24 h VAS评分A组比B组低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);A组患者术后胃肠道反应较其他两组明显减少(P<0.05),B组和C组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论氟比洛芬酯联合地塞米松镇痛明显,有效延长术后镇痛时间,副作用小,是良好的镇痛方法,并能有效减少患者术后恶心、呕吐等不适症状。     

地佐辛超前镇痛用于腰椎间盘突出症患者术后镇痛效果观察

目的观察地佐辛超前镇痛用于腰椎间盘突出症患者术后镇痛效果。方法选择ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级择期行腰椎板减压、椎弓根内固定手术患者90例随机分为三组,每组30例。A组:术前10 m in静注地佐辛0.1 mg·kg-1和术后地佐辛0.8 mg·kg-1持续静脉镇痛;B组:术毕前10 m in静注地佐辛0.1 mg·kg-1和术后地佐辛0.8 mg·kg-1持续静脉镇痛;C组:术后地佐辛1.0 mg·kg-1持续静脉镇痛。三组静脉镇痛泵中均加入注射用盐酸昂丹司琼8 mg及生理盐水总共配制成100 m l(泵注速率2 m l.h-1)。观察三组患者术后2、6、12、24、48 h视觉模拟评分(VAS)、舒适度评分(BCS)和镇静程度评分(Ram esy)及不良反应。结果 A、C组各时点的VAS评分均低于B组(P<0.05),A、B组术后12、24 h的Ram esy评分明显低于C组(P<0.05),BCS评分组间比较数值近似(P>0.05)。结论地佐辛超前镇痛可减少术后静脉镇痛的用药量,且不良反应少。     

氯诺昔康联合地塞米松超前镇痛用于下肢手术的临床观察

目的：研究氯诺昔康联合地塞米松超前镇痛应用于下肢手术的镇痛效果及安全性。方法：将100例骨科下肢择期手术患者随机分为四组,A组：氯诺昔康（8mg溶于2mL注射用水）＋地塞米松（10mg,2mL）组;B组：氯诺昔康（8mg溶于2mL注射用水）＋生理盐水（2mL）组;C组：地塞米松（10mg,2mL）＋生理盐水（2mL）组;D组：单纯生理盐水（4mL）组。各组于术前30min静注相应药物,术中患者采用连续硬膜外麻醉,术后予静脉自控镇痛（PCIA,2mL／h,48h）。记录术后2、4、8、12、24、48h各时点的视觉模拟评分（VAS）与术后48h最痛程度（PD）评分、术后2d平均疼痛程度（MD）评分来评价其镇痛效果,以舒适度分级（BCS）~睡眠障碍度分级（SS）来评价患者对术后镇痛的满意程度,记录术后各组辅助镇痛药物的使用情况,同时观察恶心、呕吐、皮肤瘙痒、嗜睡、切口感染、延迟不愈等相关不良反应。结果：D组术后2、4、8、12、24、48hVAS评分高于A、B两组（P〈0．05）,同时BCS分级低于A、B两组（P〈0．05）：A组术后2j4、8、12h的VAS评分低于B组（P〈0．05）;术后48h内A组的PD、MD、SS评分均低于其他三组（P〈0．05）,A、B两组辅助镇痛药物的使用量明显少于C、D组（P〈0．05）,恶心、呕吐的发生率A组低于其他三组（P〈0．05）。结论：氯诺昔康联合地塞米松超前镇痛用于骨科手术,能有效缓解术后疼痛,提高患者对镇痛的满意程度,同时减少术后辅助镇痛药物的使用及相关不良反应。     

剖宫产术后地佐辛、芬太尼、罗哌卡因联合硬膜外自控镇痛的临床观察

目的探讨地佐辛、芬太尼、罗哌卡因联合用于剖宫产术后硬膜外镇痛的效果及安全性。方法选择剖宫产术后产妇90例,随机分为3组,每组30例,镇痛泵配方:A组芬太尼3μg/mL+1.192%罗哌卡因20mL+生理盐水至100mL,B组地佐辛5mg+1.192%罗哌卡因20mL+生理盐水至100mL,C组在A组基础上加地佐辛5mg。记录术后4、8、12、24、36、48h的镇痛评分(VAS、舒适度BCS、Ramsay镇静)、情绪、睡眠质量、总体满意度评分和不良反应,比较镇痛优良率。结果 VAS评分4、8、12h时点C组较A和B组降低(P<0.05);BCS评分术后4h时点C组较A和B组增高(P<0.05),8h时点C组较B组增高(P<0.05);镇痛优良率C组较A组增高(P<0.05)。结论地佐辛联合芬太尼和罗哌卡因硬膜外镇痛可显著改善剖宫产术后疼痛程度,尤其术后早期疼痛,提高镇痛优良率,且不增加不良反应。     

婴幼儿术后用曲马多持续静脉镇痛的临床观察

目的:观察曲马多持续静脉注射对婴幼儿术后镇痛效果.方法:120例泌尿外科婴幼儿,分为A、B、C 3组,各40例,手术后A组恩丹西酮0.1 mg·kg-1静脉滴注,B组曲马多6 mg·kg-1·d-1 恩丹西酮0.1 mg·kg-1静脉滴注,C组曲马多12mg·kg-1·d-1 恩丹西酮0.1 mg·kg-1静脉滴注,药物稀释至100 mL,4 mL·h-1给药.镇痛2,6,12,24 h和更换敷料时做镇痛、镇静评分,统计镇痛满意率及不良反应发生率.结果:镇痛初期(2 h)各组镇痛效果差异无显著性,其他时点,A组镇痛效果不佳,满意率最低;C组恶心、呕吐发生率较高,镇痛满意率与B组相当;B组镇痛效果佳且满意率高.结论:婴幼儿术后用曲马多6～12 mg·kg-1·d-1镇痛,起效快,不增加恶心、呕吐发生率,无过度镇静、呼吸抑制.     

