新疆南部四村哺乳妇女补碘前后乳汁碘的观察

目的了解乳母服用200 mg碘油胶丸前后乳汁碘的动态变化。方法在新疆阿克苏地区库车县牙哈镇的4个村选择109名近半年内未服用过碘油丸的19～36岁哺乳期妇女,采用现场干预的方法,并于服药前、服药后的第1、3、7、14、30、50、75、100 d分别采集服药组及对照组乳汁,进行碘含量测定。结果阿克苏地区库车县牙哈镇的四村乳母109人(服药组59人、对照组50人),服药前乳汁碘中位数为89.5μg/L,口服200 mg碘油胶丸后,乳汁碘中位数于第一天达到高峰,为1 004.1μg/L,服药后100 d乳汁碘中位数为152.3μg/L,补碘干预可提高乳碘水平。结论口服200 mg碘油胶丸可达到较好的干预效果。     

补碘对哺乳期妇女母乳-乳汁-婴儿的碘代谢过程的影响

目的研究分析补碘对哺乳期妇女母乳-乳汁-婴儿的碘代谢过程的影响。方法选取临朐县100例半年未服用过碘油胶丸的哺乳期妇女及其婴儿为研究对象,随机分为观察组和对照组,各50例。观察组服用碘油胶丸,对照组服用维生素E胶囊。对比两组哺乳期妇女尿液、乳汁和其婴儿尿液的碘含量。结果实验后第1天,观察组哺乳期妇女尿液、乳汁和其婴儿尿液的碘含量均最高,各时段观察组婴儿的尿碘含量均明显高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论给予哺乳期补碘,可提高其尿液和乳汁的碘含量,也可提高其婴儿的尿碘含量。     

吉林省磐石市农村婴幼儿碘营养水平调查

目的了解吉林省磐石市农村婴幼儿的碘营养水平，为制订碘缺乏病的防治策略提供依据。方法于2009年4月，选择吉林省磐石市宝山、明城、烟筒山3个乡为调查点，从3个乡的卫生院登记中抽取哺乳期妇女、0-2岁婴幼儿（哺乳期妇女的孩子）各50人。在1个月内连续3次收集哺乳期妇女、0-2岁婴幼儿的随意一次尿样，采集1次居民家中食用盐盐样、饮用水水样。采用直接滴定法测盐碘，砷铈催化分光光度法测定尿、水、乳汁含碘量。结果居民户盐碘中位数为30．2rag／kg、乳碘192．8μg／L、水碘2．8μg／L，哺乳妇女、0～2岁婴幼儿尿碘中位数分别为224．9μg/L、209．0μg/L。哺乳妇女的尿碘和乳碘0～6个月、7～12个月、13～24个月分别为207．0μg／L、212．6μg／L、235．5μg／L，147．5μg/L、249．0μg／L、196．8肛g／L尿碘随着哺乳时间的延长而增加，乳碘却相反；婴幼儿的尿碘0～6个月、7—12个月、13～24个月分别为238．1斗g／L、248．0μg／L、158．2μg／L，尿碘随着月龄的增加而减少。结论当前碘盐浓度（30mg／kg左右）对我省磐石地区哺乳期妇女、婴幼儿来说是适宜的。婴幼儿在母乳喂养的后期，要及时补充膳食营养，增加含碘丰富的食物，防止婴幼儿碘营养不良的发生。     

