集装箱企业职业暴露对工人健康的影响

目的研究扬州市主要集装箱企业作业产生的电焊烟尘和金属粉尘对作业工人健康的影响。方法依据国家卫生标准选择检测扬州集装箱企业158个电焊作业地点,采用BFC-35E型粉尘采样器和LD-IH型激光粉尘仪,测定电焊烟尘和金属粉尘总粉尘浓度。1年后在3044名参加体检的从业人员中,以机关行政人员作为空白对照组,作业工人按监测点粉尘浓度分为超标组和达标组,比较3组健康检查结果。结果全部电焊检测点电焊烟尘浓度的TWA达标率为40．1％（57／142）,STEL达标率为20．4％（29／142）;打磨等检测点金属粉尘TwA达标率为56．O％（9／16）,STEL达标率为50．0％（8／16）;自动焊接采样点达标率高达92．8％（13／14）。2006年新诊断I期电焊工尘肺14例,发病率0．41％。其他工人主要健康问题依次是心、肺内科检查异常（18．8％）、心电图异常（14．7％）、高千伏胸片检查异常（14．2％）、鼻甲肥大（12．7％）、高血压（8．7％）、听力损伤（3．9％）、眼损伤（3．7％）。白细胞计数偏低或偏高（3．4％）。各组工人的高千伏胸片检查、鼻甲肥大、听力损伤、眼损伤的异常率比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论集装箱企业电焊烟尘和金属粉尘控制仍然存在不足,导致工人相关系统发生健康损害,需要加强除尘和防护工作。     

某集装箱制造企业电焊烟尘综合治理控制效果评价

目的评价某企业电焊烟尘综合治理技术改造工程的控制效果,为治理集装箱制造业电焊烟尘危害提供科学依据。方法按照职业卫生评价规范布点和采样检测,分析与评价技术改造工程的职业病危害控制效果。结果技术改造前,测定18个电焊作业工作岗位,电焊烟尘(总尘)浓度超标率为94·4%,短时间接触限值(STEL)最大值为36·0mg/m3,超标5·0倍;时间加权平均浓度(TWA)最大值为26·7mg/m3,超标5·7倍。经技术改造后,测定40个电焊作业工作岗位,电焊烟尘(总尘)平均浓度:STEL由15·7mg/m3下降到3·6mg/m3,TWA由13·6mg/m3下降到2·6mg/m3;超标率由94·4%下降到15·0%。结论本技术改造工程项目对控制集装箱制造企业的焊接工艺的电焊烟尘浓度有显著效果,值得推广。     

某集装箱制造公司电焊工尘肺高发原因的调查分析

目的了解集装箱制造所产生的职业危害(电焊工尘肺)并查清高发原因。方法采用劳动卫生现场调查方法,对公司电焊工220人进行职业健康体检。结果该公司集装箱制造所致电焊工尘肺患病率为8.6%;Ⅰ、Ⅱ期平均发病工龄为10.2 a和11 a。2000~2004年共监测电焊烟尘48个点,均超过国家标准,平均浓度为25 mg/m3,最高超标12倍。结论作业场所电焊烟尘浓度高,防尘措施薄弱,工人长期处于高浓度下作业是电焊工尘肺高发的主要原因。     

2012—2014年上海市松江区哨点企业电焊烟尘主动监测结果

目的了解上海市松江区2012—2014年电焊作业哨点企业工作场所电焊烟尘的暴露水平,分析影响暴露的主要因素,为有效加强电焊作业监管,预防和控制电焊工尘肺病提供科学依据。方法开展电焊烟尘主动监测,个体采样器呼吸带采样,重量法测定现场空气中电焊烟尘的浓度。开展现场问卷调查,收集可能影响暴露的因素,运用描述统计分析辖区电焊烟尘暴露水平及影响暴露的因素。结果共获得204份电焊烟尘样品,浓度检测值中位数为2.6(P_(25)为1.3;P_(75)为4.7)mg/m~3,算术均数为4.5 mg/m~3,超标率为30.9%。3年中,电焊烟尘浓度超标率2013年(38.9%)最高,2014年(17.5%)最低。其中中型企业为40.9%、国外投资企业为33.9%、内资企业为32.6%、金属制品业为46.4%、CO2电弧焊为38.2%。结论松江区电焊作业哨点企业电焊烟尘超标率较高,会引起较大的健康风险,通风效果、作业环境特征、作业特点、作业点特征均对电焊烟尘浓度超标率和接触水平有影响。应开展电焊工尘肺病监测及健康风险评估工作。同时应对超标的企业和作业点开展专项治理行动,并对影响电焊烟尘接触水平的主要因素加以控制。     

电焊车间通风净化系统效果评价

目的评价某电焊车间新上通风系统进行通风净化效果。方法通风系统开启前后,对工人作业岗位和接尘作业工人分别进行电焊烟尘的短时间浓度和时间加权浓度检测,并对检测结果进行对比分析。结果通风系统未开启前,车间电焊烟尘的短时间接触浓度和粉尘加权浓度分别为(2.62±1.05)mg/m3,(3.90±1.31)mg/m3;通风系统开启后短时间接触浓度和粉尘加权浓度分别为(1.61±0.43)mg/m3,(1.48±0.26)mg/m3;通风系统开启前后工作岗位和作业工人的电焊烟尘浓度统计学上存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论该通风系统可在一定程度上降低车间电焊烟尘的浓度。     