单次帕瑞昔布钠对曲马多术后镇痛效果的影响

目的观察术毕单次应用帕瑞昔布钠是否改善曲马多的镇痛效果。方法 60例择期腹部手术患者随机均分为两组:T组术毕实施曲马多患者自控静脉镇痛(PCIA);TP组PCIA前静脉注射帕瑞昔布钠40mg。PCIA:术毕前30min静脉注射曲马多1.5mg/kg和昂丹司琼8mg;术毕接镇痛泵(曲马多15mg/kg、昂丹司琼16mg稀释至100ml)。记录术后4、24及48h的VAS疼痛评分、Ramsay镇静评分、舒适度评分(BCS)、追加镇痛药人数、镇痛泵按压次数和不良反应发生情况。结果与T组相比,TP组术后24h的VAS、术后4h追加镇痛药人数,术后4、24和48h镇痛泵按压次数均明显减少(P<0.05)。两组均无严重不良反应。结论曲马多PCIA前加用帕瑞昔布钠可改善曲马多术后镇痛效果。     

罗哌卡因腹横肌阻滞联合经皮穴位电刺激用于腹腔镜全子宫切除术的临床观察

目的 观察罗哌卡因腹横肌阻滞联合经皮穴位电刺激对腹腔镜全子宫切除术患者术后24 h的镇痛效应.方法 选择择期拟行腹腔镜全子宫切除术患者60例,ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级,随机分为3组(每组20例),A组:术前经皮穴位电刺激30min+术毕超声引导下以0.375%罗哌卡因行双侧腹横肌阻滞,每侧20mL;B组:术毕超声引导下以0.375%罗哌卡因行双侧腹横肌阻滞,每侧20mL;C组:对照组(不予任何处理).3组患者均采用气管插管全凭静脉麻醉,术毕均使用静脉自控镇痛(PCIA).记录患者术后2h、6h、8h、12h、24h的静息及运动(咳嗽)VAS评分、Ramsay镇静评分、BCS舒适度评分,术后首次按压镇痛泵时间及24h内自控镇痛有效按压次数、镇痛泵24h总用药量和镇痛期间不良反应发生情况.结果 术后24h内A组各时点静息和运动(咳嗽)VAS评分均低于B组和C组(P<0.05)而BCS舒适度评分均高于B组和C组(P<0.05);3组术后24 h内各时间点Ramsay评分均无统计学差异(P>0.05);3组术后首次按压镇痛泵的时间A组迟于B、C两组(P<0.05);自控镇痛有效按压次数A组少于B、C两组(P<0.05);镇痛泵24h总用药量C组大于A组和B组(P<0.05);镇痛期间A组发生的不良反应最少.结论 罗哌卡因腹横肌阻滞联合经皮穴位电刺激应用于腹腔镜全子宫切除术患者具有良好的镇痛效果,可提高患者舒适度且不良反应较少.     

曲马多单次注射用于妇科腹腔镜手术患者术后镇痛30例

目的:观察妇科腹腔镜患者术前单次使用曲马多术后24 h的镇痛作用.方法:妇科腹腔镜择期手术患者60例,随机分为曲马多组(Ⅰ组)和对照组(Ⅱ组),每组30例.Ⅰ组在全麻诱导后于消毒铺巾时静脉注射曲马多2.5 mg/kg,Ⅱ组则静脉注射生理盐水3 mL.采用视觉模拟法(VAS评分)对患者术后1,4,8,24 h痛觉评分,并记录有无恶心等不良反应及术后前24 h内使用镇痛药的总次数.结果:曲马多组术后1,4,8,24 h的VAS评分低于对照组(P＜0.05),使用镇痛药的次数也低于对照组(P＜0.05).结论:妇科腹腔镜术前单次静脉注射曲马多2.5 mg/kg可有效缓解术后疼痛,减少镇痛药的使用次数,且无明显不良反应.     

高龄患者下肢骨科手术时应用舒芬太尼硬膜外镇痛的可行性

目的比较不同浓度舒芬太尼复合罗哌卡因用于高龄患者下肢骨科手术硬膜外镇痛的镇痛效果及相关不良反应。方法高龄下肢骨科手术患者36例,随机双盲分为A、B、C组,术后硬膜外镇痛分别应用舒芬太尼复合0.2、0.3、0.4μg/mL0.125罗哌卡因。于手术后4、8、16、24、48h观察患者的模拟视觉评分(VAS)、舒适度评分(BCS)、Ramsay镇静评分、镇痛药使用剂量、低血压例数、追加量(5mL/次)及不良反应。结果随着舒芬太尼浓度的增加,VAS评分、累计追加量逐渐下降,术后4、8、16hA组VAS评分高于B组、C组(P<0.05或0.01),BCS评分低于B组、C组(P<0.01或0.05)。术后8、16h,A组的Ramsay评分低于B组、C组(P<0.05或0.01)。A组镇静、恶心呕吐及皮肤瘙痒发生率低于C组(P<0.05)。与A组、B组比较,C组低血压例数有增加的趋势。结论舒芬太尼复合罗哌卡因用于高龄患者术后硬膜外镇痛效果明确,不良反应发生率低。0.3μg/mL舒芬太尼与0.125罗哌卡因配伍在获得满意镇痛效果的同时,也增了舒适度,不良反应相对较少,更适合高龄患者应用。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.