佛冈县重点人群碘营养状况调查结果分析

目的　为了解和评价现行加碘盐浓度是否满足中度缺碘地区不同人群的碘营养需求和进一步调整碘盐浓度提供科学依据。方法　在中度缺碘地区各选择 1个市区 (城镇 )和农村作为调查点 ,调查 8～ 10岁学生、育龄妇女、孕妇、哺乳妇女及其婴幼儿的尿碘、哺乳妇女乳汁碘含量、学生甲状腺肿和家庭食盐碘含量。结果　盐碘中位数为 2 7.5 mg/ kg,碘盐覆盖率为 97.9% ,居民户合格碘盐食用率为 75 .5 %。人群尿碘中位数为 2 0 4.3μg/ L,8～ 10岁学生、婴幼儿、育龄妇女、哺乳妇女、孕妇的尿碘中位数分别为 2 86 .7、2 37.1、187.6、172 .6、12 5 .6μg/ L,不同人群间尿碘水平差异有非常显著意义 ( P <0 .0 0 1) ,婴幼儿和学生的尿碘明显高于其他 3种人群。县城哺乳妇女乳汁碘明显高于农村 ( P <0 .0 1)。结论　认为现行的加碘盐浓度足以保证 5种重点人群的碘营养需求 ,但学生和婴幼儿的碘营养水平却有偏高趋势 ,因此 ,建议将现行加碘盐浓度 ( 35± 15 ) m g/ kg下调为 ( 30± 10 )mg/ kg更为合适。     

缺碘地区补碘后孕期和哺乳期妇女碘水平的研究

目的 了解缺碘地区食用合格碘盐后孕期及哺乳期妇女的碘代谢状况。方法 采用酸消化砷－铈氧化还原法检测2361例孕期及1809例哺乳期妇女尿碘。结果 孕期及哺乳期尿碘中位数均＞200μg/L，但是其中30.41%孕妇及38.52%哺乳期妇女尿碘值＜200μg/L。结论 在全民食盐加碘后，仍有部分孕妇及哺乳期妇女存在碘营养相对不足的问题，不容忽视。     

我国部分地区5种重点人群的碘营养调查

目的了解在当前的加碘盐浓度下,我国5种重点人群的碘营养现状.方法采用一次性点状调查方式,选择了11个省(市、区)的城市和农村各2个调查点,调查学龄儿童、育龄妇女、孕妇、哺乳妇女及婴幼儿5种重点人群的尿碘、盐碘、饮水碘、乳汁碘以及检查甲状腺.结果①11个省市居民户的盐碘中位数为31.0 mg/kg,各地的盐碘水平趋于一致;②绝大多数居民户的饮水碘含量低于10 μg/L,甚至低于5 μg/L;③11个省市5种重点人群的尿碘中位数均达到了100 μg/L以上,其中有5个省市的学龄儿童尿碘水平位于100～200 μg/L,仅有江苏和陕西2省>300 μg/L;④学龄儿童尿碘不能完全代表其他重点人群的尿碘水平,孕妇和哺乳妇女的尿碘普遍偏低;⑤哺乳妇女的乳汁碘含量达到了100～200 μg/L的适宜水平.结论①当前的加碘盐碘浓度对于大多数省(市、区)是适宜的,城市和农村的5种重点人群的碘营养状况基本处于良好和适宜水平,不存在碘过量问题;②孕妇及哺乳妇女的尿碘水平偏低,她们是否存在碘缺乏纠正不足的危险性应引起关注;③由于盐业生产已明显提高了加碘均匀度,建议可适当缩小盐碘含量的标准范围.     

信阳市重点人群碘营养监测

目的了解现行碘盐水平下,信阳市5种重点人群碘营养状况,为采取防治策略和方式提供依据。方法在农村和城市选择调查点,对新婚妇女、孕妇、哺乳期妇女、0～2岁婴幼儿和8～10岁学生,采用一次性点状调查。结果共检测新婚妇女、孕妇、哺乳期妇女、0～2岁婴幼儿和8～10岁学生这5类人群的尿碘1 016份,5种人群尿碘中位数均达到100μg/L以上,由高到低依次为新婚妇女>哺乳期妇女>孕妇>婴幼儿>学生,其中哺乳期妇女、孕妇、婴幼儿、学生处于适宜水平,新婚妇女高于适宜量。5类人群尿碘<100μg/L的比例分别为13.37%、15.11%、13.1%、23.4%、20.08%,即婴幼儿和学生相对较高。结论信阳市5类人群尿碘存在明显的人群差别。现行的食盐加碘量能够满足信阳市5类人群的碘营养需求,但新婚妇女的碘营养水平有偏高的趋势,说明信阳市居民的盐含碘量有下调的空间,同时5种人群中仍有17.52%的人尿碘值<100μg/L,提示下调时要充分考虑人群差别。     

