2010年山东省地方性氟中毒流行病学调查

目的 了解山东省地方性氟中毒的病情现状,为制订防制策略提供科学依据.方法 按照国家《2009年地方病防治项目技术实施方案》和《饮水型地方性氟中毒监测方案(试行)》的要求,选择10个县,了解改水工程进度和运行效果;每个县选择3个村,测定饮用水含氟量,对8～ 12岁儿童进行氟斑牙检杏,对25岁以上成人进行氟骨症检查.水氟测定采用氟离子选择电极法,儿童氟斑牙诊断采用Dean法,氟骨症诊断依据《地方性氟骨症诊断标准》(WS 192-2008).结果 在10个县中,共有改水降氟工程687个,改水率为83.34％(3247/3896).调查84个改水工程中,运行基本正常的工程占98.81％(83/84);水氟≤1.20 mg/L的工程有41个,合格率为48.81％(41/84),水氟最大值为5.76 mg/L.调查26个已改水村,水氟均值≤1.20 mg/L的村有15个,占57.69％(15/26);水氟均值＞1.20 mg/L的村有11个,占42.31％(11/26),水氟最大值为5.58 mg/L.调查4个未改水村中,水氟均值≤1.20 mg/L的村1个,＞1.20 mg/L的村3个,水氟最大值为2.92 mg/L.检查已改水村8～ 12岁儿童1331人,氟斑牙检出率为59.73％(795/1331),氟斑牙指数为1.17,缺损率为10.14％(123/1331).检查未改水村8～ 12岁儿童138人,氟斑牙检出率为51.45％(71/138),氟斑牙指数为0.95,缺损率为0.72％(1/138).已改水村和未改水村25岁以上成人的氟骨症X线检出率分别为8.80％(113/1284)和3.05％(6/197).结论 山东省改水降氟工程水氟超标严重,地方性氟中毒尚未得到有效控制.     

辽宁省饮水型地方性氟中毒病区病情调查

目的掌握辽宁省饮水型地方性氟中毒的流行现况,评价改水措施的防病效果。方法按病区分层抽取的85个病区村进行8-12岁儿童氟斑牙、16岁以上成人临床氟骨症的普查,采集饮用水和儿童尿样进行氟含量的检测。结果抽样病区8-12岁儿童氟斑牙检出率为16.74%,尿氟几何均值0.97 mg/L。8-12岁儿童氟斑牙检出率重病区高于中病区,中病区高于轻病区,未改水病区儿童尿氟水平明显高于改水病区。16岁以上人群临床氟骨症检出率为4.98%,随着年龄的增长氟骨症检出率逐渐升高。结论地方性氟中毒病情随着病区水氟含量的增高而逐渐加重。     

2009年河南省许昌市饮水型地方性氟中毒监测结果分析

目的 了解许昌市地方性氟中毒的病情动态,评价防治措施的落实效果.方法 2009年,在河南省许昌市,抽取长葛市、许昌县作为监测县(市),调查监测县(市)的改水工程运行情况及水含氟量,并选择10个病区村作为监测村,调查8～ 12岁儿童氟斑牙及尿含氟量,16岁成人临床氟骨症及尿含氟量.结果 2个监测县所有改水村中,改水工程正在使用的村有97个,占61.39％(97/158),报废的村有61个,占38.61％(61/158).在10个监测村中,9个未改水村,水氟均值范围为1.32 ～ 2.25 mg/L;1个已改水村,末梢水水氟为0.44 mg/L;8～12岁儿童氟斑牙检出率为38.65％(80/207),儿童的尿氟几何均数为1.65 mg/L;成人临床氟骨症检出率为0.30％(9/2982),成人尿氟几何均数为2.09 mg/L.结论 许昌市属于地方性氟中毒轻中度流行区,病情尚未得到有效控制,需进一步加大防治力度.     