电焊工尘肺调查报告

金洪章(唐山市职业病防治所)报道:为了探索电焊作业对工人健康的危害程度及其电焊工尘肺的发病特点,我们对本市十个机械厂中从事电焊作业的1125名工人进行了调查,并对生产环境空气中烟尘浓度和分散度进行了测定。调查结果:电焊作业环境中共设三个采样点,采集样品42个,空气中烟尘浓度20～585mg/m~3;多粉尘粒经在2μm以下者占79.3～79.5％,5μm以下者占95％;焊条药皮中     

上海市奉贤区2009—2011年16家企业电焊烟尘浓度的监测结果

目的了解上海市奉贤区2009—2011年16家企业电焊作业环境的职业危害情况,为改善作业环境,保护作业人员健康,提供科学依据。方法采用定点多次(3次)短时间采样法估算时间加权平均(TWA)浓度,和个体(不定点)采样实测TWA浓度。结果电焊烟尘总平均浓度为3.18 mg/m3,定点采样电焊烟尘平均浓度为1.33 mg/m3,个体采样电焊烟尘平均浓度为3.80 mg/m3;电焊烟尘浓度总合格率为79.3%,定点合格率为85.7%,个体合格率为75.6%。接触电焊烟尘时间4 h与4 h总合格率比较显示,接触时间4 h电焊烟尘合格率定点与个体的差异有统计学意义(χ2=6.815,P0.01),接触4 h电焊烟尘总合格率定点与个体的比较,差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.046,P0.05)。定点接触时间4 h与4 h合格率比较,接触时间4 h电焊烟尘合格率差异有统计学意义(χ2=8.018,P0.01),个体接触时间4 h与4 h电焊烟尘合格率的比较,差异有统计学意义(χ2=24.05,P0.01)。对压力容器制造企业,进行桶内桶外工人电焊作业的电焊烟尘比较,合格率分别为41.67%和90.7%,桶内桶外合格率的差异有统计学意义(χ2=8.852,P0.01)。结论焊接工人接触时间的不同,测得电焊烟尘浓度也不同,随着作业时间延长,电焊烟尘浓度增高;桶内桶外测得电焊烟尘浓度也不同,电焊烟尘浓度桶内高于桶外,对工人接触时间的不同和环境不同,应采取不同作业时间和防护措施。     

某地集装箱制造企业电焊工尘肺的流行病学调查

目的 调查广东集装箱制造企业电焊工尘肺发病状况,提出防治对策.方法 采用职业流行病学调查方法研究2家集装箱厂(A、B厂)电焊作业工人电焊工尘肺发病现况.结果 2004年前,工作场所中电焊烟尘浓度合格率较低(0～40%).时间加权平均(TWA)浓度最高达26.7 mg/m3.A厂经通风除尘系统改造,2004年后,合格率达85%.受检的813例电焊作业工人中,诊断电焊工尘肺19例(Ⅰ期15例,Ⅰ期4例),患病率为2.34%(19/813),发病年龄(33.5±4.6)岁,接尘工龄(8.0±2.0)年;X射线胸片表现以圆形小阴影P为主,肺功能测定每分钟最大通气量(MVV)、呼出25%肺活量流速(FEF25%)、FEF50%和FEF75%值明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01).结论 集装箱制造业电焊工尘肺具有接尘工龄较短、影像学改变以圆形小阴影P为主的特点.治理电焊烟尘危害是集装箱制造业职业病防治工作的重点.     

武汉市55家企业电焊烟尘浓度及其超标率影响因素调查

收集2016-2018年武汉市55家企业的职业病危害因素检测与评价资料,计算8 h时间加权平均浓度(C_(TWA))和超标率,了解电焊工电焊烟尘暴露水平。结果显示,2016-2018年电焊烟尘浓度呈逐年降低,2018年电焊烟尘浓度为(0.8±0.8)mg/m~3明显低于2016年(1.0±1.8)mg/m~3,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。手弧焊和手工气保焊的电焊烟尘浓度、C_(TWA)均明显高于其他类型的焊接,采用自然通风的电焊烟尘浓度、C_(TWA)均明显高于局部抽风和局部送排,电焊烟尘超标率受焊接类型、行业类型和接触时间的影响,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);机器人电阻焊和机器人气保焊的超标概率低于手工电焊、汽车制造业的超标概率低于金属制品业,减少接触时间可降低超标概率。提示,电焊烟尘超标率的控制更要着眼于改变生产工艺和工人操作方式,控制工人的作业时间。     

火力发电厂电焊烟尘危害的调查

报道:为了解火力发电厂电焊烟尘对工人的危害情况,我院1992年5月份对唐山发电总厂电焊作业工人进行了体检,并对作业场所电焊烟尘浓度进行了测定及分析。结果,18个电焊作业点的电焊烟尘浓度只有5个点达到国家车间空气中容许浓度标准。在半封闭式窑器中作业时浓度较高,可达103mg/m~3。该厂使用的焊条有:结     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.