甘肃省临夏回族自治州应急补碘改善特需人群碘营养效果评价

目的评价穆斯林民族地区特需人群补碘干预措施效果。方法采用分层抽样方法,测定补碘前的居民户盐碘,对比补碘前后特需人群（孕妇、乳母、育龄妇女、0～3岁婴幼儿）的尿碘结果。结果对孕妇、哺乳期妇女100 mg/次、育龄妇女200 mg/次、0～3岁婴幼儿20 mg/次,2次/年的剂量进行碘油补服,补服碘油后4组人群总体尿碘中位数均达到150μg/L的推荐标准,尿碘频数颁布〈100μg/L的比例为21.0%,〈50μg/L的比例为7.4%,〉800μg/L以上的人群仅占0.3%,补碘前后尿碘水平有显著性差异。但在县级水平上,有4个县的孕妇和乳母的尿碘中位数〈150μg/L。结论在碘盐未完全落实的少数民族地区,按照上述规定的剂量和时间给特需人群补服碘油,尿碘达到了碘适宜水平,未出现高碘及不良反应情况,是安全有效的补碘方法,但应进一步开展孕妇和乳母个体碘代谢相关因素的研究。     

四川省重点人群碘营养调查结果分析

目的了解食用盐加碘新标准实施1年后四川省不同人群的碘营养水平,评价现行的碘盐浓度是否能满足不同人群的碘需求,为进一步调整碘盐浓度及其相关研究提供科学依据.方法采用一次性"点状"调查方式,选择城市及农村调查点各1区(县),对8～10岁小学生、20～40岁育龄妇女、妊娠3个月以上的孕妇、哺乳期妇女及她们的0～2岁婴幼儿尿碘及其家中盐碘、饮水碘等进行定量检测.结果调查城市和农村人群共计1000人,尿碘中位数155.5μg/L,合格碘盐食用率和加碘盐覆盖率分别为71.5%和80.1%,盐碘中位数32.8mg/kg.5种人群尿碘中位数水平排序为儿童＞婴幼儿＞孕妇＞哺乳妇女＞育龄妇女.城市人群尿碘水平以哺乳妇女最低(＜100μg/L),育龄妇女其次;农村人群则是育龄妇女最低,孕妇其次.2个调查点均未发现高碘水源.结论目前的碘盐浓度能够满足学龄儿童、婴幼儿和育龄妇女的碘需求,但孕妇和哺乳妇女还存在碘缺乏纠正不足的危险性,这部分人群应成为我们今后关注的重点.     

全民普食碘盐对育龄、妊娠和哺乳妇女尿碘水平的影响

目的了解湖南省在实现全民普食碘盐7年后育龄、妊娠、哺乳期妇女碘营养状况，为持续消除碘缺乏病防治工作提供科学的决策依据。方法随机抽样，对城乡的育龄、妊娠、哺乳期妇女采取随意尿样，检测尿碘值，并以8～10岁儿童作对照。结果新婚育龄、妊娠、哺乳期妇女人群尿碘中位数正常，但妊娠、哺乳期妇女的尿碘水平低于8～10岁儿童尿碘水平。结论需加强对育龄、妊娠和哺乳期妇女的碘营养监测。     

育龄妇女孕前口服碘化油对其子代身心发育促进作用的研究

在碘缺乏病重病区对育龄妇女孕前一次口服２００ｍｇ、１００ｍｇ碘油丸或碘油微型胶囊后，利用双盲法观察了子代的身心发育状况，结果表明：１．育龄妇女孕前一次口服２００ｍｇ碘油制剂后，其子代智力落后比例显著低于孕前一次口服１００ｍｇ碘油的育龄妇女所生子女和对照组；２．体格和骨龄发育各项指标无显著性差异；３．育龄妇女孕前口服碘油对其子代身心发育的影响受到的影响，不受剂型的影响；４．由于目前我国已全面推行新的     