辽宁省地方性氟中毒的流行和防治现状

目的 了解辽宁省地方性氟中毒(简称地氟病)流行现状和防治措施落实情况.方法 对改水和未改水饮水型地氟病病区分层抽样开展饮用水含氟量筛查和8-12岁儿童氟斑牙,16岁以上成人临床氟骨症病情普查,检测8-12岁儿童志愿者尿氟.结果 全省普查842个未改水村(屯)和1829个改水村(屯),未改水村(屯)居民饮用水水氟0.01-7.10 mg/L,平均(0.96±0.64)mg/L,29.2%(246/842)的未改水村(屯)饮用水含氟量＞1.2 mg/L,在1829个改水村(屯)中调查了1234个降氟改水工程,水氟0.06-7.67 mg/L,工程正常运行且水氟≤1.2 mg/L的工程占调查工程的68.31%(843/1234),已改水村(屯)有31.69%(391/1234)的工程没有发挥其降氟改水作用.普查12127名8-12岁儿童和85 636名16岁以上成人,儿童氟斑牙检出率为24.4%(2960/12 127),成人临床Ⅱ度及以上氟骨症检出率为2.22%(1900/85 636).轻,中,重病区儿童氟斑牙检出情况比较,差异有统计学意义(X2＝19.25,P＜0.01),重病区儿童氟斑牙检出率较高,个别未改水的重病区村(屯)儿童氟斑牙检出率达到100%,成人临床Ⅱ度及以上氟骨症检出率为18.03%(97/538).重病区和轻病区(未改水及工程报废)儿童尿氟中位数分别为2.01,2.00 mg/L.结论 辽宁省未改水的饮水型地氟病中,重病区的病情仍然十分严重,工程停运或报废病区仍亟须落实降氟改水防治措施.     

山东省平度市地方性氟中毒防制工作现状调查分析

目的了解山东省平度市地方性氟中毒防制工作现状。方法按照《平度市地方性氟中毒防制工作现状调查方案》的要求，对原地方性氟中毒病区村和疑似病村进行流行病学调查，水、尿氟用氟离子电极法测定，儿童氟斑牙调查采用Dean法进行诊断，X线摄片检查氟骨症。结果全市共建改水降氟工程344处，均运转基本正常。已改水病村482个，占69．96％；未改水病村207个，占30．04％。共检测了672个病村的1140份水样，水氟≤1．0mg／L的村占33.33％，水氟〉1．0mg／L的村占66．67％；在482个改水村中，水氟≤1．0mg／L的村占42．53％，水氟〉1．0mg／L的村占57．47％；水氟最高为19．0mg／L。调查了937名8～12岁儿童，氟斑牙检出率为61．69％，氟斑牙指数为1.34。对617名30岁以上成人进行了临床和X线摄片检查，氟骨症检出率为27-88％。8-12岁儿童的尿氟均值为1．53mg／L（0．43-5．84mg／L）；30岁以上成人的尿氟几何均值为2．25mg／L（0．06-16．40mg／L）。结论平度市现在仍有448个村的23万余人遭受高氟的危害，地方性氟中毒防制形势十分严峻，须进一步加大防治工作力度。     

广东省韶关市饮水型氟中毒现状调查

目的了解改水后广东省韶关市所辖乐昌市和始兴县地方性氟中毒(地氟病)病区病情现状。方法采用流行病学调查方法,8～12岁儿童氟斑牙采用Deans法分度诊断；饮水氟测定采用离子选择电极法。结果乐昌市廊田镇岩前村委的5个村饮冷泉水的水氟均值1．63mg/L,8～12岁儿童氟斑牙检出率44．45%,16岁以上人群氟骨症临床检出率3．80%,氟骨症X线临床检出率8．0%。始兴县的6个病区村改水后饮水氟范围在0．23～0．59mg/L,8～12岁儿童氟斑牙总检出率8．61%；罗坝镇廖屋村饮水氟均值为2．10 mg/L,8～12岁儿童氟斑牙检出率68．75%。结论乐昌市廊田镇岩前村委5个饮用冷泉水的自然村为饮水型氟中毒轻病区；始兴县罗坝镇廖屋村还是饮水型地氟病病区,需要改换饮用水源,才能控制地氟病的流行。     

2009年山东省鲁南地区地方性氟中毒流行现状调查

目的 调查山东省鲁南地区地方性氟中毒流行现状,为氟中毒防治工作提供依据.方法 2009年,根据山东省地方性氟中毒病区分布现状,按照“山东省地方性氟中毒防治项目技术方案”的要求,在山东省的鲁南地区,选择临沂市的河东、兰山,枣庄市的台儿庄,济宁市的任城、金乡、鱼台、嘉祥、梁山,菏泽市的曹县、牡丹、单县、巨野、郓城,共13个县(区)为监测县(区).在各监测县(区),按氟中毒病情分为轻、中、重三层,每层抽取1个病区村作为调查点.调查内容为饮水含氟量、儿童氟斑牙与成人临床氟骨症患病情况及人群尿氟水平.水、尿氟检测采用氟离子选择电极法;8～ 12岁儿童氟斑牙诊断采用Dean法;成人氟骨症诊断采用《地方性氟骨症诊断标准》(WS 192-2008).结果 在13个县(区)的39个村,有改水后供水正常村26个,未改水或改水后水井报废村13个.检查水样172份,含氟量超过国家标准(＞ 1.0 mg/L)的有74份,其中51份来自13个未改水村,23份来自6个供水正常村,水氟超标率为43.02％.水氟＞2.0 ～ 4.0 mg/L的水样有24份,＞4.0mg/L的有3份,水氟最大值为7.76 mg/L.检测尿样1882份,其中儿童1118份,成人764份,尿氟几何均数分别为1.82、1.98 mg/L.对1908名8～12岁儿童进行氟斑牙检查,氟斑牙检出率为45.18％(862/1908),牙齿缺损率为9.12％(174/1908),氟斑牙指数为1.07.调查25 296名成人,临床氟骨症检出率为5.96％(1509/25296),其中检出中、重度病例670例.结论 山东省鲁南地区水氟超标仍较严重,以未改水病村(包括改水后报废病村)为主;尿氟水平仍维持在较高水平,氟斑牙与氟骨症仍存在一定程度流行,高氟危害依然在一定范围存在.应尽快落实科学有效的改水降氟措施,控制氟中毒的流行.     

山东省鲁西南地区地方性氟中毒流行病学调查

目的了解山东省鲁西南地区的地方性氟中毒病情现状,为制定防治策略提供科学依据。方法采用流行病学调查方法,选择11个县进行调查,水、尿氟含量测定采用氟离子选择电极法,8～12岁儿童氟斑牙诊断采用Dean’s法,临床和X线摄片检查氟骨症。结果在11个县中,调查20个改水村,水氟均值≤1.00 mg/L的村14个,占70.00%（14/20）;〉1.00 mg/L的村6个,占30.00%（6/20）;水氟最大值为3.73 mg/L。调查13个未改水村,水氟均值≤1.00 mg/L的村3个,占23.08%（3/13）;〉1.00 mg/L的村10个,占76.92%（10/13）,水氟最大值为3.38 mg/L。8～12岁儿童氟斑牙总患病率为39.17%（597/1 524）,氟斑牙指数为0.75,缺损率为3.94%（60/1 524）。儿童尿氟均值在1.40 mg/L以上的人数占42.13%（642/947）,最高值为18.53 mg/L。16岁以上成人的氟骨症临床和χ线检出率分别为5.88%（1235/20 980）、8.00%（2/25）。成人尿氟均值在1.60 mg/L以上的人数占65.34%（1 130/2 023）,最高值为13.97 mg/L。结论山东省鲁西南地区的地方性氟中毒病情尚未得到有效的控制,防治形势依然比较严峻,需进一步加大防治力度。     

内蒙古2011年饮水型地方性氟中毒监测结果分析

目的了解内蒙古自治区饮水型氟中毒病区改水工程运行情况和病情变化趋势,评价防控措施效果。方法在全自治区抽取10个监测旗(县),每个监测旗(县)抽取10个改水工程,调查改水工程运行情况,监测改水工程水氟含量;每个监测旗(县)抽取3个病区村作为固定监测村,监测饮水氟含量及8~12岁学生氟斑牙患病情况。结果共监测改水工程94个,正常运转、间歇运转和报废工程分别占89.36%、10.64%、0,水氟含量合格率为77.66%。在23个已改水村中,改水工程水氟合格率为43.48%,儿童氟斑牙检出率为32.80%;在7个未改水村中,水氟浓度>1.2 mg/L且≤2.0 mg/L、>2.0 mg/L且≤4.0 mg/L、>4.0 mg/L的村分别占未改水监测村的42.86%、28.57%、14.29%,儿童氟斑牙检出率为36.84%。结论本区饮水型地方性氟中毒病区改水工程运行情况还需改善,氟中毒病情得到了有效的控制,但防治工作还需要进一步加强。     