碘油和碘盐对碘缺乏病区孕妇碘代谢影响的动态研究

观察了长期供应１／４万－１／２万碘盐的ＩＤＤ病区妊娠妇女在孕前服与未服碘油丸对纠正体内碘代谢动态变化的影响。发现服碘油的孕妇血清ＴＳＨ，Ｔｇ值在孕３，５个月时降低，然后升高，Ｔ４，ＦＴ４升高持续到怀孕７个月，Ｔ３与ＦＴ３在３，５个月时恒定在孕前水平，然后下降，ｒＴ３在孕５个月时明显升高，提示碘油仅能保护孕妇在妊娠期的前５个月不缺碘，在此时应再服一次小剂量碘油丸。     

广东省梅县重点人群碘营养状况调查分析

目的 了解和评价现行的食盐加碘量是含满足广东省梅县3种重点人群的碘营养需求.方法 以梅县城区和离县城20 km的农村(西阳镇)为调查点,各选1所小学,调查8～10岁学生甲状腺肿大率,同时采集学生尿样和家中盐样;选择城区学校周围和西阳镇周围村居住的20～40岁育龄妇女,采集尿样和家中盐样;在县医院和西阳镇卫生院,采集0～2岁婴幼儿尿样.甲状腺检查采用触诊法,尿碘测定采用砷铈催化分光光度法,盐碘测定采用商接滴定法.结果 儿童甲状腺肿大率为1.5%(3/200),其中城区为1.0%(1/100),农村为2.0%(2/100).3种人群尿碘中位数为237.1μg/L,其中学生、婴幼儿、育龄妇女的尿碘中位数分别为280.1、234.7、187.6μg/L;城区分别为287.4、245.0、205.5 μg/L,农村分别为278.9、228.5、176.4 μg/L.尿碘<50.0μg/L比例,育龄妇女>学生>婴幼儿,分别为7.5%(15/200)、4.5%(9/200)、4.0%(4/100);尿碘>300.0μg/L的比例,婴幼儿>学生>育龄妇女,分别为33.0%(33/100)、30.0%(60/200)、22.5%(45/200).盐碘中位数为27.2 mg/kg,碘盐覆盖率为100.0%(400/400);合格碘盐食用率城区为97.0%(194/200),农村为96.0%(192/200).结论 现行的食盐加碘量足以保证3种重点人群的碘营养需求,但学生和婴幼儿的碘营养水平有偏高的趋势,因此,建议下调现行食盐加碘量.     

2008年广西沿海地区碘缺乏病重点人群碘营养状况调查

目的 调查2008年广西沿海5个县(区)碘缺乏病重点人群碘营养状况,提出相应防治措施.方法 在广西碘盐监测中碘盐覆盖率、碘盐合格率和居民合格碘盐食用率一直处于全区低水平的北海市海城区、铁山港区、银海区、合浦县以及钦州市钦南区5个沿海县(区),采用随机抽样的方法,合浦县抽取6个乡(镇),其余县(区)各抽取3个乡(镇),每个乡(镇)抽取2个行政村,每个行政村抽取40名8～10岁学龄儿童及10名18～42岁育龄妇女(要求包括有半数比例的妊娠妇女和哺乳期妇女),用砷铈催化分光光度法(WS/T 107-2006)检测尿碘.结果 共采集8～10岁儿童尿样1437份,尿碘中位数为191.0μg/L,<20μg/L的比例为1.4%(20/1437),<50μg/L的比例为5.4%(77/1437),<100μg/L的比例为20.3%(292/1437);5个县(区)儿童尿碘中位数为134.5～220.0μg/L,其中海城区、合浦县儿童尿碘中位数>200 μg/L(分别为220.0、209.5μg/L),其他3个县(区)儿童尿碘中位数均在100～200μg/L适宜范围内(分别为134.5、162.4、199.3μg/L);8、9岁组儿童尿碘中位数(192.3、206.7μg/L)均高于10岁组(157.2μg/L,χ2值分别为19.644、41.997,P均<0.017).共采集妇女尿样365份,5个县(区)妇女尿碘中位数为88.2～195.6μg/L,其中海城区和合浦县妇女尿碘中位数>150 μg/L(分别为195.6、156.5μg/L),铁山港区妇女尿碘中位数最低(88.2μg/L)且<100μg/L;在妊娠妇女、哺乳期妇女、育龄妇女中,育龄妇女尿碘中位数最高,为152.6μg/L,哺乳期妇女尿碘中位数为131.9μg/L,妊娠妇女尿碘中位数最低(89.4 μg/L)且<100μg/L,仅有6.7%(2/30)的妊娠妇女尿碘水平处于150～250μg/L适宜范围.结论 广西沿海5个县(区)8～10岁儿童碘营养状况良好,育龄妇女和哺乳期妇女尿碘水平在碘营养适宜范围内,妊娠妇女整体上未达碘营养适宜水平.建议将妊娠妇女碘营养监测纳入常规监测,进一步落实碘盐防治措施,加强健康教育宣传,提高碘盐覆盖率.     