2013年新疆饮水型氟中毒监测分析

目的了解新疆饮水型氟中毒流行现状,为防治工作提供依据。方法按照《饮水型地方性氟中毒监测方案（试行）》要求,选取10个县（市、区）作为监测点,每个监测点抽取3个村,对已改水村进行改水工程运行情况调查和水氟测定,对未改水村进行水源水氟检测;检查每个村全部8～12岁儿童氟斑牙患病情况,儿童氟斑牙调查采用Dean氏法。结果监测已改水村26个,水氟含量合格工程22个,合格率84．62％;监测未改水村4个,水氟含量〉1．2mg／L且≤2．0mg／L的村有2个,水氟含量〉2．0mg／L且≤4．0mg／L的村有2个,无水氟含量〉4．0mg／L的村;已改水村检查8～12岁儿童1942人,氟斑牙检出率21．94％,氟斑牙指数0．46;4个村改水工程水氟超标村共计检查8～12岁儿童330人,氟斑牙检出率62．12％,氟斑牙指数1．77;未改水村检查8～12岁儿童647人,检出氟斑牙患者178例,氟斑牙检出率27．51％,氟斑检查牙指数0．57。结论新疆氟中毒监测区儿童氟斑牙病情稳定,部分改水工程水氟超标,今后应保证改水1二程质量,提高防治效果,加强改水力度,未改水村尽快改水。     

2009年山东省地方性氟中毒监测结果分析

目的 了解山东省地方性氟中毒的病情现状,为制订防治策略提供科学依据.方法 按照国家<2008年地方病防治项目技术实施方案>的要求,在山东省选择34个县为项目县,各项目县将所有病区村按病情的严重程度分为轻、中、重3层,再在每一层各选择1个病区村,进行病情监测.水氟、尿氟测定采用氟离子选择电极法,8～12岁儿童氟斑牙诊断采用Dean法,16岁以上成人临床和X线摄片检查氟骨症.结果 在34个县中,调查70个改水村,水氟≤1.00 mg/L的村54个,占77.14%(54/70);＞1.00 mg/L的村16个,占22.86%(16/70);水氟最大值为4.46 mg/L.调查32个未改水村,水氟≤1.00 mg/L的村9个,占28.12%(9/32);＞1.00mg/L的村23个,占71.88%(23/32),水氟最大值为4.09 mg/L.8～12岁儿童氟斑牙总检出率为45.81%(1988/4340),氟斑牙指数为0.97,缺损率为6.91%(300/4340).儿童尿氟在1.40 mg/L以上的人数占55.33%(1417/2657),最高值为18.53 mg/L.16岁以上成人的氟骨症临床和X线检出率分别为4.25%(2462/57 968)、28.40%(23/81).成人尿氟在1.60 mg/L以上的人数占55.86%(1130/2023),最高值为25.44 mg/L.结论 山东省地方性氟中毒病情尚未得到有效的控制,防治形势依然比较严峻,须进一步加大防治力度.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the current status of endemic fluorosis in Shandong province, and to provide the scientific evidence for making strategies for prevention and control of the disease. Methods According to "The National Technical Scheme for Endemic Disease Control in 2008", thirty-four counties were divided into mild, moderate and severe endemic fluorosis areas and a village was randomly selected from each category of the area to carry out the monitoring of endemic fluorosis. The content of fluoride in drinking water and urine was determined by F-ion selective electrode, dental fluorosis of children aged 8 to 12 was diagnosed by Dean method and skeletal fluorosis diagnosed by clinic and X-rays. Results The monitoring was done in 70 water-improving villages in 34 counties, among which 54 villages had water fluoride content ≤ 1.00 mg/L and accounted for 77.14%(54/70), 16 villages had water fluoride content ＞ 1.00 mg/L and accounted for 22.86%(16/70), the highest water fluoride content was 4.46 mg/L. The monitoring was also carried out in 32 non-water-improving villages in 34 counties, among which 9 villages had water fluoride content ≤ 1.00 mg/L and accounted for 28.12%(9/32), 23 villages had water fluoride content ＞ 1.00 mg/L and accounted for 71.88% (23/32), the highest water fluoride content was 4.09 mg/L. The total rate of dental fluorosis of children aged 8 to 12 was 45.81%(1988/4340), the index of dental fluorosis was 0.97 and the rate of dental damage was 6.91%(300/4340). The urinary fluoride values above 1.40 mg/L were found in 55.33%(1417/2657) of children aged 8 to 12, with the highest urinary fluoride concentrations was 18.53 mg/L. The rate of skeletal fluorosis by clinic and X-rays in adults older than 16 years were 4.25% (2462/57 968) and 28.40%(23/81 ), respectively. The urinary fluoride values above 1.60 mg/L were found in 55.86% (1130/2023) of adults older than 16 years, with the highest urinary fluoride concentrations was 25.44 mg/L. Conclusions Endemic fluorosis in Shandong province has not yet been effectively controlled,control situation is still grim. Prevention efforts need to be further strengthened.     

2007年山东省博兴县地方性氟中毒流行病学调查

目的 了解山东省博兴县地方性氟中毒的病情现状,为制订预防控制策略提供科学依据.方法 选择博兴县2个镇中的8个地方性氟中毒病村作为调查点.在每个调查点选择8-12岁儿童和30岁以上成年人作为调查对象.水、尿含氟量测定采用氟离子选择电极法,8-12岁儿童氟斑牙诊断采用Dean法,30岁以上成人氟骨症检查采用临床和X线摄片方法.结果 8个村的水氟均值均＞4.50 mg/L,最大值为5.78 mg/L;8-12岁儿童氟斑牙总检出率为90.70%(195/215),氟斑牙指数为2.15,缺损率为24.65%(53/215);30岁以上成人的氟骨症临床和X线检出率分别为30.71%(78/254)、16.54%(42/254);儿童和成人尿氟均值在1.50 mg/L以上的人数分别占98.95%(189/191)、97.92%(235/240),最高值分别为14.50、17.99 ras/L.结论 博兴县地方性氟中毒病情尚未得到控制,须进一步加大控制力度.     

山东省黄河流域内地方性氟中毒流行病学调查

目的 了解山东省黄河流域内地方性氟中毒流行现状,为制订防治策略提供科学依据.方法 在山东省选择9个病区县进行了流行病学调查,居民饮用水含氟量测定采用氟离子选择电极法,8～12儿童氟斑牙诊断采用Dean法.结果 水氟均值≤1.00 mg/L的村占34.41%(606/1761);＞1.00 mg/L的村占65.59%(1155/1761);水氟最大值为11.33 mg/L.水氟均值≤1.00 mg/L的改水降氟工程占72.65%(449/618):＞1.00mg/L的改水降氟工程占27.35%(169/618);水氟最大值为5.85 mg/L.8～12岁儿童氟斑牙总患病率为45.03%(25 579/56 804),氟斑牙指数为0.80.结论 山东省黄河流域内50.00%以上的村庄水氟超过国家标准(≤1.00 mg/L),地方性氟中毒的流行尚未得到有效控制,须尽快落实防治措施.     

2009年河北省饮水型地方性氟中毒病情调查

目的 了解饮水型地方性氟中毒的病情动态和评价防治措施的落实效果,为及时调整防治策略提供科学依据.方法 2009年,采用单纯随机抽样的方法,在河北省饮水型氟中毒病区县中抽取38个县(市、区),采用系统抽样方法,将各病区县所有病区村分成轻、中、重3类,从每类病区村中各抽取1个病区村,对全部病区村进行水氟监测;调查病区村全部8～12岁儿童氟斑牙患病情况,从每个年龄段选择6人,检测尿氟;对各病区村全部16岁以上常住人口开展临床氟骨症检查,并检测20人份(男、女各半)尿氟.结果 共调查112个病区村,其中改水村66个,未改水村46个.采集改水工程水样236份,水氟范围为0.1～4.3 mg/L,有20个工程水氟＞1.2 mg/L,占总数的33.3%(20/60);采集未改水村水样230份,水氟范围为0.2～4.6 mg/L,水氟＞1.2 mg/L的水源数占总数的76.1%(35/46).共对5169名8～12岁儿童进行了氟斑牙患病情况调查,氟斑牙检出率为36.43%(1883/5169),氟斑牙指数为0.81.调查16岁以上成人71 497人,临床氟骨症检出率为4.81%(3438/71 497),中度以上临床氟骨症检出率为1.56%(1114/71 497).分别测定了2876和2021份儿童和成人尿氟,几何均数分别为2.30、3.32 mg/L.结论 水氟＜1.2 mg/L的已改水村儿童氟斑牙检出率均在30%以下,儿童氟斑牙检出率和成人临床氟骨症检出率随着改水时间的延长呈现逐渐下降的趋势.未改水病区,儿童氟斑牙检出率和成人临床氟骨症病情随水氟升高而上升.河北省饮水型氟中毒流行仍然较为严重,应该加快改水降氟进度并提高改水工程合格率.