Attention to the hiding iodine deficiency in pregnant and lactating women after universal salt iodization: A multi-community study in China

BACKGROUND: Monitoring of iodine nutrition depends chiefly on the urinary iodine concentration in representative samples from the population. International groups have recommended school-age children as a convenient group for surveys, because of their accessibility and young age, but the relevance of this group to others, especially pregnant women, is not well established. OBJECTIVE: The purpose was to compare different approaches to assessing iodine nutrition within communities, especially for pregnant and lactating women. DESIGN: In an urban and a rural site from each of the 11 Chinese provinces, covering a wide geographic and socioeconomic range, we measured the iodine content of household salt and drinking water, the thyroid volume in school children, and the urinary iodine concentration in five population subsets; in some sites we also assessed iodine in breast milk and thyroid size in adult women. RESULTS: The median urinary iodine concentrations for pregnant and lactating women were well below those of the schoolchildren from the same community in most study sites, the difference between medians, at overall level, being about 50 microg/l for the pregnant and 40 microg/l for the lactating, respectively. When ranked by median urinary iodine concentrations at overall level, the order of the groups was: all infants, schoolchildren, women of childbearing age, lactating women and pregnant women in both urban and rural sites. This relative distribution was constant among the study sites. From it, we derived a relationship to predict the median values for other groups, based on the data of schoolchildren. The median iodine content of salt was 30.9 ppm in urban sites and 31.3 ppm in rural sites, respectively, close to the nationally mandated 35 mg/kg. Water had low iodine content (3.7 microg/l) in both urban and rural sites except in a rural site from Tianjin. Ultrasonography showed that 6.5% of 1329 children in urban sites and 5.3% of 1431 children in rural sites had thyroid enlargement. Breast milk had a median iodine content of 135.9 microg/l in the urban and 157.5 microg/l in the rural. The goiter prevalence by palpation was low (2.0%) among all women examined (3367), but higher in pregnant women (2.7%) than in lactating women or other adult women. CONCLUSIONS: An effective iodized salt program has brought iodine sufficiency to most of China, but pregnant women in some areas may still risk deficiency and need further supplements. We suggest other countries and international agencies pay more attention to pregnancy, where iodine deficiency has its worst consequences.     

口服不同剂量的碘化油微囊防治地方性甲状腺肿的疗效及有效期观察

本文报告1990～1991年在缺碘性疾病流行区新疆托克逊县观察了一次性口服不同剂量(400、300和200mg)碘化油微囊的防治疗效及尿碘排泄。结果表明,在服药后半年和1年甲状腺肿患病率在不同剂量组均有不同程度的下降,治愈率均有不同程度的提高,但与对照组比较无论患病率还是治愈率均无显著差异(P>0.05)。不同剂量组之间服药后1月内尿碘排泄有随剂量增大相应增高的趋势(P<0.01),但至第三个月时无论是不同剂量组之间还是与对照组之间均未见显著差异(P>0.05)。从而提示,口服碘化油微囊能否作为防治缺碘性疾病的长效补碘方法,很值得商榷。     