Abstract：

Objective To understand the status of drinking-water-borne endemic fluorosis and the effect of preventive measure in Hebei province, so as to provide a basis to prevent and cure the disease. Methods Thirtyeight affected counties(cities, districts) with drinking-water-borne endemic fluorosis were sampled by random sampling in Hebei in 2009. All affected villages in every county were divided into mild, moderate and severe endemic fluorosis areas and a village was randomly selected from each category of the area to carry out the monitoring of endemic fluorosis. Dental fluorosis of children aged 8 - 12 were examined and 6 copies of urine samples were randomly collected in each age group in the above-mentioned villages. Clinical skeletal fluorosis was diagnosed among adults aged 16 and over and 20 copies of urine samples were tested for fluorosis in every village.Results A total of 112 affected villages were investigated, among which the drinking water quality of 66 villages were improved and 46 villages were not improved. A total of 236 copies of water samples from the 66 villages were measured and the fluoride content ranged from 0.1 to 4.3 mg/L, among which 20 copies of water samples exceeded the fluorine standard of 1.2 mg/L, accounting for 33.3%. A total of 230 copies of water samples were collected in the 46 villages and the fluoride content ranged from 0.2 to 4.6 mg/L, among which 76.1% (35/46) of the water samples exceeded the fluorine standard of 1.2 mg/L. A total of 5169 children aged 8 - 12 were examined of dental fluorosis, the dental fluorosis rate was 36.43%(1883/5169) and the dental fluorosis index was 0.81. A sum of 71 497 adults aged over 16 years were examined, and the rate of skeletal fluorosis was 4.81%(3438/71 497), moderate or severe clinical detection rate of skeletal fluorosis was 1.56%( 1114/71 497). A total of 2876 copies of children urine samples and 2021 copies of adult urine samples were tested and the geometric mean of fluoride content was 2.30,3.32 mg/L, respectively. Conclusions The prevalence of dental fluorosis of children in the areas with improved water is less than 30% and the rate of dental fluorosis and skeletal fluorosis decline gradually with time.The rate of dental fluorosis and skeletal fluorosis increases with the increase of water fluoride in the water quality not improved areas. The endemic fluorosis is still comparatively serious in Hebei. The progress of improving water quality in the areas with endemic fluorosis should be accelerated and the acceptability of improved water should be enhanced.     

2006-2010年吉林省地方性氟中毒监测结果分析

目的 掌握吉林省地方性氟中毒病情变化,为调整防治策略提供科学依据.方法 2006-2010年,采用分层整群抽样方法,每年在全省14个病区县的轻、中、重病区中抽取5个屯作为监测点.水氟、尿氟测定采用离子选择电极法(GB/T 8538-1995);8～12岁儿童氟斑牙诊断采用Dean法;氟骨症诊断2006-2008年采用<地方性氟骨症临床分度标准>(GB 16396-1996),2009、2010年采用<地方性氟骨症临床诊断标准>(WS192-2008).结果 共监测25个病区屯,其中改水屯14个,常住人口8005人,受益人口7154人,占常住人口的89.37%;未改水屯11个.按照<国家生活饮用水卫生标准>要求,14个改水屯居民饮用水含氟量均合格(≤1.20 mg/L),14个改水屯学校中有3个饮水含氟量超标;检测11个未改水屯饮用水含氟量,有7个超标.共检查改水屯8-12岁儿童363人,氟斑牙检出率为39.12%(142/363);未改水屯303人,氟斑牙检出率为43.89%(133/303).共检查改水屯16岁以上成人6424人,氟骨症检出率为6.27%(403/6424);未改水屯3572人,氟骨症检出率为13.89%(496/3572).已改水的中、轻病区16岁以上成人氟骨症患者和8-12岁儿童的尿氟几何均值均在正常参考值(WS/T 256-2005,1.40 mg/L)以下.结论 吉林省改水病区氟中毒病情已得到一定程度的控制,未改水病区氟中毒病情仍然较重,氟中毒防治任务仍很艰巨.

Abstract：

Objective To identify changes in the occurrence of endemic fluorosis in order to provide scientific basis for making countermeasures. Methods Five villages from 14 counties of mild, moderate and severe fluorosis affected areas were selected by stratified cluster sampling every year in the whole province during 2006 - 2010. Water and urinary fluorine were determined by ion selective electrode method(GB/T 8538-1995); dental fluorosis of children 8-12 years old was diagnosed with Dean method; skeletal fluorosis was diagnosed according to "clinical indexing standards of endemic skeletal fluorosis "(GB 16396-1996), between 2006 and 2008, and "clinical diagnosis standard of endemic skeletal fluorosis"(WS 192-2008) between 2009 and 2010. Results A total of 25 diseased villages were surveyed, 14 with water sources changed, covered a resident population of 8005 people, beneficiary population 7154, and accounting for 89.37% of the resident population; not changed villages 11. In accordance with the "State drinking water health standards", in the 14 changed villages the fluoride in drinking water was qualified (≤ 1.20 mg/L), there were 3 schools whose water fluorine content exceeded the standard; among the 11 villages that did not change water sources 7 drinking water samples fluorine content exceeded the standard. Of the 8 to 12 years old children in villages with changed water sources, 363 of them were checked and 142 dental fluorosis were found, the detection rate of dental fluorosis was 39.12% (142/363); in villages with water sources not changed, 303 children were checked, the detection rate of dental fluorosis was 43.89%(133/303). Of sixteen and elder adults in water source changed villages, 6424 people were checked and 403 skeletal fluorosis were found, skeletal fluorosis detection rate was 6.27% (403/6424); 3572 people were checked in not changed villages, the detection rate of skeletal fluorosis was 13.89%(496/3572). In water sources changed areas, geometric mean of urinary fluoride was in the normal reference value(WS/T 256-2005, 1.40 mg/L)or less. Conclusions Endemic fluorosis is decreased in water improved areas, but in unimproved areas the disease is still severe, and control of endemic fluorosis is still an arduous task.     

2006年甘肃省地方性氟中毒防治现状调查

目的 了解甘肃省地方性氟中毒(简称地氟病)病区分布和改水降氟工程运行现状.方法 2006年在甘肃省地氟病病区,对未改水村进行水源水氟检测:对已改水村进行降氟改水工程运行情况调查和水氟测定;在已查出的高氟村,对儿童进行氟斑牙和成人氟骨症患病情况调查.水氟测定采用氟离子选择电极法,儿童氟斑牙调查采用Dean法,氟骨症诊断执行<地方性氟骨症临床分度诊断>(GB 16396-1996)标准.结果 共调查了26个县、1997个村的不同类型饮用水源,水源水含氟量>1.0 mg/L的村占29.94%(598/1997).共调查各类改水工程1215处.能正常供水的工程占工程总数的94.90%(1153/1215),间歇供水工程和已报废工程分别占工程总数的2.96%(36/1215)和2.14%(26/1215).出厂水水氟均值≤1.0 mg/L的工程占检测工程数的90.79%(1084/1194),末梢水水氟均值≤1.0 mg/L的工程占检测工程数的91.75%(1068/1164).共检查8～12岁儿童86 390人,儿童氟斑牙检出率为22.47%(19 414/86 390).共检查16岁以上成人142 211人,临床Ⅱ度及以上氟骨症检出率为4.20%(5967/142 211).结论 甘肃省少部分病区高氟水源依然存在,降氟改水工程报废和超标现象普遍;部分病区儿童氟斑牙和成人氟骨症尚在流行,防治任务依然艰巨,应加大改水力度,提高防病改水效益.     