山东省碘缺乏地区重点人群碘营养调查

目的 了解山东省当前盐碘水平状态下,碘缺乏地区重点人群碘营养状况及防治措施落实情况,为今后防治工作提供依据.方法 2007年,在山东省碘缺乏地区选择山区的岱岳、蒙阴,平原的莒县、高密,沿海的招远,共5个县(市、区)作为调查地区,在每个县(市、区)选择1个乡(镇)作为调查点.采用触诊、B超法进行8～10岁儿童甲状腺检查,直接滴定法检测其家中食用盐含碘量;砷铈催化分光光度法检测8～10岁儿童、孕妇、哺乳期妇女、2岁内婴幼儿及20～45岁育龄妇女5种重点人群的尿碘水平.结果 共检查514例8～10岁儿童甲状腺,触诊甲状腺肿大率为1.8%(9/514),B超检查甲状腺肿大率为1.2%(6/514);共检测501份食用盐,盐碘均值为30.95 mg/kg,碘盐覆盖率为94.6%(474/501),合格碘盐食用率为90.4%(453/501);共检测1707份尿样,尿碘中位数为216.7μg/L,8～10岁儿童、孕妇、哺乳期妇女、2岁内婴幼儿及20～45岁育龄妇女尿碘中位数分别为234.0、165.5、162.4、257.5、233.0μg/L.结论 山东省碘缺乏地区重点人群碘营养水平处于适宜或较适宜状态.表明目前盐碘水平能够满足山东省不同碘缺乏地区人群对碘的需求.

Abstract：

Objective To learn the iodine nutritional status of the vulnerable population with different iodine level under the current level of iodized salt in Shandong province and to offer prevention and cure measures.Methods Five groups of vulnerable population including school children aged 8 - 10, pregnant, lactation women, infants and women of childbearing age from mountain areas ( Daiyue, Mengyin counties ) , plain ( Luxian,Gaomi counties ) and coastal (Zhaoyuan county ) of five different iodine deficient areas were investigated in 2007.The thyroids of children aged 8 - 10 were checked by palpation and B ultrasound, their edible salt iodine level was detected by direct titration. The lever of urinary iodine of vulnerable population was examined by arsenic and cerium speetrophotometry. Results The goiter rates of 8 - 10 year-old were 1.8%(9/514) and 1.2%(6/514), respectively by palpation and B-ultrasonic. The mean iodine of 501 edible salt samples was 30.95 mg/kg. The coverage rate of iodized salt was 94.6% (474/501). The rate of qualified iodized salt was 90.4% (453/501). The median of urinary iodine was 216.7 μg,/L. The urinary iodine of school children aged 8 - 10, pregnant, lactation women, infants and women of childbearing age were 234.0, 165.5, 162.4, 257.5, 233.0 μg/L, respectively. Conclusions Current iodine nutritional level is basically appropriate in all groups of vulnerable people. The current iodine content of iodized salt could meet the needs of population from different iodine deficient areas of Shandong province.     