2009年青海省湟源县地方性氟中毒病情监测结果分析

目的 掌握青海省湟源县饮水型地方性氟中毒病情变化和防治措施落实效果.方法 2009年将湟源县所有地方性氟中毒病区村按改水前水含氟量分为轻、中两类,分别抽取1、2个病区村作为监测点,共抽取3个监测村;每村采集出厂水和末梢水水样进行水氟测定;对监测村所有8～12岁儿童进行氟斑牙检查,并按年龄组采集儿童尿样进行尿氟测定;对监测村16岁及以上成人进行临床氟骨症检查,并采集20人份的尿样,检测尿氟;在3个监测村中选择1个村进行X线氟骨症检查.按照<生活饮用水标准检验方法非金属指标>(GB/T 5750.6-2006)测定水氟,尿氟测定采用氟离子选择电极法(WS/T 89-1996),氟斑牙诊断采用Dean法,成人氟骨症诊断按<地方性氟骨症临床诊断标准>(WS 192-2008).结果 共检测12份水样,水氟为(0.35 ±0.43)mg/L.共检查8～12岁儿童122名,氟斑牙检出率为34.43%(42/122);检测96例儿童尿样,尿氟几何均数为0.89 mg/L.对834名16岁及以上成人进行氟骨症检查,临床氟骨症检出率为47.72%(398/834):检测65例成人尿样,尿氟几何均数为1.10 mg/L;对甘沟村35名成人进行了X线氟骨症检查,检出率为31.4%(11/35).结论 湟源县的3个监测村饮用水含氟量正常,但氟中毒病情仍然很严重,应密切监测,分析原因,改进防治措施.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the prevalence change of drinking water type of endemic fluorosis and the effect of control measures implemented in Huangyuan county of Qinghai province. Methods In 2009, all the endemic fluorosis villages in Huangyuan county were divided into two degrees, light and medium, according to the water fluorosis content before implementing the improving water project, 1 to 2 villages were selected from each degree village, respectively,as monitoring sites, and a total of 3 villages were selected. Source water and tap water samples were collected from each village and water fluoride concentration was determined. Dental fluorosis of all children aged 8 to 12 of monitoring villages was examined, and urine samples were collected by age group of children for determination of urinary fluoride. Clinical skeletal fluorosis of adults over 16 years of age was examined, and 20 copies of adults urine samples were collected to determine urinary fluoride. One village was selected in the 3 villages monitored to conduct X-rays examination of skeletal fluorosis. Water fluoride was tested in accordance with the "Non-metallic Targets Test Methods for Drinking Water" (GB/T 5750.6-2006); urinary fluoride was tested by fluoride ion-selective electrode method (WS/T 89-1996); dental fluorosis was diagnosed using Dean method;adult skeletal fluorosis was diagnosed by "Clinical Diagnostic Criteria for Endemic Skeletal Fluorosis"(WS 192-2008). Results Twelve water samples were assayed, water fluoride was (0.35 ± 0.43) mg/L. The detectable rate of dental fluorosis of 122 children aged 8-12 was 34.43%(42/122) and the geometric mean urinary fluoride was 0.89 mg/L of the 96 children. Of the 834 adults aged 16 and over, clinical detection of skeletal fluorosis was 47.72% (398/836) and geometric mean urinary fluoride was 1.10 mg/L of the 65 cases of adult urine samples assayed, detection rate of X-rays was 31.4% (11/35) in Gangou village of the 35 adults examined.Conclusions In Huangyuan county, water fluoride of the 3 surveyed villages are normal but the endemic fluorosis is still serious. It should strengthen monitoring and analyze the causes and improve prevention measures.     

河南省燃煤污染型地方性氟中毒流行现况调查

目的 掌握河南省燃煤污染型地方性氟中毒(简称地氟病)流行现状,为地氟病的防治工作提供依据.方法 2006、2007年对河南省13个县(市、区)的1832个历史燃煤污染型地氟病病区村燃煤情况、生活习惯、主食、住房结构、水氟等因素进行普查,对仍使用高氟煤的216个村进行重点抽样调查,每村对8～12岁全部儿童进行氟斑牙检查,并采集30份即时尿样检测尿氟.结果 所有历史病区村饮水含氟量<1.0 mg/L;有独立厨房的居民户占93.7%(241 281/257 393),炉灶有排烟设施的占41.9%(107 917/257 393),使用当地高氟煤做饭的户数占28.6%(73 686/257 393);使用当地高氟煤取暖的户数占24.1%(61 924/257 393);主食来源为自产,占病区村的95.7%(1753/1832),均采用自然晾晒的方式干燥粮食;16.2%(35/216)的病区村8～12岁儿童氟斑牙检出率>30.0%,全部集中在洛阳市;77.8%(168/216)的病区村儿童尿氟≤1.50 mg/L.结论 河南省燃煤污染型地氟病病区范围已大大缩小,危害程度明显减轻.其中8个县(市、区)历史病区村8～12岁儿童氟斑牙病情已经达到了病区控制标准,有5个县(市、区)未达到控制标准,集中分布在洛阳市.     

2002、2003年度内蒙古地方性氟中毒重点监测报告

目的掌握内蒙古地方性氟中毒(地氟病)病区改水后病情的消长情况,为今后地氟病的防治工作提供科学的依据。方法调查监测点8～12岁儿童氟斑牙患病情况,对监测点井水、居民户饮用水及8～12岁儿童尿样中的氟进行检测。结果2002、2003年度土左旗监测的100个改水井水氟含量合格率分别为97%和98%;监测村2002、2003年度8～12岁儿童氟斑牙检出率分别为54.04%和64.00%,氟斑牙指数分别为1.00和1.02;2002、2003年度8～12岁儿童尿氟几何均数均在正常水平,分别为1.00和1.20mg/L;监测村2年度居民家中饮水氟均为0.36mg/L。结论对于饮水型地方性氟中毒病区,改换水源是最好的预防手段。