宁夏5类重点人群尿碘水平监测结果分析

目的 了解宁夏5类人群(新婚妇女、孕妇、哺乳期妇女、0～2岁婴幼儿和8～10岁学生)的碘营养水平,为采取防治策略和措施提供依据.方法 2008、2009年,在全区22个县中,所辖有9个以上乡的县,按东、西、南、北、中5个方位采用整群随机抽样法抽取9个乡,每个乡抽取4个村,每个村采集4名特需人群和2名婴幼儿尿样;辖有9个或不足9个乡的县,按东、西、南、北、中划分5个方位各抽取1个乡,每个乡抽取4个行政村,每村采集8名特需人群和3名婴幼儿尿样.在22个县按东、西、南、北、中5个方位各抽取1个乡,每个乡各抽取1所村小学,每所小学采集20名8～10岁学生的尿样.尿碘采用砷铈催化分光光度法检测.结果 共检测新婚妇女、孕妇、哺乳期妇女、0～2岁婴幼儿和8～10岁学生这5类人群的尿碘6894份,尿碘中位数分别为209.3、187.4、184.0、216.5、216.3μg/L,由低到高依次为哺乳期妇女＜孕妇＜新婚妇女＜学生＜婴幼儿,其中婴幼儿、孕妇和哺乳期妇女处于适宜水平,新婚妇女和学生高于适宜量.5类人群尿碘＜100 μg/L的比例分别为11.1%(53/475)、35.4%(308/871)、35.4%(659/1863)、19.1%(283/1483)、8.4%(185/2202),即孕妇和哺乳期妇女相对较高.各县5类人群的尿碘中位数差别也很大.结论 宁夏5类人群尿碘存在明显的人群和地区差别.现行的食盐加碘量足以保证宁夏5类人群的碘营养需求,但新婚妇女及学生的碘营养水平有偏高的趋势,说明宁夏居民的盐含碘量有下调的空间,下调时要充分考虑人群和地区差别.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the iodine nutritional level of 5 special groups (newly married women,pregnant women, lactating women, babies and infants, and students) in Ningxia, and to provide the basis for formulating prevention and control strategies. Methods Clustering and random sampling method were used. In 2008 and 2009, in the 22 counties investigated, in every county with 9 townships or more, nine townships were randomly selected according to their sub-area positions of east, west, south, north and center; four villages were randomly selected in each chosen township, four people with special needs and 2 infants were randomly selected for urine samples collection in each chosen village. In every county with 9 or less townships, one township was randomly selected respectively in east, west, south, north and center sub-areas; four villages were randomly sampled in each chosen township, eight people with special needs and 3 infants' urine samples were randomly collected in each chosen village. In the 22 counties, one township was randomly selected respectively in east, west,south, north and center sub-areas, one village elementary school was randomly sampled in each chosen township,twenty students aged 8 - 10 were randomly selected to collect their urine samples in each school. The iodine concentration was determined by arsenic-cerium contact method. Results A total of 6894 copied of urine samples from newly married women, pregnant women, lactating women, babies and infants, and students were examined, the urinary iodine medians were 209.3, 187.4, 184.0, 216.5, 216.3 μg/L, respectively. From low to high in the order was lactating women, pregnant women, newly married women, students, babies and infants. The level of urinary iodine of babies and infants, pregnant women and lactating women were appropriate, the one of newly married women and students were higher than appropriate. The proportion of less than 100 μg/L of urinary iodine of the 5 kinds special groups were 11.1% (53/475), 35.4% (308/871), 35.4% (659/1863), 19.1% (283/1483), 8.4%(185/2202), respectively, while the urinary iodine of the pregnant women and lactating women were relatively high. The urinary iodine medians of the 5 special groups were also very different among counties. Conclusions The urinary iodine of the 5 special groups in Ningxia presents obvious differences between populations and regions.Current iodized salt is sufficient to ensure iodine nutrition needs for the 5 special groups. But married women and students have higher levels of iodine nutrition, indicating that the salt iodine concentration of Ningxia residents have cut space, full consideration of the 5 special groups and regional differences should be taken.     

Iodine nutrition, nodular thyroid disease, and urinary iodine excretion in a German university study population.

We determined the influence of different nutritional factors on the urinary iodine excretion in an East German university population. First, we assessed iodine excretion in spot urine samples. Second, we measured iodine content in the university canteen meals, where approximately 20% of the probands had regular meals. Third, we used a special food questionnaire to assess for other sources of nutritional iodine intake, namely iodine tablets, fish consumption, etc. Fourth, we determined the actual prevalence of goiter and thyroid nodules in our probands by high-resolution ultrasonography. The mean urinary iodine excretion in our cohort was 109 +/- 81 microg/g level indicating a borderline adequate iodine intake (100-200). The frequency of thyroid nodules was 30% and the frequency of goiter 11%. Thyroid volumes greater than 18 mL and 25 mL were considered to be enlarged in adult women and men respectively. Urinary iodine excretion was not related to the presence of goiter or thyroid nodules. In addition urinary iodine excretion did not vary with regular consumption of canteen meals, which contained approximately 50% of the daily recommended iodine intake. In contrast probands with regular supplementary intake of iodine tablets had significantly higher values of urinary iodine excretion (169 +/- 130 microg/g) compared to participants without (103 +/- 87 microg/g). No other single nutritional factor (e.g., salt, milk, or bread) had a statistically significant impact on urinary iodine excretion or was able to raise the urinary iodine excretion above the level of marginal iodine deficiency. In summary, the nutritional iodine intake in a Saxonian study population was found to be close to the margin of iodine deficiency. This shows insufficient supplementation of iodine through iodized salt/industrialized food production.